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OF  THE 

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Received  rUX/l/.        .  189  */. 


EUCALYPTUS 


BY 


ABBOT  KINNEY 


EUCALYPTUS 


ABBOT 


AUTHOR   OF 


Conquest  of  Death,"  "  Tasks  by  Twilight,"  ••  Under  the  Shadow  of  the  Dragon 

"  Money,"  "Protection  vs.  Free  Trade,"  "Australian  Ballot," 

"  Forestry,"  Etc. 


ILLUSTRATED 


UNIVERSITY 


B.     R.     BAUMGARDT    &    CO. 

LOS  ANGELES,  CAL. 

1895. 


Copyrighted  1895. 


FOREWORD. 

The  planting  of  trees  of  various  species  of  Eucalyptus 
in  California  has  been  carried  on  since  January,  1856, 
when  Mr.  C.  L.  Reimer  successfully  introduced  14  species. 
During  all  this  time  neither  nurserymen  nor  the  general 
public  have  had  any  work  on  this  genus  by  which  they 
could  identify  the  various  species.  Everything  depended 
on  the  seedsmen  primarily  and  in  a  secondary  way  on 
the  accuracy  of  the  records  of  planters.  From  mistake 
in  both  these  respects  the  greatest  confusion  and  uncer- 
tainty has  arisen.  Of  the  large  number  of  useful  species 
introduced  into  California  but  three  or  four  are  certainly 
and  general!}'  known  today.  The  botanical  works  cover- 
ing this  genus  are  inaccessible  to  the  public  on  account 
of  their  great  cost.  There  are  only  three  copies  of  the 
Eucalyptographia  and  two  of  Bentham's  books  in  this 
State,  as  far  as  I  know.  The  importance  of  this  genus 
as  producers  of  kino,  oils,  timber  and  fuel,  for  ornament 
and  the  reclamation  of  waste  places  and  for  the  probable 
sanitary  effects  of  several  of  the  species  together  with 
the  rapidity  of  growth  of  nearly  all  and  the  remarkable 
adaptability  to  the  major  portion  of  California  makes  a 
means  of  identification  a  want  that  should  be  supplied. 

Baron  Ferdinand  Von  Mueller  has,  in  the  broad  spirit 
of  a  true  scientific  man,  given  me  the  use  of  his  great 
work  on  this  genus,  even  to  copying  the  plates. 


FOREWORD. 

I  have  taken  advantage  of  the  courtesy  of  this  distin- 
guished man  but  the  cost  of  using  the  plates  would  have 
defeated  the  main  object  I  had  in  view,  which  is  to  make 
the  knowledge  of  the  Eucalyptus  accessible  to  the  largest 
possible  number  of  enquirers. 

I  have  also  received  very  valuable  aid  from  Mr.  J. 
Ednie  Brown,  the  prominent  Australian  Forester  and 
botanist,  and  from  Mr.  Walter  Gill,  the  present  Forest 
Conservator  of  South  Australia.  The  fine  forest  work  in 
this  colony  under  Messrs.  Brown  and  Gill  offers  a  wide 
field  of  knowledge  to  Eucalyptus  planters. 

Prof.  A.  J.  McClatchie,  of  the  Throop  Polytechnic 
Institute  of  Pasadena,  CaL,  has  given  me  specially  valuable 
assistance,  and  I  take  pleasure  in  speaking  of  the  import- 
ant aid  he  has  rendered  in  this  work. 

To  many  others  I  am  much  indebted  for  aid  and  infor- 
mation. Amongst  them  I  may  mention  Hon.  Thos.  F. 
Bayard,  now  our  ambassador  to  Great  Britain,  E.  M.  Shel- 
ton,  Instructor  in  Argiculture,  Queensland,  Messrs.  Scharf 
and  Shorting,  Pasadena,  to  Mr.  Geo.  S.  Davis,  publisher  of 
the  Bulletin  of  Pharmacy,  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  to  Prof.  Tom- 
masi  Crudelei.  Prof.  J.  H.  Maiden,  of  Sydney,  who  is  the 
authority  on  the  chemistry  of  the  Eucalyptus,  has  given 
me  important  help  in  various  directions.  Prof.  B.  E.  Fer- 
non,  Chief  of  the  Division  of  Forestry  at  Washington,  has 
given  me  aid  and  comfort.  The  Rev.  G.  Montgomery, 
Bishop  of  Monterey  and  Los  Angeles,  assisted  me  in  ob- 
taining the  original  data  of  the  Tre  Fontane  experiments 
for  which  I  owe  him  much.  Prof.  S.  M.  Woodbridge,  Ph. 
D.,  Hon.  Elwood  Cooper,  Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Carr,  together 
with  many  more  have  rendered  me  valuable  assistance. 
Both  our  own  Federal  and  all  foreign  officials  appealed  to 


FOREWORD. 

have  gone  to  much  trouble  and  pains  to  promote  my  work. 
Two  Secretaries  of  State,  one  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and 
several  scientific  men  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
have,  by  their  kindly  help,  demonstrated  the  public  spirit 
of  our  high  officers.  It  is  difficult  for  a  reader  of  this  book 
to  appreciate  what  this  help  has  been.  Sometimes  two  or 
three  words  in  a  line  will  represent  voluminous  and  pro- 
longed correspondence.  Sometimes  the  result  of  a  year's 
investigation  is  to  leave  some  statement  out  entirely. 

This  work  is  arranged  in  two  divisions.  The  first  con- 
tains a  popular  account  of  the  species  of  Eucalyptus  intro- 
duced into  California  as  far  as  known.  The  location  of 
illustrative  specimens  is  in  each  case  indicated  so  that  en- 
quirers may  readily  see  for  themselves  what  the  tree  looks 
like.  The  second  division  will  contain  the  special  exam- 
ination of  points  of  interest  in  this  genus  including 
methods  of  planting,  timber  strength,  the  oils  and  kinos, 
the  medicinal  value,  the  sanitary  influence,  vernacular 
names  and  lists  of  species  suited  to  different  conditions  of 
soil  and  climate.  This  division  will  also  contain  a  con- 
densed botanic  description  of  all  the  species  of  Eucalyptus 
described  by  Baron  Von  Mueller  and  taken  from  his  great 
work.  A  few  notes  regarding  varieties  and  points  noted 
in  California  will  be  added  to  this.  To  facilitate  the  use 
of  these  botanic  descriptions  there  will  be  a  key  and  an 
illustration  of  the  typical  anthers,  magnified  sixty  times, 
prepared  by  Prof.  McClatchie,  of  the  four  classes  estab- 
lished by  Von  Mueller.  I  believe  that  the  ke}T,  plate  and 
descriptions  will  enable  any  intelligent  person  to  identify 
the  leading  species  of  Eucalyptus.  To  complete  this  part 
of  the  plan  there  will  be  a  botanic  glossary. 


or 

UJTIVERSITT 


EUCALYPTUS. 


GENERAL  POINTS, 


The  Eucalyptus  is  a  genus  of  hard  wood,  evergreen 
trees  and  shrubs.  It  belongs  to  the  order  Myrtaceae 
and  to  the  tribe  Leptospermese.  The  name  was  suggested 
by  the  lid  or  cap-like  covering  over  the  immature  flower. 
It  is  from  the  Greek  and  may  be  translated  "well  hidden." 
This  genus  was  discovered  and  described  first  by  L'Heritier, 
in  1788;  who  based  it  on  t"he  species  "obliqua."  The 
blue  gum  was  discovered  ten  years  later  by  Labilliardiere, 
who  described  Eucalyptus  cornuta  at  the  same  time.  In 
1806  Labilliardiere  described  two  other  of  the  more  valuable 
species,  viz:  Eucalyptus  viminalis  and  Eucalyptus  amygdalina. 
It  is  said  that  so  large  were  the  trees  of  the  blue  gum  first 
seen  by  Labilliardiere  in  Tasmania,  that  he  could  ascertain 
that  they  were  in  flower  only  by  his  telescope.  The  flowers 
were  brought  down  after  prolonged  firing  at  the  upper 
branches  with  guns.  Labilliardiere  says  in  his  own  notes 
that  he  obtained  the  flowers  and  fruit  by  chopping  down 
a  tree. 

The  genus  just  escaped  being  called  Aromandendrum. 
This  name  was  given  by  Dr.  Wm.  Anderson,  who  des- 
cribed it  independently  when  with  Cook's  second  voyage 


io  EUCALYPTUS. 

of  discovery.  Baron  Von  Mueller,  -  coming  into  this  field 
late,  has  described  and  named  more  species  than  any  one 
person;  in  fact  he  is  now  the  recognized  authority  011 
this  genus.  Anyone  desiring  to  study  the  .Eucalyptus 
should  by  all  means  procure.  Baron  Ferdinand  Von  Mueller's 
Bucalyptographia,  together  with  his  other  numerous  works 
on  the  genus.  Bentham's  Flora  Australiensis  is  reliable. 
The  splendid  work  commenced  by  J.  Ednie  Brown  on  the 
Forest  Flora  of  South  Australia  is  in  folio  size  and  con- 
tains colored  plates  of  each  tree  described.  This  work 
unfortunately  was  never  finished.  Prof.  J.  H.  Maiden's 
"useful  native  plants  of  Australia"  contains  valuable  infor- 
mation on  the  kinos,  oils  and  timbers  of  the  genus.  Many 
valuable  and  interesting  articles  on  the  Eucalyptus  are  scat- 
tered about  in  scientific  journals  or  in  monographs  practically 
inaccessible  to  us  in  California.  Bentham's  and  Von  Muel- 
ler's works  are  expensive.  Most  of  the  popular  and  many 
of  the  scientific  monographs"  on  these  valuable  trees  and 
their  products  are  out  of  print,  and  a  considerable  percent- 
age are  in  French,  and  a  few  in  Italian  and  Spanish.  It 
seems  useful,  therefore,  to  bring  some  of  this  scattered  in- 
formation together  in  this  work.  To  it  I  have  added  our 
Californian  experiences.  Indeed,  it  is  especially  to  furnish 
a  popular  statement  of  facts  for  Californian  use  that  I  have 
undertaken  this  monograph  on  the  Eucalyptus. 

The  first  great  acclimatizer  and  Eucalyptus  missionary 
was  M.  P.  Ramel.  This  gentleman  was  so  struck  with 
the  extraordinary  qualities  of  this  genus  while  at  Mel- 
bourne, in  1854,  that  he  started  a  crusade  in  its  favor. 
Planchon  calls  Von  Mueller  the  prophet  and  Ramel  the 
apostle  of  -the  Eucalyptus.  The  first  Eucalyptus  tree 
known  to  have  grown  outdoors  in  Europe  is  said  to  have 


EUCALYPTUS.  n 

been  planted  at  Hyeres,  in  the  South  of  France,  in  1857. 
In  1875  this  tree  was  20  metres  high,  the  trunk  i  metre 
from  the  soil  was  2  metres  10  centimetres  in  circumference. 

Certainly  Ramel's  enthusiasm  for  the  Eucalyptus  is  well 
justified. 

The  highest  monument  in  Europe,  for  instance,  is  460 
feet  high,  while  the  tallest  Eucalyptus  is  480  feet  high. 

Eucalyptus  trees  had,  even  in  1854,  been  planted  by 
different  gardeners  in  Europe,  and  at  least  one,  by  M. 
Hardy,  in  Algiers;  but  he  did  not  know  the  tree  until 
1863,  two  years  after  the  Hamma  and  Cordier  plantations 
in  that  African  province. 

It  was  first  called  Eucalyptus  glauca  in  Europe  (Euca- 
lyptus globulus)  when  grown  from  seed. 

The  Eucalyptus  was  introduced  into  this  State  in'  1856. 
Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper,  of  Santa  Barbara,  has  been  prob- 
ably the  most  active  agent  in  bringing  Californians  to 
a  knowledge  of  the  Eucalyptus.  Col.  Warren  of  the  Cali- 
fornia Farmer,  Mrs.  Jeanne  C.  Carr  and  General  Stratton 
were  also  very  active  and  enthusiastic  as  apostles  of  these 
trees  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  seems  indeed  regrettable 
that  the  work  of  Prof,  and  Mrs.  Carr,  at  and  about  our 
University,  in  planting  should  be  today  so  little  available 
through  the  loss  of  the  records. 

The  genus  contains  about  150  species,  rather  less  than 
more,  and  the  number  is  still  not  fully  settled.  This  is 
on  account  of  the  doubt  of  the  specific  value  of  some  now 
ranked  as  varieties  and  of  others  now  ranked  as  species, 
and  also  on  account  of  the  incomplete  study  of  the 
tropic  flora  of  Australia,  New  Guinea,  Timor  and 
the  Moluccas.  If  we  consider  the  island  of  Tasmania  as 
a  part  of  Australia  there  are  about  five  species  of  Euca- 


12  EUCALYPTUS. 

lyptus  found  outside  of  that  continent  and  all  of  these  in 
the  adjacent  islands  of  New  Guinea  and  Timor,  and  one 
only  in  the  Moluccas.  There  is  not  a  single  species  found 
in  New  Zealand.  It  seems  indeed  strange  that  the  most 
adaptable  of  all  forest  trees  to  the  semi-tropic  world  belt 
should  be  derived  from  so  confined  a  genus.  Besides  this 
the  most  friendly  to  new  conditions  of  all  its  species  is 
one  naturally  limited  to  the  damp  gorges  of  Tasmania  and 
Victoria.  At  least  twenty  important  species  of  Eucalyptus 
have  a  wider  Australian  range  than  Eucalyptus  globulus 
or  the  common  blue  gum.  Still  it  is  the  blue  gum  that 
has  been  found  thus  far  the  best  suited  as  a  tree  for  other 
countries  and  wide  ranges  of  soil  and  moisture.  In  Cali- 
fornia when  any  one  speaks  of  Eucalyptus  trees  in  a  gen- 
eral way  the  blue  gum  is  meant.  By  this  we  may  judge 
how  completely  our  Eucalyptus  plantations  are  dominated 
by  this  species. 

The  blue  gum  is  a  remarkable  tree.  It  is  about  third 
as  to  height  in  the  genus,  being  surpassed  only  by  E. 
amygdalina  and  Eucalyptus  diversicolor.  The  tallest  blue 
gum  measured  was  found  in  Tasmania  and  was  330  feet  in 
height.  Numbers  have  been  measured  over  250  feet,  and 
a  height  of  even  400  feet  is  claimed  for  it.  In  this  matter 
of  height  measurement  Von  Mueller  calls  attention  to  the 
fact  that  extreme  height  in  the  Eucalyptus  is  due  to  long 
slim  branches  reaching  skyward.  In  this  respect  it  is  quite 
different  from  the  great  stems  of  timber  of  our  pines  and 
Sequoias  which  have  only  very  short  vertical  branches. 
Those  of  an  ultra  patriotic  humor  ma}^  still  claim  that  for 
tree  height  of  solid  stem  and  for  cubic  wood  contents  our 
Sequoias  lead  the  world.  In  dry,  open  plains  it  is  not 
likely  that  blue  gums  will  grow  to  be  very  tall.  In  fact 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  13 

• 

there  are  few  in  California  over  150  feet  high.  If,  however, 
some  were  planted  in  any  of  the  burned  and  desolated 
redwood  coast  canyons  of  California  where  the  conditions 
of  moisture  and  exposure  are  similar  to  those  in  its  native 
haunts  we  might  reasonably  expect  to  see  blue  gum  trees 
eventually  as  tall  as  any  in  Australia.  In  its  native  haunts 
the  blue  gum  is  often,  nay,  generally,  exposed  to  light 
frosts.  Some  very  observant  planters  in  the  warmer  parts 
of  New  South  Wales  state  that  the  Eucalyptus  globulus  is 
never  a  long  lived  and  really  successful  tree  unless  subjec- 
ted to  occasional  nipping  airs.  Other  authorities,  however 
claim  successful  experiments  in  tropical  highlands  with  this 
species,  locations  probably  free  from  frost.  But  such  reports 
are  only  made  from  tropical  sections  with  a  heavy  rainfall. 
The  tree  has  failed  in  Arizona  and  Texas.  But,  in  those 
places,  its  failure  is  due,  doubtless,  to  excessive  frost  on  the 
one  hand,  and  prolonged  excessive  heat  on  the  other. 

Mr.  J.  Ednie  Brown  and  Mr.  Walter  Gill  both  found 
the  blue  gum  unsuited  to  their  interior  plains  (South  Aus- 
tralia) generally  similar  in  dryness  and  heat  to  our  interior 
valleys.  We  have  fully  confirmed  their  experience  except 
where  the  subsoil  is  moist. 

In  Arizona  even  this  condition  fails,  apparently,  to 
reconcile  them  to  the  prolonged  heats  of  that  section 

In  Australia  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon,  Eucalyptus  corynoc- 
alyx  and  Eucalyptus  polyanthema  seem  specially  suited  to 
sections  too  dry  for  the  blue  gum,  and  Eucalyptus  rostrata 
for  air  too  dry  and  hot  and  frosts  too  severe. 

The  blue  gum  is  the  fastest  growing  tree  in  the  world. 
There  are,  indeed,  trees  that  for  a  short  time,  or  under 
special  conditions,  grow  as  fast  as  the  blue  gum.  In  fact, 
in  the  damp  Vitorian  gorges  the  variety  regnans  of 


i4  EUCALYPTUS. 

t 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina  is  reported  to  grow  faster  than  any 
wood-making  plant.  Nothing  in  our  experience  with 
regnaris  shows  it  to  be  a  fast  growing  plant.  So  also,  in 
experiments  at  and  near  Santa  Monica  we  have  found 
several  species  growing  for  a  short  time  in  that  situation 
as  fast  as  the  blue  gum.  Of  these  experiments  we 
may  mention  a  Eucalyptus  viminalis  (Manna-gum)  that, 
nineteen  months  from  the  seed,  and  fourteen  months  from 
the  transplanting,  without  cultivation,  on  a  side  hill,  grew 
fourteen  feet  six  and  three-fourths  inches.  A  Eucalyptus 
corynocalyx  (sugar  gum)  of  the  same  age  and  in  the  same 
place  grew  only  one-fourth  of  an  inch  less.  I  have  seen 
an  E.  Gunnii  for  the  first  two  or  three  years,  grow  faster 
than  a  blue  gum  by  its  side.  But  taking  dry  and  wet 
canyon  and  plain  the  blue  gum  will  exceed  in  growth  any 
tree  in  the  long  run. 

Some  of  the  records  are  as  follows : 

GROWTH    OF   K.  GLOBULUS.     . 

Malaga.  Spain,   6  yrs.  65  feet 

Nielgherry  hills,  India,  18  mos.  fromseed,  20  to  25  feet 
Lago  Maggiore,  Italy,  9  years,  -  -  -  60  feet 
Nice,  France,  5  years,  -  -  -  50  feet 

Kinneloa,  California,   8  years,   -  71  feet 

Experimental  plantation  of  trees  reported  on  by  J.  Ednie 
Brown,  Conservator  of  Forests,  S.  Australia,  showing  com- 
parative rate  of  growth  of  different  trees  similarly  situated. 


EUCALYPTUS. 
PLANTATION  C. 

Height,  Age  and  Girth  of  Trees. 


Date  of 
Plant- 
ing 

Name 

Age 

Height 

Girth  2 
ft.  from 
ground 

1880 

Pinis  insignis  

years 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

ft.  in. 

40    o 
30    o 
33    8 
17    o 
15    o 
42    o 
25    o 

22      8 

27    o 
33    6 
18    o 
14  10 
30    o 
23    8 
26    o 
27    6 
45    o 
45    o 
47    o 
60    o 
58    o 
35    o 
35    6 
37    o 
24    o 
30    o 

20      6 
2O      0 
22      0 
26      0 

29    6 
30    o 

2S      8 

ft.  in. 

4 

7 

0 
2 

7 

I 

0 
0 

6 
8 
7 
o 
5 
o 
o 
3 
5 
I 
o 
g 
ii 

2 

2 
10 
10 
10 
IO 

9 

2 

I 

II                         U 

"     pinaster 

"      halepensis  

Kucalyptus  globulus 

Ion  gi  folia  

oblique  (Tasmanian  Stringybark)  
diversicolor  (karri)  

siderophloia  (Ironbark)  

Melia  azedarach  

Eucalyptus  cornuta 

obliqua  (South  Australian  Strtngybark) 
Pinus  insignis 

^Eucalyptus  globulus 

«                   « 

«                   « 

«                   «i 

"           longifolia 

«                   >< 

siderophloia  

obliqua  (South  Australian  Stringybark) 

<                   11            ii 

corynocalyx  

<                      <> 

«                      11 

cornuta. 


1878 
1881 


fCatalpa  speciosa 

JFraxinus  Americana 

p  Walnut V.V.V.'.'.V.V.'. 

Wattles  (Acacia  pycnantha).. 


(small  tree  measurements). 
1880    j     Cupressus  sempervirens 


23  3 

23  o 
33  o 
25  6 
25  o 

21  8 

24  6 

20  O 

24  O 

16  o 

18  o 

19  o 

15  O 

12  O 

12  O 

12  O 

12  O 

24  o 

22  O 


7 

1  i 

I   2 


*  Numbers  averaging  4oft.,  and  girthing  from  ift.  6in.  to  2ft.  3in          f  Averaging 
2oft.  and  ift.  girth  in  best  land.  J  Averaging  2oft.  and  isin.  in  moist  land. 

Averaging  2oft.  and  i5in.  in  girth,  and  in  good  bearing. 


Measurements  taken  September  ist;  1886. 


EUCALYPTUS, 


PLANTATION  E. 
Height,  Age  and  Girth  of  Trees. 


Date  of 
Plant- 
ing 

Name  of  Tree 

Age 

Height 

Girth 
at  2ft. 
Height 

1881 

*Eucalyptus  viminalis             ...    .               

years 

5 

ft.  in. 

27    o 

ft.  in. 

i 

30    o 

o 

1881 

Eucalyptus  globulus     

5 

40    o 

6 

5 

41     o 

o 

1881 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  

5 

28    o 

5 

5 

27    o 

2 

1881 

Pinus  maritima  or  pinaster  

5 

II       0 

5 

14    o 

O 

1881 

c 

25    o 

4 

5 

24    o 

4 

1882 

< 

25    o 

2 

i 

4 

24    6 

4 

21       O 

I 

i 

A 

24    o 

II 

( 

4 

22      O 

O 

4 

2^      0 

0 

( 

28    o 

I 

1882 

\  Pinus  maritima  

4 

14    o 

o    7 

4 

13    6 

o    6 

*Numbers  of  these  2oft.  in  height.          fA  great  number  from  i7ft.  to  2oft.  high. 

Measurement  taken  August  3ist,  1886.  Height. 


Height,  Age  and  Girth  of  Trees  at   White  Park. 


Date  of 
Plant- 
ing 

Name  of  Tree 

Age 

Height 

Girth 

2ft. 

Height 

1883 
1884 

1885 

PLANTATION  G. 
Pinus  radiata                             ...          .         ..        

years 

i 

3 
3 
3 
3 

ft.  in. 

17    o 
7    o 
16    o 
26    o 

20      0 

19    o 
17    o 
17    o 

7    o 
6    o 

12      0 

9    o 
9    o 
13    o 

II      O 

8    o 
3t04  o 

7    o 
4to<;  o 

ft.  in. 

i     i 

o    7 

I       2 
2      0 
I       I 
I    II 
I       0 
I       I 

o    5 
o    4 
o    6 
o    4 
o    7 

0    II 

o    7 
o    7 

o    4 

"      maritima  

"      insignis                                    

globulus                      

"             corynocalyx  

'•             gomphocephala 

PLANTATION  I. 
Quercus  pedunculata 

Catalpa  speciosa  

Populus  fastigita                        

Ulmus  suberosa 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  

"             corynocalyn 

Pinus  insignis                            

"      maritima 

PLANTATION  J. 
Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 

"             viminalis  

ECCALYPTCS. 


Experimental  plantation  of  trees  at  Santa  Monica  made 
by  \V.  S.  Lyon,  Forester  to  the  California  State  Board  of 
Forestry. 


Tract  A. 


Tract  B. 


XAMKS. 

Best. 

Aver- 
age. 

! 

Best 

Aver- 
age. 

Remarks. 

i.  Eucalyptus  polyanthema    (Many- 
Flowered  Guin)  

9.6 

7 

•  4  2 

3  6 

Growth 

2.  Eucalyptus  globulus  (Tasraanian 
Blue  Gum 

4  6 

in  B  small  but  thrifty. 
Xone  planted  in  B 

3.  Eucalyptus  cornuta  

4.  Eucalyptus  obliqua  (Stringy  Bark 
or  Messmate 

7 
6 

6 
c  6 

46 

4 
o 

Sent  out  last   year 
as  the  "Tocart  Gum." 
remarkably  thrifty  in 
both  plantations. 

5.  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  (Victorian 
Iron  Bark 

= 

4  6 

S  6 

4  6 

Lacks  good  color  in  A. 
Richer    better 

6.  Eucalyptus  rostrata  (Red  Gum) 

S  6 

5 

color  in  the  iron  soil. 
Not  planted  in  A. 

7.  Eucalyptus     corynocalyx     (Sugar 
Gum)  '  

6 

5.6 

Not  planted  in  B 

x  Eucalyptus    viminalis     (Manna 
Gum)  ;  

6  6 

i     5-6 

5.6 

4  6 

"Off"  color  in  B. 

9.  Eccalyptus     Stuartiana    (A  p  p  1  e- 
Scented  Gum) 

6  6 

A     6 

Not  planted  in  B 

10.  Acacia     mollissima      (Soft     Leaf 
Wattle) 

6 

C 

Not  planted  in  B 

ii.  Acacia  pvcnantha    (Golden    Wat- 

..Strongly 

tle) 

3  6 

•3 

^ 

2   6 

vigorous  in  both 

12.  Acacia  melanoxylon  (Blackwood).. 

2 

0 

0 

0 

Sickly  in  A.  Dead  in  B. 

Analysis  of  Soil  in   Tracts. 


Tract  A. 

Tract  B. 

Insoluble  matter       

JO    QA  Q 

Soluble  silica  

2O  7  1O 

4o.57o 

8-5/1  - 

Potash  \K,O)  

I  OQ7 

•  24o 

Soda  (N.,O)  

*  ^Vo 
6=8 

•537 

Qc, 

Lime  (CaO)  

•5  227 

•533 

Q   -,,-, 

Magnesia  (MgO)  

2  8«;«; 

°-14o 

Br.  ox.  manganese  (Mr2O4)  

048 

•*'4ou 

Peroxide  ot  iron  (Fe.,O3)  

8  109 

Alumina  (A12O3)  

6  77J. 

10.193 

Phosphoric  acid  (P2O-)  

**•/  /4- 

228 

L*y*f 

oSr. 

Sulphuric  acid  (SO  ,  )  

2  648 

Carbonic  acid  (CO.,)  

33 
3180 

Water  and  organic  matter  

3CQ7 

U.j/U 

Totals  

O8  QI3 

100  80 

i8  EUCALYPTUS. 

Report  of  Byron  O.  Clark,  Eucalyptus  sideroxydon, 
(Eucalyptus  leucoxylon)  on  the  side  of  a  zanja  at  Anahiem. 
Cut  when  4^  years  old.  Height  71  feet. 

In  Dr.  Aber's  plantations  on  the  Rio  de  La  Plata,  Argen- 
tine the  Karri,  Eucalyptus  diversicolor,  grew  fastest  and 
Eucalyptus  corymbosa  ranked  with  blue  gum. 

At  from  ten  to  twelve  years  of  age  the  blue  gum  in 
California  ceases  to  maintain  its  phenomenal  fast  growth. 
The  other  species  cease  their  fast  growth,  as  a  general  rule, 
some  years  sooner.  In  this  matter  some  ratio  seems  to 
exist  between  the  duration  of  rapid  growth  and  the  event- 
ual height  of  the  tree. 

The  blue  gum  is  like  all  the  valuable  species  of  Eucalyp- 
tus in  not  being  able  to  stand  prolonged  or  very  heavy  frost. 
What  it  will  stand  depends  something  on  the  humidity,  the 
condition  of  the  tree  as  to  sap  flow  and  the  age  of  the  tree. 
Old  trees  have  withstood  a  temperature  of  15°  F.  without 
material  injury.  Young  trees  will,  however,  stand  no  such 
temperature.  A  minimum  temperature  of  24°  may  be 
deemed  safe.  Von  Mueller  has  noted  the  blue  gum  shoots 
on  giant  trees  along  the  Dandenong  range  in  Victoria,  frost 
burned,  and  has  also  noted  these  trees  covered  with  snow 
for  long  periods  without  injury.  In  California,  one  species 
of  our  indigenous  Rhus  of  the  disagreeable  smelling  leaf, 
what  we  call  the  evergreen  sumac,  is  often  frost  burned  in 
its  native  haunts.  So  in  the  blue  gum  and  the  sumac  we 
find  imperfect  adaptation  to  their  present  native  conditions, 
due  perhaps  to  a  changing  climate. 

This  year  we  have  had,  in  Southern  California,  nights 
colder  than  usual,  that  is,  temperatures  that  occur  once  or 
twice  in  a  decade.  After  these  cold  nights  I  visited  two 
sandy  washes  along  the  foot  hills,  in  one  of  which  were  2 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  19 

year  old  small  sugar  gums  (Eucalyptus  corynocalyx)  out 
one  year,  and  in  the  other  some  yearling  blue  gums  and 
man}*  older,  but  stunted  trees.  In  both  washes  the  native 
sumac  was  frosted,  and  in  nearly  every  case  the  whole 
foliage  killed.  The  sugar  gums  were  not  all  touched,  but 
nearly  all  had  the  outer  top  leaves  frost  burned.  Hardly 
any  of  the  young  blue  gums  were  touched  and  these  only 
very  lightly.  However,  the  young  blue  gums  were  among 
the  older  trees  and  doubtlessly  received  some  protection. 

Our  common  Rhus  is  comparatively  rare  along  the 
coast  further  south,  and  another  ornamental  and  very  at- 
tractive Rhus,  well  worthy  of  gardeners'  attention,  takes 
its  place.  This  latter,  rare  here,  has  not  been  frosted  at 
all  this  year.  This  seems  rather  a  strange  thing,  a  south- 
ern type  to  be  so  resistant. 

I  am  quite  convinced  that  we  could  obtain  a  more  reli- 
able frost  resistance  in  the  blue  gum  by  a  careful  gathering 
of  seeds  from  trees  thriving  in  the  coldest  places  to  which 
this  species  is  indigenous.  Although  the  native  habitat  of 
the  blue  gum  is  restricted,  it  still  is  subject  to  a  consider- 
able climatic  range.  Both  in  Victoria  and  Tasmania  it 
climbs  well  into  the  mountain  valleys,  and  it  seems  only 
reasonable  that  seed  from  some  of  the  more  exposed  trees 
would  resist  more  cold  than  those  on  the  warm  mesas.  The 
seeds  of  all  other  plants  are  eventually  impressed  by  the 
climates  in  which  they  are  produced.  This  fact  is  availed 
of  by  agriculturists  in  vegetables,  grains,  etc.  We  know 
also  that  certain  tree  seeds  all  of  the  same  species  produce 
plants  of  different  capacities  in  resisting  cold  on  one  side 
and  heat  and  drought  on  the  other.  Take,  for  instance,  the 
Douglass  spruce  indigenous  from  British  Columbia  to  the 
Mexican  line.  Seeds  of  this  spruce  show  great  variations 


20  EUCALYPTUS, 

in  the  resistance  of  the  trees  they  produce  to  unfavorable 
climatic  conditions,  and  these  variations  correspond  with 
the  climatic  conditions  where  the  seed  produced  grew. 

It  seems  only  resonable  to  presume  that  this  quality 
would  extend  also  to  the  seeds  of  the  blue  gum.  Our 
California  plantations  of  blue  gum  are  now  practically  all 
made  from  locally  gathered  seeds. 

Doubtless,  too,  the  prevalence  of  conditions,  such  as 
prolonged  drought,  whereby  the  tree  remains  dormant 
during  the  periods  of  exposure,  would  prove  favorable  to 
resistance  of  frost.  The  vegetable  world,  in  this  respect, 
is  the  opposite  of  the  animal.  There  are  indeed  hiber- 
nating animals  that  remain  dormant  during  the  winter, 
living  on  themselves,  but  no  animal  can  resist  extreme 
cold  so  well  with  diminished  as  with  active  circulation. 
In  the  vegetable  world  the  opposite  condition  prevails. 

Animals  suffer  most  from  cold  when  exposed  to  wind. 
With  plants  it  is  exactly  the  reverse.  At  least  such  is  the 
fact  in  the  semi-tropics.  A  breeze  on  a  cold  night  is  con- 
sidered a  protection  against  frost.  It  is  a  wise  precaution 
to  discourage  active  sap  circulation  in  delicate  plants  as 
periods  of  possible  frosts  approach.  In  irrigated  sections 
this  may  be  done  by  withholding  water  in  the  fall. 

As  the  young  Eucalyptus  is  more  susceptible  than  the 
old  to  frost  so  we  find  numerous  sections  where  this  tree 
does  well  if  the  young  are  protected  with  straw,  gunny- 
sacks  or  any  light  covering;  indeed  just  as  young  orange 
and  lemon  trees  are  in  some  of  our  interior  plateaus.  In 
these  sections  the  citrus  fruits  are  a  success,  but  every  now 
and  again  a  great  deal  of  snow  falls  in  the  neighboring 
mountains  and  the*  night  air  descending  to  the  valleys  is 
colder  than  usual.  When  to  this  condition  we  have  added 


I-J'CALYPTUS.  21 

a  dry  still  atmosphere  the  rapid  radiation  causes  frosts  severe 
enough  to  seriously  injure  and  even  kill  young  citrus  trees. 
The  shortness  of  the  young  trees  is  one  element  of  their 
danger.  The  nearer  the  ground  the  greater  the  danger. 
One  writer  says  that  the  climatic  range  of  the  orange  tree 
is  that  of  the  blue  gum  and  where  one  will  grow  so  will 
the  other.  In  contradiction  to  this,  reports  to  me  from  Ari- 
zona mention  citrus  trees  as  successful  and  Eucalyptus  a 
failure.  In  this,  case  however  it  is  said  to  be  the  prolonged 
dry  heat  that  unfavorably  affects  the  Eucalyptus  (Eucalyp- 
tus globulus.)  On  the  other  hand  the  blue  gum  thrives 
remarkably  in  the  damp  cool  climate  of  the  California  coast 
where  the  orange  is  a  sad  failure.  About  the  Southern 
confines  of  Los  Angeles  city  where  the  blue  gum  is  in 
superb  health  and  has  a  great  development  the  orange  tree 
also  thrives  but  gives  an  inferior  fruit  with  excess  of 
acidity. 

I  think  that  the  orange  and  blue  gum  will  resist  about 
the  same  degree  of  frost. 

It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  water  is  an  equalizer  of 
temperature  and  helps  frost  resistance.  Therefore  if  a  frost 
threatens,  a  full  flooding  irrigation  will  diminish  the 
danger. 

In  a  Washington,  D.  C.,  nursery  there  is  a  Eucalyptus, 
species  unknown,  that  for  a  number  of  years  has  been 
frozen  every  winter,  but  which  sprouts  anew  each  spring. 
In  Paris  the  blue  gum  is  sometimes  used  for  ornament  in 
the  parks.  The  way  this  is  done  is  to  plant  the  seed  in 
the  open,  transplant  it  to  hot-house  for  winter,  and  set  out 
the  second  summer,  leaving  it  to  its  fate  in  the  succeeding 
winter. 

In  Australia   the    numerous    species   of   Eucalyptus  have 


22  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

an  extraordinary  reported  capacity  of  varying  according  to 
the  soil  and  climate  which  they  occupy.  Some  species 
have  persistent  bark  in  one  geological  formation  and  shed 
their  bark  in  another.  Some  have  green  leaves,  horizon- 
tal and  broad  near  the  coast  and  sickle  shaped  gray  ones 
hanging  vertical  in  the  interior.  The  same  species  often 
vary,  even  in  the  color  of  their  flowers.  A  number  vary 
in  the  essential  oils  and  odor  of  their  foliage,  and  all  are 
affected  in  the  character  and  quality  of  their  timber  by 
situation  and  climate.  The  forest  trees  indigenous  to  Cali- 
fornia have  also  often  a  strong  tendency  to  vary,  and 
again,  like  some  Australian  species,  many  of  our  trees  are 
indigenous  to  very  narrow  limits.  The  Brewer,  or  beauti- 
ful weeping  spruce,  the  Foxtail  Balfour  pine,  the  Torrey 
pine,  the  Lawson  and  Monterey  Cypress,  are  amongst 
those  so  confined.  One  of  our  pines,  the  Monterey,  P. 
insignis,  the  fastest  growing  pine  in  the  world,  and  more 
largely  planted  in  Australia  than  any  foreign  tree,  has  a 
very  restricted  natural  range  about  Monterey.  We  have  in 
this  pine  some  counterpart  to  the  blue  gums. 

First — That  it  renders  soil,  air  and  water  aseptic. 

Second — That  it  is  the  most  adaptable  of  our  coniferous 

trees. 

i 

Third—  That  it  is  of  so  confined  a  natural  habitat. 

Fourth — That  other  trees  about  it  of  very  wide  range 
like  the  Douglas  spruce  do  not  succeed  in  our  plantations 
anything  like  so  well. 

So  the  blue  gum  of  naturally  restricted  range  succeeds 
better  in  plantations  than  very  widely  distributed  Eucalyp- 
tus like,  for  instance,  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  found  in  every 
division  of  Australia  proper  and  absent  only  in  Tasmania 

The  Monterey  pine  is  a  better  tree  than   the   blue   gum. 


EUCAL  YPTCS.  23 

for  cold  places,  and  on  the  blue  gums'  limit  of  tempera- 
ture it  is  better  for  all  sandy  places  and  especially  better 
for  beaches  exposed  to  sea  winds.  The  Monterey  pine, 
however,  is  not  a  valuable  timber  tree  nor  a  good  fuel 
one.  Its  uses  are  to  hide  scars,  cover  waste  places,  stop 
sand  drift  and  look  as  handsome  as  a  young  pine  can.  It 
stands  cutting  and  breaking  better  than  any  pine  with 
which  I  am  familiar.  I  know  of  one  case  where  it 
sprouted  from  a  blown  over  tree  and  grew  well.  The 
main  tree  was  not  cut  off  until  the  sprout  had  started. 

Mr.  L-  Stengel,  an  experienced  and  careful  nurseryman, 
is  of  opinion  that  Eucalyptus  has  a  strong  tendency  to 
hybridize.  There  is  just  now  a  demand  for  Eucalyptus 
robusta  (swamp  mahogany).  In  preparing  for  this  Mr. 
Stengel  gathered  robusta  seed  from  four  handsome  spec- 
imens on  Downey  avenue,  East  Los  Angeles.  Recently 
while  visiting  his  nursery  Mr.  Stengel  showed  me  the 
results  of  his  seed  planting.  The  vast  majority  were  true 
to  the  parent  tree,  but  many  in  his  large  planting  varied 
very  widely  from  Eucalyptus  robusta.  One  specimen  was 
identical  with  globulus,  several  were  like  amygdalina  var- 
regnans;  in  fact  about  fifteen  distinct  species  apparently 
came  from  these  robusta  seed.  If  hybridization  be  accepted 
as  the  cause  of  these  nursery  results,  we  may  account  for 
some  of  the  truly  extraordinary  surprises  Australian  Euca- 
lyptus seeds  have  given  us.  I  have  personally  known  seed 
from  the  collection  of  Baron  von  Mueller,  and  forwarded 
most  kindly  by  him,  come  up  in  form  quite  foreign  to  the 
tree  as  described  by  him.  I  believe  that  every  Californian 
experimenter  in  Eucalyptus  has  had  a  similar  experience 
with  Eucalyptus  seeds. 

Mr.  Scharf,  of  Pasadena,  who  has  taken  a  great  interest 


24  EUCALYPTUS. 

in  introducing  new  species  of  Eucalyptus,  has  a  number 
of  sketches  in  color  of  the  flowers  of  the  ornamental 
Eucalyptus  ficifolia,  introduced  for  its  brilliant  red  flowers. 
These  sketches  were  largely  of  flowers  from  trees  growing 
from  seed  gathered  by  himself  from  Eucalyptus  ficifolia  in 
his  own  nursery.  The  difference  in  the  colors  is  radical, 
from  pale  orange  yellow  to  deep  red.  The  foliage  in  these 
ficifolias  also  varies  greatly. 

I  am,  however,  not  ready  to  accept  these  results  as  due 
to  hybridization.  Natural  variation  under  new  conditions 
and  careless  seed  handling  must  be  considered  in  the  solu- 
tion. Stengel's  robusta  is  not  the  true  robusta  but  a 
•variety. 

The  blue  gum  is  the  best  all  round  tree  within  its  cli- 
matic range.  It  makes  fire  wood  and  timber  fast;  growing 
rapidly  into  an  effective  wind-break,  contains  a  large 
amount  of  essential  oil  in  its  foliage ;  its  leaves  are 
amongst  the  most  efficient  agents  in  cleaning  out  the  in- 
rrustatioii  of  boilers.  It  is  available  for  the  medicinal  pre- 
paration of  Eucalyptol  and  is  altogether  the  best  tree 
for  any  considerable  range  of  condition  in  semi-tropic  cli- 
mates as  far  as  now  known.  The  introduction  of  this  tree 
has  done  more  to  change  radically  the  appearance  of  w7ide 
ranges  of  country  in  California  than  any  other  one  thing. 
In  the  reclamation  of  many  arid  plains  of  the  central  and 
southern  parts  of  California  the  blue  gum  has  worked 
almost  like  magic.  It  modifies  the  winds,  breaks  the 
lines  of  view  all 'so  quickly  that  one  can  scarcely  realize 
that  a  valley  of  clustered  woods  and  lines  of  trees  was 
but  a  year  or  two  before  a  brown  parched  expanse  of 
shadeless  summer  dust.  I  do  not  think  that  the  power  of 
the  blue  gum  in  modifying  the  appearance  of  a  country  can 


'5 


be   appreciated    by  any  one  who  has  not  seen   some  stretch 
of  country  before  and  after  its    introduction. 

The  seedling  of  the  blue  gum  possesses  a  peculiarity 
general  to  the  genus.  It  does  not  look  in  the  least  like 
the  grown  tree.  The  seedling  varies  as  a  plant  as  much 
from  the  mature  tree  as  do  some  insects  in  the  larval  state 
from  their  mature  form.  The  blue  gum  seedling  has  a 
sharply  square  stem  and  branches,  leaves  opposite,  sessile, 
round,  and  horizontal  to  the  branch.  Occasionally  the 
young  stem  is  six-sided  and  in  this  case  the  leaves  and 
stipules  spring  in  threes,  each  group  from  alternate  sides. 
These  early  square  or  six-sided  stems  are  so  winged  as  to 
resemble  the  bottom  of  a  Sonoma  snow  shoe  or  the  under 
side  of  a  skate  runner.  Ii  is  colored  bright  gendarme 
blue,  both  in  stems  and  leaves,  with  an  appearance  of 
being  slightly  dusted  with  flour.  The  mature  tree  has 
round  stems  and  branches,  with  white  bark  or  tan  brown 
just  before  the  outer  part  is  shed,  the. leaves  are  sickle- 
shaped,  alternate  with  long  stems,  hang  edgewise  to  the 
sky,  and  they  vary  from  a  dark  and  often  glossy  green 
to  a  dull  gray  color. 

This  surprising  difference  between  the  seedling  and  the 
more  aged  tree,  caused  several  botanists  in  Europe  to  set 
up  a  new  species  from  the  seedlings  first  raised  in  their 
hot  houses. 

In  nearly  every  considerable  plantation  of  blue  gums 
will  be  found  a  few  specimens  of  what  appears  to  be  a  re- 
version to  a  more  primitive  type.  This  sort  is  usually  in 
the  form  ot  a  bush  with  numerous  stems,  though  excep- 
tionally with  but  one,  and  foliage  of  the  yearling  gum 
that  is  to  say,  opposite,  oval,  sessile  and  blue,  tending  to 
persist  longer  than  in  the  regular  globulus.  It  is  quite 


26  EUCALYPTUS. 

ornamental.  E.  cordata  is  a  dwarf  Tasmanian  species, 
that  maintains  through  life  this  opposite,  oval  and  sessile 
foliage.  When  a  blue  gum  is  pollarded,  or  cut  back,  the 
new  sprouts  always  have  at  first  the  seedling  or  yearling 
foliage  in  a  dense  mass  of  oval  leaves,  blue  as  a  gendarme 
blue  can  be. 

In  very  dry  places,  or  after  continued  cool  weather,  the 
young  blue  gum  foliage  may  be  seen  to  vary  in  an  extra- 
ordinary way.  At  times  the  whole  tree  will  have  a  pink 
sheen  in  its  blue  foliage,  again  the  under  veining  of  the 
leaves  will  be  bright  crimson,  and  sometimes  the  square 
stems  will  change  from  their  peculiarly  assertive  blue  to 
the  crimson  of  the  leaf  veins.  A  few  leaves,  too,  will  turn 
red,  as  red  as  any  eastern  Autumn  leaf.  Yet  the  general 
blue  aspect  will  not  be  lost.  In  the  older  trees  the  young 
stems  of  the  ultimate  sickle-shaped  leaves  are  usually  a 
lemon  yellow,  but  sometimes  are  a  dull  red.  The  branch- 
lets  are  more  often  red,  in  fact,  generally  these  are  red  and 
only  the  youngest  shoots  are  yellow. 

I  have  spoken  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  seedling  foli- 
age as  gendarme  blue.  This,  however,  is  not  exact.  The 
color  is  a  sort  of  silvery  grey  done  in  blue.  It  is  bluer 
than  the  leaf  of  a  century  plant,  but  of  that  type  of  color. 
The  foliage  of  the  old  trees,  it  must  be  remembered,  is  of 
an  entirely  different  color.  While  the  blue  gum  is  not 
a  desert  plant,  it  has  been  most  planted  in  countries  that 
have  a  natural  tendency  in  that  direction,  and  is  well  fitted 
at  least  for  the  outskirts  of  the  arid  districts.  Its  first 
color  suggests  the  frequency  of  blue  shades,  in  the  foliage 
of  plants  subjected  to  such  conditions.  In  the  dry  portions 
of  California  we  have  many  blue  foliaged  plants,  cactus, 
yucca,  many  of  the  artemesia,  manzanita,  and  in  trees, 


EUCALYPTUS.  27 

several  pines  and  oaks.  Both  the  Quercus  Douglass!  and 
Q.  Engelmanii  are  bluish  and  often  quite  blue.  Nearly 
all  our  scrub  oaks  are  blueish  gray.  In  pines,  P.  Sabini- 
ana  is  our  ugly  blue-grey  foothill  pine,  P.  Torreyana  and 
P.  Parryana  blueish  grey,  and  there  are  several  others. 
The  pines  in  many  cases  have  the  blue  gum  characteristic 
of  having  the  seedlings  bluer  than  the  mature  tree. 

The  blue-grey  foliage,  so  frequent  in  the  Eucalypti,  is 
not  accompanied  by  blue  flowers.  The  genus  Eucalyptus 
has  red,  white  and  yellow,  but  no  blue  flowers,  the  same 
range  of  color,  in  fact,  as  the  rose.  The  Eucalyptus 
flowers,  as  a  rule,  are  handsome  and  decorative,  but  diffi- 
cult to  handle  as  cut  flowers. 

The  three  colors,  red,  blue  and  yellow,  in  their  purity, 
have  an  antipathy  to  union  in  one  genus  of  plants.  Any 
two  ma>'  be  found  together  in  kinds  of  flowers,  but  the 
three  in  full  character  are  not.  Exceptions  to  this  are 
claimed,  as  in  the  Hyacinth.  With  this  beautiful  flower 
the  reds  and  blues  are  distinct  enough,  but  the  claimed 
yellow  is  usually  a  dirty  dull  color,  verging  to  red. 
Whether  a  few  exceptions  exist  or  not,  to  the  rule,  the 
general  refusal  of  all  these  three  colors  to  occur  in  the 
flowers  of  any  one  genus  of  plants,  is  worthy  of  more  at- 
tention and  investigation  than  it  has  received.  With  this 
rule  in  mind,  the  blue  foliage  of  the  Eucalyptus  without 
the  blue  flowers,  becomes  a  matter  of  much  more  interest. 

One  of  the  advantages  of  the  blue  gum  is  the  small  size 
of  the  seeds,  their  reliable  fertility  and  excellent  keeping 
powers.  In  an  ounce  of  well  sifted  blue  gum  seeds  there 
will  be  10,000  fertile  grains.  The  sizes  of  the  seeds  of  the 
noted  species  of  the  Eucalyptus  are  as  follows  : 


EUCALYPTUS. 

SIZE  OF  EUCALYPTUS  SEEDS. 


The  proportionate  as  well  as  absolute  size  of  the  fer- 
tile and  sterile  seeds  is  at  an  average  so  different  in  many 
Eucalyptus,  as  to  afford  often  important  marks  of  specific 
distinctions.  The  subjoined  notes  of  measurement  may 
thus  aid  not  only  in  recognizing  species  scientifically,  but 
also  in  controlling  to  some  extent  the  purchase  of  seeds 
of  particular  kinds  in  the  trade. — (VON  MUELLER.) 

Eucalyptus  rostrata:  fertile  seeds  ^  to  ^  line  long, 
about  3/s  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  ^  to  ^  line  long,  about 
%  line  broad; — E.  polyanthema,  E.  melliodora,  E.  panicu- 
lata,  E.  hemiphloia:  fertile  seeds  ^  to  %  line  long,  about 
YZ  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  about  Y*>  ^ne  long>  %  to  Y\ 
line  broad; — E-  goniocalyx,  E.  cornuta,  E.  Gunnii,  E. 
Sturtiana,  E.  tereticornis,  E.  botryoides,  E.  siderophloia, 
E.  cinerea,  E.  L,eucoxylon:  fertile  seeds  ^  to  i  line  long, 
YV  to  %;  line  broad,  sterile  ^  to  ^  line  long,  about  ^ 
line  broad;  E.  amygdalina:  fertile  seeds  ^  to  i  line  long, 
YZ  to  ^i  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  ^  to  ^  line  long,  fo  to 
YZ  line  broad; — E.  haemastoma:  fertile  seeds  ^  to  i  line 
long,  about  ^  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  about  ^  line  long, 
YZ  line  broad; — E.  obliqua,  E.  macrorrhyncha,  E.  pauci- 
flora,  E.  Sieberiana:  fertile  seels  i  to  i^  lines  long,  ^ 
to  i  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  ^  to  i  line  long,  ^  to  ^ 
line  broad; — E.  cosmophylla:  fertile  seeds  ^  to  i  line 
long,  about  ^  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  ^  to  i^  lines 
long,  Y*  ^ne  broad; — E.  gomphocephala:  fertile  seeds  i  to 
\Yi  lines  long,  %  to  i  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  i  to  i^ 
lines  lon^r,  ^i  to  ^  line  broad; — E.  globulus:  fertile  seeds 
i  to  \Yi  lines  long,  ^  to  i  line  broad,  sterile  seeds  i 
to  \Y*  inches  long,  about  Y*  ^ne  broad; — E.  megacarpa; 


BUCALYPTUS.  29 

fertile  seeds  i  to  i}£  lines  long,  ^  to  i  line  broad, 
sterile  seeds  i  to  i^  lines  long,  ^  to  ^  lines  broad;  — 
E.  marginata,  E.  buprestium:  fertile  seeds  2  to  3  lines 
long,  i  to  2  lines  broad,  sterile  seeds  i^  to  2  lines  long, 
Y±  to  i^  lines  broad; — E.  Abergiana:  fertile  seeds  with 
their  membranous  appendage  3^  to  5  lines  long,  \y>  to 

2  lines    broad,    sterile    seeds   1^3    to  3   lines  long,    ^    to    2/i 
line  broad; — E.   calophylla:  fertile  seeds  6   to    9  lines   long, 

3  to  4  lines  broad,   sterile  seeds   2l/2    to  4   lines  long,    i    to 
1%    lines  broad. 

The  seed  cases  or  fruit  ot  the  blue  gum,  in  sorr.e 
places,  change  color  after  they  fall.  I  have  several  times 
made  collections  of  them  at  Santa  Monica  to  enjoy  the 
brilliant  and  beautiful  shadings  of  color  that  these  assume 
and  for  a  considerable  time  maintain. 

The  Eucalyptus  flowers  have  no  ornamental  petals. 
Their  form  and  coloring  depend  on  the  numerous  stamens. 
Most  of  them  look  like  beautiful  pompons.  The  blue  gum 
flowers  are  decorative  and  striking,  especially  when  natur- 
ally surrounded  with  the  sickle-shaped  leaves.  These 
flowers  have  the  filaments  white,  and  the  anthers  a  delicate 
cream  yellow.  The  general  appearance  is  white. 

The  stem,  as  has  been  said,  is  deeply  grooved  on  the 
four  sides  in  the  young  square  stage.  Upon  this  the  oppo- 
site sessile  leaves  are  placed  in  pairs,  alternately  springing 
from  one  side  of  the  square  and  then  from  the  other.  The 
stem  often,  however,  has  a  spiral  twist,  in  which  case  the 
alternate  effect  of  this  placing  is  lost. 

In  this  young  stage  a  small  stipule  accompanies  each 
leaf.  Quite  often  this  stipule  grows  and  branches  out,  and 
founds  new  branches. 

The    smaller    seeds    of  the    Eucalyptus    when    carefully 


30  EUCALYPTUS. 

kept  retain  their  vitality  for  four  years  at  least.  While 
even  the  very  small  amygdalina  seed  are  recorded  as  all 
fertile  six  years  after  gathering,  experimenters  have  had 
too  many  sad  experiences  in  California  with  worthless  Euca- 
lyptus seed  to  trust  to  any  but  the  freshest.  Several  Aus- 
tralian authorities  state  that  the  majority  of  Eucalyptus 
seeds  are  sterile.  This  has  not  been  my  experience. 

Amongst  the  Eucalypti  there  seems  to  exist  a  rule  that 
the  size  of  the  seed  shall  be  inverse  to  the  size  of  the 
plant.  Thus,  about  the  smallest  seeds  are  those  of  the 
amygdalina,  the  tallest  of  the  genus,  while  the  largest  are 
on  far  smaller  trees  or  even  bushes  like  the  Eucalyptus  min- 
iata.  A  seed  of  this  very  ornamental  crimson  flowered 
species  was  planted  after  being  for  thirteen  years  in  the 
museum  at  Melbourne  and  promptly  sprouted.  This  indi- 
cates a  seed  vitality  that  is  a  frequent  characteristic  of 
plants  indigenous  to  countries  with  prolonged  dry  seasons. 
In  the  contrast  of  the  size  of  seeds  to  the  size  of  the  trees 
bearing  them  California  has  a  parallel  for  Australia.  Our 
Sequoia  is  our  largest  tree  and  its  seeds  are  very 
small  while  our  dwarf  pines  and  mesquite  have  pretty 
good  sized  ones. 

I  have  alluded  to  disappointments  due  to  sterile  Euca- 
lyptus seeds  but  troubles  from  this  source  are  slight  com- 
pared to  those  arising  from  fertile  seed  not  true  to  name. 
To  such  an  extent  has  this  unreliability  of  seed  gone  that 
even  so  important  a  species  as  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  (red 
gum,)  is  still  represented  in  our  plantations  by  half  a 
dozen  different  species. 

This  confusion  has  been  attributed  to  the  carelessness 
or  even  fraud  of  the  seed  sellers.  My  own  opinion  is  that 
it  is  more  due  to  ignorance  and  mistake  than  to  anything 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  31 

else.  One  of  my  most  reliable  correspondents  in  years 
gone  by  has  sent  me  seed  marked  Eucalyptus  polyanthema, 
which  turned  out  to  be  Eucalyptus  Gunnii,  and  packages 
of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  that  in  one  case  contained  six  dif- 
erent  species  of  Eucalyptus.  Perhaps  the  hybridization 
already  alluded  to  is  the  real  solution  of  our  surprises.  On 
the  other  hand  carefully  collected  seed  by  an  experienced 
man  under  my  orders  showed  all  the  seedlings  true  to  the 
parent  tree.  This  was  our  experience  with  a  number  of 
species. 

The  common  substitute  for  the  red  gum  and  the  species 
most  generally  planted  for  it  in  California  has  been  Euca- 
lyptus viminalis,  also  a  useful  tree  but  not  valuable  like  the 
others  for  lumber.  While  this  tree  is  radically  different 
from  the  red  gum  there  is  an  extensive  district  in  Aus- 
tralia where  the  mature  trees  of  these  generally  dissimilar 
species  are  said  to  appear  much  alike.  A  person  in  such 
a  district  shown  a  true  red  gum  might  easily  mistake  a 
manna  gum  in  another  location  for  it. 

The  utility  of  these  two  species  is  absolutely  different, 
therefore  the  mistake  in  confusing  the  manna  with  the  red 
is  the  more  to  be  regretted.  Every  old  plantation  that  I 
have  visited  in  California,  except  at  Elwood,  reputed  as 
red  gum  has  turned  out  to  be  either  viminalis  or  a  tree 
entirely  different  from  either — E.  occidentalis.  This  lat- 
ter is  a  very  valuable  timber  tree  and  well  suited  to 
California.  I  have  recently  made  arrangements  to  identify 
all  the  numerous  Eucalyptus  species  now  growing  in  Cali- 
fornia, an  undertaking  made  all  the  easier  by  the  remark- 
ably early  flowering  of  most  of  the  genus.  It  certainly  is 
a  striking  thing  to  observe  these  finally  giant  trees  so 
often  flowering  when  no  more  than  a  bush.  The  utility  of 


32  EUCALYPTUS. 

work  of  this  kind  is  apparent  when  we  consider  the 
wide  range  of  conditions  in  California.  The  blue  gum, 
while  so  generally  suited  to  California,  has  a  hard  time  in 
some  places  and  will  not  grow  at  all  in  others.  In  the 
boulders  or  sands  of  the  torrent  beds  of  Southern  Cali- 
fornia the  blue  gum  is  often  over-matched  by  the  lightness 
or  dryness  of  the  soil  or  lack  of  soil.  Again,  in  exposed 
places  like  the  old  alkali  districts  of  such  elevated  plateaus 
as  that  which  we  used  to  call  the  Mojave  desert,  the  bine 
gum  is  sometimes  killed  by  the  alkali  and  sometimes  by 
low  temperature.  The  thermometer  in  these  places  some- 
times falls  to  2°  above  zero,  and  in  one  or  two  places  even 
zero  has  been  recorded. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  any  valuable  Eucalyptus  will  do 
well  under  such  conditions,  but  it  is  certain  that  the  blue 
gum  will  not.  The  species  to  try  would  be  Eucalyptus 
rostrata,  Eucalyptus  viminalis,  Eucalyptus  urnigera,  Euca- 
lyptus robusta,-  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  and  Eucalyptus 
Gunnii.  No  Eucalyptus  has  resisted  the  conditions  at 
Lancaster  on  the  Mojave.  Numbers  of  fruit  trees  do  well 
there  and  the  Fremont  poplar  seems  quite  at  home.  At 
points  nearer  the  Sierra  Madre  in  this  ex-Mojave  section, 
now  called  Antelope  Valley,  various  species  ot  Eucalyptus 
have  succeeded,  but  only  locally,  at  or  near  Palmdale  and 
the  Rock  Creek  mesa.  Mr.  John  J.  Jones,  of  Palmdale, 
writes  me  that  viminalis  with  him  has  stood  more  cold 
without  leaf-burning  by  five  degrees  than  Eucalyptus  glob- 
ulus  or  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  His  minimum  in  a  protected 
porch  is  1 6°  F.  The  West  Australian  Eucalyptus  cornuta 
was  killed  outright,  while  the  red  and  blue  gums  live  but 
are  very  often  frost  burnt. 

Reports  from  Kew    gardens,   England,    recently    sent    to 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  33 

me,  state  that  Eucalyptus  urnigera,  Eucalyptus  coccifera, 
Eucalyptus  viminalis  and  Eucalyptus  Gunnii  are  "by  far 
the  hardiest  species  in  England,  and  have  withstood  tem- 
peratures as  low  as  10°  above  zero.  In  the  Channel 
Islands  Eucalyptus  globulus  and  others  grow  freely." 

The  two  first  species  have  only  recently  been  intro- 
duced into  California. 

When  it  comes  to  the  dry  sandy  situations  we  have  a 
better  tree  in  the  Eucalyptus  haemastoma  or  Eucalyptus 
hemiphloia.  And  for  dry  places  with  strong  soil  Eucalyp- 
tus cornuta  and  especially  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  are 
more  successful  than  the  blue  gum.  For  wet  soils  and  sea 
coast  exposure  the  best  species  is  Eucalyptus  robusta.  The 
Eucalyptus  which  has  stood  the  most  frost  in  California  is 
probably  one  at  Chico.  This  tree  is  reported  uninjured  by 
two  severe  winters.  One  of  my  ex-forestry  officers,  Mr. 
W.  S.  Lyon,  on  the  authority  of  Baron  Von  Mueller,  calls 
it  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  variety  angustifolia.  Amygdalina 
is  said  by  Von  Mueller  to  be  one  of  the  best  frost  resisters 
of  the  genus,  but  I  can  find  no  such  variety  credited  to  it 
as  angustifolia.  There  is  a  variety  named  angustifolia, 
however,  of  Eucalyptus  crebra,  which  is  a  very  good  tree. 
So  we  have  some  confusion  about  this  frost  resister  until 
we  can  examine  it  botanicaily  and  learn  to  a  certainty 
where  it  belongs.  (I  have  recently  seen  a  specimen  of  this 
tree.  It  is  an  amygdalina  and  a  narrow  leaf  variety.) 

Reports  from  the  large  number  of  experiments  with 
species  of  Eucalyptus  throughout  California,  from  seeds  or 
plants  introduced  and  sent  out  by  me,  when  Chairman  of 
the  State  Board  of  Forestry,  are  generally  unsatisfactory. 
Upon  a  resume  of  these  we  may  say  that  the  sugar  gum 
will  stand  more  drought  than  the  blue  gum,  but  no  more 

3 


34  EUCALYPTUS. 

frost;  that  the  red  gum  (Eucalyptus  rostra ta)  stands  more 
frost  than  the  blue  gum;  that  the  manna  gum  (Eucalyptus 
Viminalis)  stands  both  frost  and  drought  better  than  the 
blue  gum.  I  feel  a  great  regret  that  I  cannot  give  definite 
figures  on  temperature  resisted  by  the  different  species. 
Frosty  places,  at  least  in  Southern  California,  hate  to 
confess  the  whole  truth,  or,  as  they  say,  the  exceptional 
facts  about  frost.  From  my  own  plantings  some  exper- 
iences will  be  occasionally  given.  These  plantings  were 
made  at  Santa  Monica  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  at  Kin- 
neloa  ranch  on  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  in  the 
San  Gabriel  Valley.  The  lowest  temperature  recorded  at 
the  ranch  house,  with  a  self-registering  thermometer,  has 
been  32°,  and  this  but  twice  in  15  years.  At  Santa 
Monica,  Mr.  Hugh  Casey  generally  has  a  tomato  vine 
running  to  the  roof  of  his  house  and  fruiting  all  winter, 
so  there  also  it  is  very  mild. 

The  lowest  temperature  recorded  at  the  Forestry  station, 
Santa  Monica,  was  30°  Fahrenheit.  The  extraordinary  dif- 
ferences of  degrees  of  frost  within  short  distances,  in  Cali- 
fornia, makes  it  essential  to  look  carefully  into  temperature 
records  as  evidences  of  what  plants  will  stand  in  the  way 
of  cold.  The  examination  is  necessary,  not  in  doubt  about 
the  record,  but  in  discovering  its  applicability  to  the  plan- 
tations under  consideration.  The  thermometer  at  my  ranch 
is  on  the  inside  of  an  outer  pillar,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
piazza,  about  ten  feet  from  the  ground.  On  the  terrace  in 
front  and  close  to  the  piazza  grows  a  banana  that  has 
never  been  cut  back,  but  the  ends  of  the  top  leaves  have 
been  frost  burned  several  times.  Close  below  on  a  bank 
is  a  scarlet  flowered  passion  vine  ;  part  of  it  grows  to  the 
top  of  a  palm  tree.  On  the  bank,  the  vine  leaves  have 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  35 

been  frosted  about    every   third    year  ;    but   the    vine  in  the 
palm,  even  close   to   the    ground,  has   never   been  touched. 
The  thermometer  may    easily  vary    many  degrees  at  the 
same  time,  on  the  same  ranch,  or  in  the  same  valley. 


EUCALYPTUS  GLOBULUS. 


The  blue  gum  being  the  most  valued  of  the  genus 
Eucalyptus,  it  will  be  appropriate  to  give  some  more  intim- 
ate account  of  this  wonderful  hard  wood  Jack 's-bean-stalk 
growing  tree.  I  will  commence  with  some  account  of  my 
own  acquaintance  with  it  at  Santa  Monica,  and  at  the 
ranch  in  the  San  Gabriel. 

The  town  streets  at  Santa  Monica  were  planted  with 
Eucalyptus  globulus,  blue  gum,  about  1876,  and  the 
trees  were  not  subsequently  cared  for.  It  has  done  remark- 
ably well  and  made  large  trees.  The  lines  are  now  broken 
on  account  of  the  town  policy  to  allow  lot  owners  to  chop 
down  the  trees  on  the  streets  at  their  front.  Many  have 
been  thus  used  for  fire  wood.  The  first  line  of  blue  gums 
on  the  bluff  at  the  ocean  front  have  been  much  deformed 
and  stunted  and  sea  burned  by  the  trade  wind,  which 
steadily  blows  at  this  place  through  the  whole  summer. 
These  gums  were  alternated  with  Monterey  Cypress,  which 
have  been  deformed  also  by  the  trade  wind,  but  not  so 
badly  sea  burned.  Where  there  was  summer  moisture,  as 
at  a  stand  pipe  for  the  street  watering,  the  blue  gums 
withstood  the  trade  wind  effects  and  have  grown  to  be 
large  trees.  The  second  Hue  of  blue  gums  across  the 
ocean  front  avenue  have  been  practically  unaffected  by  the 


36  EUCALYPTUS. 

trade  wind.  Every  three  or  four  years,  great  numbers  of 
blue  gum  seedlings  have  come  up  about  the  town.  These 
have  been  taken  up  by  the  people  and  sold  to  the  nur- 
series. The  years  of  these  seedlings  have  been  ones  of 
more  than  average  rain  fall.  The  blue  gum  is  at  home 
at  Santa  Monica. 

At  Kinneloa  the  blue  gum  does  well  in  strong  soil.  On 
the  very  light  sandy  places  without  water  or  cultivation 
trees  have  died  of  drought.  In  the  late  summer  of  years 
following  a  season  of  light  rains  nearly  all  the  trees  in 
sandy  wastes  have  lost  foliage  to  a  perceptible  extent,  but 
in  spite  of  all  this  I  have  cut  considerable  fire  wood  from 
a  sand  wash  plantation  and  the  trees  are  now  coming  out 
again  vigorously  from  the  stumps.  At  Santa  Monica  there 
is  a  scale  on  the  blue  gums  that  I  have  seen  only  on  the 
fruit.  It  seems  to  do  no  harm  and  looks  to  me  like  our 
willow  scale.  It  may  be  appropriate  to  mention  that  in 
Australia  there  is  a  scale,  a  species  of  Lecanium,  that  in- 
fests both  the  red  and  manna  gums.  This  scale  causes  a 
viscid  sweet  juice  to  exude  from  the  tree  and  to  drop  on 
the  leaves  and  branchlets,  which  is  very  attractive  to  ants. 
In  this  effect  we  are  reminded  of  the  black  scale  and  its 
sweet  secretion  on  our  orange  trees.  It  is  probably  very 
lucky  that  our  Eucalyptus  have  been  imported  by  seed 
thus  avoiding  the  introduction  of  this  scale.  The  impres- 
sion prevalent  in  California  that  all  Eucalypti  are  free 
from  insect  pests  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  reports  from 
Australia  in  regard  to  the  Lecanium  as  well  as  in  regard 
to  certain  cicadae.  Some  of  these  latter  do  considerable 
injury  by  boring  while  others  eat  the  tree  leaves.  Baron 
Von  Mueller  reports  that  these  foliage  eaters  seem  to  be 
increasing  in  Australia.  Quite  frequently  extensive  districts 


EOCAL  YPTUS.  37 

have  the  trees  killed  by  the  repeated  destruction  of  the 
leaves  in  the  same  season  thus  giving  the  tree  no  oppor- 
tunity to  recuperate.  The  blue  gum  however  has  not  been 
reported  to  have  been  destroyed  by  the  cicadae.  Consul 
Baker  reports  from  the  Argentine  that  the  Eucalyptus  is 
the  only  tree  introduced  to  the  wide  plains  of  that  Repub- 
lic not  destroyed  by  locusts. 

The  borers  attack  Eucalyptus  viminalis  more  than  any 
other  tree.  From  their  punctures  exudes  a  sweet,  amorphous 
and  whitish  substance,  much  prized  by  the  natives.  From 
this  mellitose  substance  the  viminalis  has  obtained  the  name 
of  manna  gum.  When  this  manna  is  found  in  comb -like 
pieces  on  the  ground  it  is  quite  a  pleasant  sweet.  We 
could  doubtless  obtain  this  manna  by  instrumental  punc- 
tures. It  is  not  the  same  as  the  true  orcus-manna  as  John- 
ston's* Australian  analysis  shows,  Ci2  Hi4  OH,  and  the  quan- 
titative analysis  of  viminalis  manna  by  Anderson  is  sugar 
49.06,  gum  5.77,  starch  4.29,  inulin  13.80,  cellulose  12.04, 
water  15.01.  This  manna  falls  also  from  Eucalyptus  oleosa 
and  Eucalyptus  odorata  and  occasionally  from  other  Euca- 
lypti but  never  to  anything  like  the  same  extent  as  from 
Eucalyptus  viminalis.  I  have  only  once  seen  manna  on  a 
gum  tree  in  California.  This  was  on  Eucalyptus  viminalis 
at  Santa  Monica  Heights. 

In  mentioning  these  insect  injuries  to  various  species  of 
Eucalyptus  it  is  only  proper  to  say  that  this  genus  has  so 
far  proved  practically  free  from  injurious  insect  effects 
wherever  it  has  been  introduced.  Its  introduction  by  seed 
alone  has  prevented  the  introduction  of  its  Australian  ene- 
mies and  no  exotic  enemy  of  moment  has  thus  far  ap- 
peared. I  may  say,  too,  that  in  my  own  wanderings  in 

*  From  Von  Mueller. 


38  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

the  Australian  bush  I  have  not  observed  insects  injuring 
the  Eucalyptus. 

In  South  Australia  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  is  called  blue 
gum  and  in  New  South  Wales  Eucalyptus  goniocalyx  goes 
by  the  same  name.  Eucalyptus  globulus  is  not  indigenous 
to  South  Australia  and  is  not  a  feature  of  the  forests  of 
New  South  Wales,  except  perhaps  in  a  small  far  southern 
district  adjacent  to  Victoria.  Both  of  these  species  are  hardy, 
fast  growers,  and  valuable  timber  trees.  In  various  dis- 
tricts the  name  blue  gum  is  locally  given  also  to  Eucalyp- 
tus haemastoma,  Eucalyptus  megacarpa,  Eucalyptus  rud:s 
and  to  Eucalyptus  saligna.  Again,  in  other  districts  these 
trees  have  different  popular  names  as  may  be  seen  by  an 
accompanying  index  of  Vernacular  names  taken  from  Von 
Mueller. 

Eucalyptus  globulus  may  always  be  distinguished  by  its 
glandular  appearing  fruits.  These  are  of  an  unhealthy, 
bluish-white  color  until  the  seeds  are  fertilized.  The  col- 
oring suggests  a  case  of  erysipelas  painted  with  nitrate  of 
silver.  There  is  only  one  other  species  of  Eucalyptus  that 
has  this  rough,  glandular  seed  box.  This  is  Eucalyptus 
Alpina,  a  bush  restricted  in  its  native  habitat  to  a  few 
acres  on  Mt.  William,  in  the  Grampian  Range,  Victoria. 
Eucalyptus  Alpina  is  the  closest  botanic  ally  of  Eucalyptus 
globulus  and  still  while  the  blue  gum  is  the  fastest  grower 
of  the  genus,  the  Alpina  is  the  slowest  ;  while  one  is  a 
giant  tree,  the  other  is  a  dwarf  bush  ;  while  one  is  intro- 
duced into  every  section  where  the  climate  permits,  the 
other  is  but  a  curiosity,  A  Eucalyptus  Alpina  planted  in 
the  botanic  garden,  at  Melbourne,  grew  twelve  feet  in 
twenty-five  years  and  had  no  central  stem.  When  we 
consider  the  systemic  affinity  of  these  two  species  and 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  39 

their   divergent    qualities  we  may  well  recall  the  little  nur- 
sery rhyme  about  the  star  : 

"  Thou  art  so  near 
And  yet  so  far." 

This  Mt.  William  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  botanic  island, 
for  upon  it  are  found  a  considerable  number  of  plants 
found  nowhere  else. 

An  experiment  made  with  the  blue  gum  by  the  South- 
ern Pacific  Railroad  Company,  showed  it  to  be  above  the 
average  for  a  tie  in  all  respects  but  one.  It  checked  to 
such  an  extent  that  room  could  hardly  be  found  to  bolt 
down  the  rails. 

Wood  cut  at  a  different  season,  or  better  cured,  might 
show  very  different  results. 

At  the  Chicago  World's  Fair  specimens  of  blue  gum 
wood  from  Australia  worked  for  wagon  wheels,  in  boards, 
and  exhibited  as  a  hard  wood  of  general  utility,  sug- 
gests that  the  use  of  this  wood  in  Australia,  even  for 
ship  building,  and  its  comparative  neglect  here,  except  for 
fire  wood,  is  due  to  a  difference  in  blue  gum  wood  in  the 
two  countries,  arising  from  situation,  soil,  climate,  or  the 
age  of  the  tree. 

More  care  and  more  experiments  may  demonstrate  that 
we  have,  or  will  obtain  as  good  blue  gum  wood  here  as 
there. 

The  blue  gum  is  a  sort  of  average  Eucalyptus,  tall  but 
not  the  tallest  ;  used  for  general  purposes,  even  to  piling 
and  ship  buildi'ng  ;  it  is  not  the  best  of  timber  for  any  of 
these  purposes  ;  not  the  most  lasting  in  the  air,  ground, 
or  water  ;  not  the  highest  yield  of  oil  ;  not  the  best  honey- 
making  tree  for  bees.  It  is  still  well  up  in  all  these 
respects.  Like  nearly  all  Eucalypti  the  tree  should  be 


4o  .      EUCAL  YPTUS. 

cut  when  the  sap  is  least  active,  and  should  be  worked 
into  its  final  form  of  fire  wood,  boards,  etc.,  as  soon  as 
possible  after  it  is  felled.  I  have  seen  blue  gum  logs 
become  so  hard  that  the  cost,  from  increased  difficulty  of 
handling,  ate  up  more  than  the  final  value.  In  cutting  blue 
gums  for  piles,  it  is  probable  that  the  reverse  course  will 
be  best — that  is,  when  the  sap  is  active.  The  wharfinger 
of  the  Port  of  San  Francisco  assures  me  that  a  pile  cut 
when  the  sap  is  flowing — sa)^  in  the  spring — will  last  three 
to  five  times  longer  than  when  cut  dormant. 

The  best  success  with    the    blue    gum    in   California  has 
been    in    situations  where  moisture  is  not  far  from  the  sur- 
face and  where  the  ocean  influence  has  affected  the  air,  such 
as    in    the   great    Eucalyptus    groves    south  of  L,os  Angeles 
City.     In  many  places  this  tree  does  well  singly  and  in  single 
lines,   and  it  will  furnish  a  continuous  supply  of  fire  wood, 
as  on  the  borders  of  fields  and  orchards  that  are  cultivated, 
when  it  will  amount  to  little  or  nothing  in    a  solid  planta- 
tion.    Thus,  a    new   comer   to    some    of   our  interior   mesas 
will    see    with    his    own    eyes,    splendid    specimens  of  blue 
gums    in    gardens,    near   a    ditch    or    reservoir,  or    he    may 
observe,  by    the    side1  of    cultivated    fields,    long    rows    of 
strong  looking   trees.     Acting    upon    this,   he    may    plant  a 
forest    of    blue    gums    and    get    only    a    spindling,    stunted 
growth,  better  than  nothing,  but  that   is  about  all  one  can 
say.     Eucalyptus   globulus    will    amount    to    little  in  groves 
where  the  soil  is    light    or    the  subsoil  dry.     A  continuous 
supply  of    fire    wood    can   be    obtained    from    blue   gum    by 
pollarding  or  cutting    the    tree    back    every    three    or    four 
years.     This    Eucalyptus   stands    such    treatment    especially 
well.     Some   of  the     other     species     do    not  take  kindly   to 
this    cutting  back,    but    I   believe   none   of  them  make  the 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  41 

complete  revolt  against  it  of  the  pine.  To  insure  a  new 
growth  the  pollarding  should  be  done  when  the  sap  is 
running  actively.  Our  redwood  is,  I  believe,  the  only  con- 
iferous tree  with  this  sprouting  quality.  Alone  amongst 
its  compeers,  in  this  quality,  the  redwood  exceeds  in  its 
persistent  vitality  for  sending  out  suckers  and  shoots  when 
cut  down,  all  known  trees. 

The  sprouting  of  the  blue  gum  when  cut  adds  to  its 
value  as  a  fuel  tree,  for  in  plantations  it  makes  its  first 
crop  in  about  seven  years  and  then  for  an  indefinite  per- 
iod renews  the  crop  every  three  to  five  years. 

The  blue  gum  to  give  best  results  for  either  timber  or 
fu,el  should  be  planted  6x8  or  8x8,  or  certainly  not  more 
than  10  feet  apart.  The  most  successful  pine  plantation  in 
California  is  at  Monterey  and  of  the  Monterey  pine.  These 
trees  are  now  eleven  years  old  average  35  feet  in  height, 
are  straight  and  clean  in  the  stem  and  are  planted  10  feet 
apart.  This  is  the  proper  form  for  all  forest  tree  planta- 
tions with  but  slight  variation.  The  object  of  close  plant- 
ing is  to  obtain  the  maximum  of  a  clear  straight  stem. 
This  gives  the  best  return  with  the  most  economical  condi- 
tion for  gathering  the  crop,  and  is  alike  advantageous  whe- 
ther the  crop  is  lumber,  fire- wood,  gum  or  bark.  If  the 
trees  crowd  each  other  as  they  grow  they  can  be  thinned 
out. 

In  European  forestry  it  has  generally  been  found  best 
to  mix  plantations  of  forest  trees.  That  is,  plantations  of 
one  kind  of  tree  solid  are  not  found  to  succeed  well.  We 
have  not  had  this  experience  in  California.  The  Eucalyp- 
tus has  certainly  been  tried  enough  to  say  that  the  great 
advantage  and  economy  of  solid  plantation  to  one  kind  of 
tree  is  not  neutralized  by  indifferent  growing  in  this  genus. 


42  EUCALYPTUS. 

In  passing  to  other  species  we  may  leave  the  Eucalyp- 
tus globulus  with  this  statement: 

It  accommodates  itself  to  more  conditions  in  a  satisfac- 
tory way  than  any  other  Eucalyptus.  Yet  there  is  no  one 
condition  for  which  some  other  species  of  this  genus  is  not 
better  adapted.  So  also  there  is  no  use  to  which  the  blue 
gum  is  put  for  which  another  species  is  not  more  service- 
able. 

The  blue  gum  is  a  jack-of-all-trades   tree. 

A  fine  specimen  of  a  single  Eucalyptus  globulus  is  to 
be  seen  on  the  Banning  estate  at  Wilmington,  Los  Angeles 
County,  California.  There  is  in  another  form  a  fine  single 
tree  at  Mr.  Rosenbaum's  garden,  Pasadena,  and  still  another 
type  in  the  L.  J.  Rose  Company's  garden,  San  Gabriel.  A 
fine  old  roadside  effect  of  these  trees  may  be  seen  near  the 
East  San  Gabriel  Hotel.  The  growth  and  appearance  of 
the  blue  gum  in  groves  is  well  illustrated  at  and  about 
Nadeau  Station,  south  of  the  city  limits  of  Los  Angeles. 


EUCALYPTUS  NARGINATA, 


My  experiments  at  Santa  Monica  together  with  those  at 
the  old  forestry  station  show  that  all  the  important  species 
do  well  at  that  point  except  the  jarrah,  Eucalyptus  margi- 
nata.  This  valuable  tree  is  not  only  slow  in  growth  but 
appears  to  have  a  tendency  to  foliage  disease.  Part  of  the 
trouble  is  probably  caused  by  a  fungus.  The  outer  edge  of 
the  leaves  commence  to  die  during  the  winter  or  rainy 
season.  Eucalyptus  obliqua  is  also  slow  and  unsatisfactory 
at  Santa  Monica.  This  is  the  par  excellence  stringy  bark 
of  Tasmania  and  Victoria.  This  tree  does  well,  however, 


EUCALYPTUS.  43 

in  the  middle  interior.  We  lose  little  in  losing  the 
obliqua  as  a  tree  to  recommend  compared  to  the  jarrah. 
This  latter  tree  is  reported  to  be  teredo  proof.  It  has 
been  extensively  used  for  piling  and  also  for  railroad  ties 
in  parts  of  India  subject  to  the  white  ant.  The  reputation 
of  the  jarrah  rests  as  to  teredo  resistance  on  the  early 
constructed  Australian  wharves.  It  may  be  that  the  teredo 
was  not  native  to  Australian  waters.  The  natural  absence 
of  the  teredo,  at  least  from  the  open  coasts  of  California, 
has  been  asserted  and  the  frequent  wharves  built  out  into 
the  placid  waters  of  the  Southern  coast  are  said  to  have 
at  first  enjoyed  an  immunity  from  teredo  attacks.  We 
have  a  very  injurious  pile  enemy,  even  worse  than  the 
teredo  that  works  only  at  the  tide  limits  of  the  piles. 
This  is  the  limnoria. 

The  early  Australian  experiences  may  have  been  due 
to  an  absence  of  teredo.  A  careful  inquiry  shows  that  sev- 
eral other  species  are  very  distasteful  to  insects.  The  most 
resistant  of  these  are  the  Eucalyptus  rostrata — red  gum, 
Eucalyptus  robusta — swamp  mahogany,  Eucalyptus  diversi- 
color — karri. 

This  advantageous  characteristic  seems  to  depend  on  the 
wood  of  these  trees  containing  a  large  proportion  of  kino- 
red.  Frequent  experiment  in  Australia  has  shown  a  marked 
difference  in  the  amount  of  kino-red  in  the  same  species  of 
Eucalyptus.  The  jarrah  growing  in  light  soil  and  gener- 
ally in  the  open  lowlands  is  very  deficient  in  kino-red  as 
compared  to  the  trees  growing  on  the  strong  iron  soil  of 
its  native  mountains.  The  jarrah,  red  gum  and  karri 
each  contain  a  maximum  of  from  16  to  17  per  cent,  of 
this  substance  while  the  robusta  contains  19  per  cent,  and 
exceeds  all  Australian  trees  in  kino-red. 


44  EUCALYPTUS. 

Some  jarrah  piles  were  brought  to  San  Francisco  a 
long  time  ago  and  tried  by  the  harbor  commissioners. 
These  were  destroyed  by  the  teredo  and  other  pile  eaters 
in  eighteen  months.  I  saw  the  specimens  when  taken  up 
and  they  \vere  entirely  riddled  and  were  worthless.  The 
question  then  arose  as  to  whether  the  piling  imported  from 
Australia  really  was  jarrah.  To  satisfy  their  doubt  another 
lot  of  jarrah  was  ordered  with  such  precautions  as  to 
insure  the  importation  of  the  real  thing.  Unfortunately 
the  record  of  this  experiment  was  not  made,  or  if  made 
has  been  lost.  I  learn  from  the  present  engineer  of  the 
Board  that  there  is  mention  of  Karri  piles  but  that  these 
were  taken  out  some  time  ago  without  examination  to 
make  way  for  the  sea  wall.  So  while  several  kinds  of 
Eucalyptus  piling  reputed  resistant  to  toredo,  etc.,  have 
been  tried  in  San  Francisco,  no  reliable  record  appears 
to  exist  of  them. 

The  San  Francisco  Harbor  Commission  is  by  no  means 
up  to  the  average  as  an  example  of  the  extravagance  and 
inefficiency  in  our  public  service. 

Our  machine  system  of  politics  develops  the  faculties  of 
trades,  combines,  direct  or  indirect  briberies  and  political 
fence  walking  in  public  men.  The  lower  qualities  are  de- 
veloped, the  higher  ones  dwarfed  by  non-user — certainly 
never  developed. 

Our  public  service  is  now  manned  by  those  who  have 
rendered  partisan  service,  by  their  friends  or  by  persons 
with  a  pull,  as  by  those  going  on  official  bonds,  or  by 
those  paying  the  police  blackmail  on  dives  and  prostitution 
or  by  large  corporate  interests  using  direct  and  indirect 
influence  both  in  elective  and  appointive  officers. 

Merit  and  capacity  are  wholly  secondary  as  a  means   of 


EU€AL  YPTUS.  45 

notice  in  the  public  employ.  In  fact  indifference  and  inca- 
pacity is  a  recommendation  to  machine  boss  methods  for 
political  employment.  Even  rank  scandals  involving  cor- 
rupt catering  to  corporate  interest  by  public  officers  often 
fails  to  neutralize  the  strength  of  our  political  machine 
and  the  outcry  of  public  indignation  is  deadened  by  the 
din  of  the  partisan  tom-tom. 

How  long  the  supposedly  intelligent  American  people 
will  continue  to  be  played  by  the  partisan  pannel  game  is 
impossible  to  foretell. 

I  have  a  particular  prejudice  against  our  partisan  follies 
because  they  continually  confront  me  in  all  public  interests. 
Even  good  and  able  men  in  public  office  secure  and  main- 
tain their  places  by  their  lower  and  not  by  their  higher 
faculties.  The  political  machine  generally  dominates  the 
public  business,  but  its  indifference  to  public  interests,  its 
incapacities  and  degradations  are  distinctly  countered  by 
the  currents  of  public  opinion.  The  growing  altruism  of 
humanity  is  against  the  use  of  faction,  sordid  private  in- 
terest or  the  ministering  of  personal  pride  to  organize 
bands  of  partisans  to  exploit  public  office  and  public  taxes 
for  private  plunder. 

Well,  well  !  Let  us  look  on  the  bright  side  for  the 
future  and  trust  that  the  strong  young  seedlings  of  popu- 
lar demand  for  capacity,  honesty  and  responsibility  in  the 
public  service  will  grow  like  blue  gum  saplings  and  like 
them  clear  the  political  malaria  away  that  makes  us  all 
sick. 

In  repeating  experiments,  such  as  those  in  San  Fran- 
cisco harbor,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  teredo  thrives  best 
in  clear  sea  water  and  dies  in  clear  sewage.  The  resist- 
ance of  piling  to  teredo  may  therefore  be  very  different 


46  EUCALYPTUS. 

though  of  the  same  kind  of  wood  when  differently  ex- 
posed in  a  harbor.  The  jarrah  has  grown  in  several  shel- 
tered places  in  California  as  at  the  Cahuenga,  but  so  slowly 
and  it  so  often  fails  to  grow  at  all,  that  there  is  little  en- 
couragement to  plant  it. 

While  a  large  number  of  instances  of  teredo  resistance 
in  the  Eucalyptus  marginata  are  reported,  carefully  con- 
ducted experiments  like  that  in  Auckland  Harbor,  do  not 
substantiate  them. 

We  will  know  more  about  this  teredo  pest  after  awhile. 
The  introduction  of  some  natural  enemy  of  the  teredo  has 
been  suggested  and  a  great  variety  of  experiments  are 
being  tried,  amongst  them  is  one  at  San  Pedro,  where  the 
piles  are  protected  by  vitrified  sewer  pipe. 

I  have  a  report  of  a  Jarrah,  65  feet  high,  25  years  old, 
at  Santa  Clara.  The  identification  of  the  species  has  not 
been  verified,  however. 

The  best  specimens  of  Eucalyptus  marginata  are  at  the 
Cahuenga,  Los  Angeles  County.  The  general  type  of  poor 
growth  in  California,  can  be  seen  at  the  Forestry  Station, 
Santa  Monica,  and  at  the  Paradise  Nurseries,  South 
Pasadena. 

It  may  be  well  to  mention  here  that  the  common  blue 
gum  produces,  about  Santa  Barbara,  a  pile  that  resists  both 
the  teredo  and  limnaria  better  than  the  Oregon  spruce 
sticks,  better  even  than  these  creosoted.  In  consequence, 
the  wharf  at  that  point  is  now  maintained  by  blue  gum 
piling. 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS  ROBU5TA, 


For  convenience  we  may  consent  to  the  name  Eucalyp- 
tus robusta  for  the  fine  tree  thus  known  in  California.  It 
is,  however,  either  a  variety  or  another  species,  probably 
Eucalyptus  Kirtoniana.  The  variation  in  our  so-called 
Eucalyptus  robusta  from  the  true  type,  seems  to  be  only 
in  the  flower  cap.  In  the  typical  Eucalyptus  robusta  this 
cap  is  much  broader  than  the  calyx  tube,  bulging  out  some- 
thing like  the  cap  of  Eucalyptus  gomphocephala,  while  in 
the  tree  we  have  as  Eucalyptus  robusta  the  cap  is  long 
and  not  broader  than  the  calyx  tube. 

Eucalyptus  robusta  is  a  good  fast  grower,  and  among  the 
handsomest  of  the  genus.  It  has  large,  dark  green  leaves, 
and,  like  so  many  of  the  Eucalypti,  flowers  early  and  pro- 
fusely. The  flowers  are  cream  colored.  We  know  that 
Eucalyptus  robusta  has  done  well  on  the  bluff  at  Santa 
Monica,  in  Los  Angeles,  and  in  the  San  Gabriel  Valley. 
The  tree  is  a  swamp  tree,  and  naturally  takes  to  low  wet 
ground,  and  thrives  even  in  sour  and  alkali  land.  I  was 
surprised  to  find  it  doing  so  exceptionally  well  in  upland 
situations.  Eucalyptus  robusta  has  not  been  tried  very 
long  here,  and  it  may  not  continue  to  grow  fast  after  a  few 
years.  Many  Australian  trees,  especially  in  the  acacias, 
grow  wonderfully  for  four  or  five  years  and  then  become 
scrawny  and  miserable.  The  Grevillia,  with  its  feathery 
foliage  and  deep  yellow  flowers,  is  one  of  these  beautiful 
disappointments.  Eucalyptus  robusta  is  very  promising, 
but  in  the  numerous  forest  plantations  of  South  Australia, 
the  largest  and  most  complete  forest  stations  dealing  with 
Eucalypti  in  the  world,  it  seems  but  little  noticed. 

This  colony  has  29  forest  stations  and  several  small  ex- 


48  EUCALYPTUS. 

perimental  grounds.  These  were  for  a  long  time  under  the 
charge  of  Mr.  J.  Ednie  Brown,  a  distinguished  forester, 
afterward  Director  General  of  Forests  to  the  Colony  of  New 
South  Wales.  It  was  under  his  excellent  management  that 
the  value  of  many  of  the  Eucalyptus  species  was  demon- 
strated. Amongst  these  we  may  mention  specially  Eucalyp- 
tus viminalis,  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon,  and  Eucalyptus  cory- 
nocalyx,  for  dry  and  arid  locations,  and  of  the  first  two  as 
frost  resisters.  After  long  and  careful  trial,  the  Eucalyptus 
corynocalyx  was  shown  to  be  the  best  Eucalyptus  for  the 
very  dry  and  trying  stations  in  the  north  and  hotter  parts 
of  South  Australia. 

There  are  a  few  Eucalyptus  robustas  in  plantations  about 
L,os  Angeles,  and  quite  a  number  alone  or  in  rows.  When 
alone,  it  grows  in  an  excellent  shape  for  a  road  tree,  with 
a  well  formed  head,  round  and  not  too  tall,  making  a  good 
shade  for  the  sidewalk,  without  shutting  off  sunshine  from 
adjacent  houses. 

The  timber  of  this  tree  is  a  dark,  handsome  red,  due 
to  the  very  large  amount  of  kino  it  contains. 

Specimens  of  Eucalyptus  robusta  as  a  single  tree  can 
be  seen  at  the  Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  as  a 
roadside  tree  on  Downey  Avenue,  near  Mr.  Hancock 
Johnson's  place.  The  form  of  growth  of  this  tree  in  a 
grove  can  be  seen  at  Dr.  Wernigk's  place,  Alhambra,  Cal. 
There  is  a  very  pretty  effect  from  a  plantation  of  these 
trees  at  the  railroad  entrance  to  the  county  farm  near  Los 
Angeles,  My  experiments  on  very  alkaline  ground  show 
that  Eucalyptus  rostrata  is  more  resistant  than  robusta. 


EUCALYPTUS  (ORYNOCALYX, 


Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  is  the  sugar  gum.  This  popu- 
lar name  is  due  to  the  character  of  the  foliage  which,  while 
sweetish,  contains  comparatively  little  oil,  and  is,  therefore, 
acceptable  to  stock.  In  chewing  the  leaves  of  the  sugar 
gum,  the  first  taste  is  agreeable,  but  immediately  a  bitter 
resinous  flavor  succeeds.  It  leaves  a  persistent  after  taste 
of  almonds.  There  is  no  suggestion  of  sweetness  to  me. 
Australian  reports  say  that  it  is  the  only  Eucalyptus, 
unless  perhaps  Eucalyptus  Guunii,  that  stock  and  sheep 
will  eat.  This  is  not  an  especially  desirable  quality  in  a 
tree,  but  in  any  case  it  is  not  true  of  California  that  the 
sugar  gum  has  this  monopoly. 

While  a  road  master  in  the  Santa  Monica  district,  I 
undertook  the  planting  of  trees  by  the  roadsides.  Too 
otten  roads  ran  for  considerable  distances  through  open, 
unsettled  plains,  used  by  stock  and  traversed  by  sheep. 

I  planted  Eucalyptus  trees,  for  the  small  fund  available 
permitted  only  the  use  of  trees  that  could  be  transplanted 
to  roadside,  conditions  small,  and  therefore  at  low  cost, 
and  that  would  soon  need  no  care  at  all.  The  cattle 
would  break  down  the  young  Eucalyptus  trees,  but  did 
not  seem  to  eat  them  ;  the  sheep,  however,  crossing  in  the 
fall,  with  scant  feed,  would  eat  off  every  leaf  from  the 
young  trees  in  their  path,  and  from  trees  of  several  species 
including  the  blue  gum.  The  ground  squirrels,  then  plen- 
tiful, had  the  curious  habit  of  biting  off  the  young  trees 
at  the  root  crown  and  leaving  them  dead.  Rabbits  do  the 
same  thing,  and  will  do  it  over  and  over  again  on  re- 

4- 


5o  EUCALYPTUS. 

plants,  for  reasons  that  I  cannot  guess  at,  unless  it  be  an 
antipathy  to  forests  from  hereditary  experience  of  unfavor- 
able conditions  for  rabbits  and  ground  squirrels.  It  may 
be  interesting  to  some  prospective  planter  to  know  how 
the  squirrels  were  conquered.  I  poisoned  them  with  strych- 
nine in  watermelons  for  six  miles  in  a  strip  sixteen  hun- 
dred feet  wide,  then  had  boys  cover  the  holes.  All  the 
holes  reopened  within  ten  days  were  reclosed,  after  placing 
a  piece  of  cotton  saturated  with  bi-sulphide  of  carbon  in- 
side. The  first  method  is  a  cheap,  wholesale  scheme,  but 
will  not  kill  on  a  second  trial  those  few  that  escape  the 
first.  The  squirrels  will  not  again  take  it.  The  second 
is  too  expensive  for  wholesale  work,  but  is  excellent  as  a 
sort  of  amen.  The  trees  on  these  six  miles  of  road  are 
now  safe,  and  make  a  most  pleasing  difference  in  the  ap- 
pearance and  comfort  of  the  roads.  In  this  road  planting 
I  used  a  number  of  varieties.  In  fact,  most  of  the  trees 
were  donated  and  we  took  what  we  could  get,  otherwise 
the  business  and  frequent  re-plants  could  not,  from  financial 
reasons,  have  been  brought  to  a  successful  finish.  I  hope  that 
I  so  grouped  the  trees  and  arranged  the  lines  that  the  pres- 
ent pleasing  effect  will  not  be  lost.  In  general,  good  effects 
in  road  side  tree  planting  are  best  obtained  by  a  single 
species  of  tree.  When  a  street  or  road  has  trees  planted 
on  it  without  either  a  unity  of  species  or  a  unity  of 
plan  it  is  incapable  of  an  inspiring  effect.  The  old  elm 
lined  streets  in  New  England  are  both  beautiful  and  glo- 
rious. Once  seen  they  cannot  be  forgotten.  The  striking 
beauty  of  these  roads  is  due  to  the  monopoly  of  the 
elm.  But  a  medley  of  trees  on  a  street  is  a  confused 
bungle  incapable  of  greatness.  In  our  remarkable  South- 
ern California  progress  we  see  a  good  many  cases  of  this 


EUCALYPTUS.  51 

error.     The  development   being  due    to   individual  initiative 
instead,  as  in  Europe,   to  government  authority,   we  find  a 
progress  rapid  and  sound   but   with  minor   defects,  such   as 
streets  and  roads  connecting  with  nothing  and  often  platted 
into    a   confusion    of   no-thoroughfare    and    mixe<l    direction 
as   in    Los    Angeles.      The   tree-planting   on    streets   is   one 
of   our  systemic   defects.        Real   estate   men    putting    tracts 
on  the  market   will  often  plant  trees  on  their  new   streets. 
As  a  rule  they  select   cheap    ones    that    require   little    care. 
Blue   gum  and   pepper   are    from    this   view   the  most   popu- 
lar.     Then     conies    the     lot    owner.       Nearly     always    one 
or   more  will  be  found  on    a    stretch   of  road    who   do   not 
like  the  tree  planted,   no  matter    what    it   is.     Occasionally 
the    kicker    rebels    against    any    tree    and    wants    sunshine 
instead.     Thus    we    often    find    tract-streets    and    roadways 
with  well  grown   trees  of  Eucalyptus    or    pepper   but    with 
the  lines   broken    and    the    effects   destroyed    by    lot-owners 
here  and  there  who  chop  out  the  established   tree  and  re- 
place it  with  something  of   their  own   fancy.     We  may  all 
hope  that  after  awhile   it   will  be  recognized    that    an    ave- 
nue   with     one    kind    of    tree    well    established    may    be   a 
thing  of  beauty   and  renown  and,    to  be  practical,    a    thing 
of    money    value    to    the    lot    owner;     while    such    a    line, 
broken    here    for    a     few    grevillias,    at    another   point    for 
palms,     etc.,     loses     all     individual     identity     as     a    grand 
avenue.     Such   a  massacre   leaves   the  avenue   perhaps    bet- 
ter than  if  quite  divested   of  trees,  but    the   confusion   and 
barbarism  of  such   treatment  is  so    painful    to    one   capable 
of  artistic  feeling   that   an    entirely    fresh    start    on    an    har- 
monious  plan    would    be    preferable    to    any    such    inconse- 
quent muddling.     Dr.   Charles  P.  Murray,    a  road   master  in 
the  Sierra  Madre  district,   was  one  of   the  few  road  officers 


52  EUCALYPTUS. 

here  in  the  South  who  appreciated  this  fact  and  acted  up 
to  it.  His  planting  of  sugar  gums  on  the  Lamanda  and 
Sierra  Madre  road  is  a  growing  monument  to  his  memory. 
But  even  this  active  and  public  spirited  man  was  unable 
lo  secure  unity  along  this  entire  line. 

These  roadside  gums  bring  us  back  to  our  muttons, 
or  rather  to  the  tree  they  eat.  Part  of  this  sugar  gum 
road  is  in  a  sandy  wash  and  part  on  a  firm,  strong  soil. 
The  trees  are  five  years  old  but  on  the  two  soils  appear 
to  be  of  very  different  ages.  Those  on  the  sand,  while 
attractive  are  inferior  in  size,  density  of  foliage  and  gen- 
eral vigor  to  those  on  the  red  soil,  and  they  do  not  look 
as  old.  I  do  not  know  anything  that  more  often  recalls 
in  tender  memories  a  friend  and  noble  citizen  than  these 
trees  which  he  took  such  care  to  start  strong!}'  and  in 
which  he  took  such  pleasure. 

Walter  Gill,  Forest  Conservator  of  South  Australia, 
writes  me  of  the  great  difference  in  the  value  of  sugar 
gums  as  timber  producers,  due  to  the  soil,  exposure  and 
climate  to  which  they  are  subjected.  On  heavy  and  strong 
soil  this  tree,  he  finds,  makes  a  valuable  timber,  while  on 
sand  locations  it  is  not  a  good  timber  maker.  The  bole 
is  unusually  straight,  stocky  and  clear. 

All  timber  trees  are  affected  in  their  products  in  the 
same  way.  Cordier  (Algiers)  does  not  think  sugar  gum 
a  good  forest  tree — but  finds  it  ornamental. 

The  sugar  gum  naturally  makes  a  more  symmetrical  top 
than  most  of  the  Eucalypti.  This  is  favorable  in  a  road 
tree,  and  then,  its  dark  green  glossy  foliage  and  striking 
white  stem  with  red  branches,  make  it  very  attractive. 
Another  good  point  is  its  resistance  to  heat  and  drought. 

To   Mr.    J.   Ednie   Brown  is  due   the  credit  of  discover- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  53 

ing  the  merits  of  this  tree  for  hot  and  dry  places.  In 
his  report  of  1881-2,  he  says,  page  12  : 

1 '  Undoubtedly  the  sugar  gum  is  the  best  of  all  our 
Eucalyptus  for  planting  in  a  district  where  the  rainfall  is 
somewhat  uncertain.  Some  12,000  trees  of  this  species 
were  planted  here  (Bundaleer  Reserve.)  Of  these  there 
are  9,000  which  have  survived  the  dry  season  and  have 
made  excellent  progress.  During  the  dryest  and  most 
trying  period  of  the  year  they  continued  to  grow  and  looked 
well  at  all  times.  From  my  experience  of  this  gum  I 
cannot  too  highly  recommend  its  general  use  for  planting 
in  the  drier  portion  of  the  colony."  (South  Australia). 

Again,  in  his  report  of  1883-4,  page  25,  he  says  of  an 
interior  dry  reserve  that  the  following  trees  did  poorly  and 
were  unsuited  to  the  dry  interior :  Eucalyptus  longifolia, 
Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  Eucalyptus  resinefera,  Eucalyptus 
marginata,  Eucalyptus  sideropholia.  "The  Eucalyptus 
globulus,  also  all  died  off  during  the  summer.  This 
tree  requires  more  moisture  than  is  precipitated  on  the 
reserve  under  review  (Mt.  Brown)  and  the  planting  of  it 
will  consequently  be  discontinued  here  in  future." 

' '  Those  kinds  of  trees  which  have  given  satisfaction  in 
the  plantation  of  this  reserve  are  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 
(sugar  gum),  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  (South  Australian 
blue  gum)  Eucalyptus  viminalis  (manna  gum),  Eucalyptus 
cornuta  (yate  gum),  and  E.  gomphocephala  (tooart  gum).'* 

Coming  down  to  '92  we  find  in  that  year's  report  from 
South  Australia  an  inventory  of  the  colony's  nursery  stock 
available  for  planting  which  shows  the  favor  in  which  the 
leading  trees  stood  from  the  experiences  of  the  29  Reser- 
ves and  numerous  planting  grounds.  Here  are  the  princi- 
pal trees  : 


54  EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx,   sugar   gum.. 281,958 

globulus,    blue  gum 4,7io 

leticoxylon,   S.  A.  blue  gum 6,498 

rostrata,  S.  A.    red  gun: L74i 

viminalis,    manna  gum 18,149 

cornuta,  yate   gum 17,481 

calophylla,  W.  A.  red  gum i>499 

gomphocephala,  tooart  gum •  935 

marginata,    jarrah 2,000 

Firms  insignis,  Monterey    pine 60,174 

maritima,    cluster    pine 36,814 

"     halepensis,  Aleppo   pine 21,604 

' '     pinea,  stone  pine i  ,695 

Cupressus   sempervirens 2,298 

Ulmus  suberosa,  cork    elm .    1,700 

Quercus   robur,    English    oak T5>712 

pedunculata,  English    oak 3,ooo 

Acer  pseudo-platanus,    sycamore 1,880 

Melia  azederach,    white   cedar 4, 019 

vSchinus   molle,   pepper  tree 6,645 

Tamarix    gallica 5,864 

Juglans  regia,  walnut 8,270 

Salix   Babylonica,    weeping   willow 2,566 

Olea   Europea,    olive 5,655 

Populus  fastigata,   poplar 4>742 

This  nursery  stock  was  planted  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Walter  Gill,  Mr.  Brown's  successor,  thus  eliminating 
the  personal  equation. 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  in  the  above  list,  is  the  white, 
smooth  barked  or  typical  tree  of  that  species.  It  is  gen- 
erally spoken  of  as  the  South  Australia  blue  gum,  while 
Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  is  called  an  ironbark. 


The  same  proportion  is  presumable  in  the  popularity  of 
the  trees,  as  is  shown  in  this  list.  Such  a  list  would  not 
correspond  with  California  tree  popularity.  It  demonstrates 
however  the  high  esteem  in  which  the  sugar  gum  has 
come  to  be  held  in  South  Australia.  The  South  Australian 
reports  show  continued  popularity  of  the  sugar  gum  over  all 
other  trees. 

Another  South  Australian  report  gives  the  principal 
trees  planted  in  that  colony  during  the  year  to  have  been: 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx 422,687 

globulus 48,360 

leucoxylon  (S.  A.  blue  gum) ....    14,453 

rostrata 44,040 

Pinus  insignis 87,230 

4 '     pinaster 42 ,060 

Quercus  robur 59,ooo 

The  young  sugar  gum  has  nearly  round  leaves  of  the 
same  dark  color  as  the  mature  form  and  generally  has  a 
steel  blue  glint  in  or  over  the  dark  green.  This  young 
form  is  much  more  persistent  in  the  sugar  than  in  the  blue 
gum,  in  fact,  trees  at  least  six  years  old  still  have  the 
lower  third  of  -their  foliage  more  or  less  oval.  The  mature 
form  is  lanceolate  in  shape.  The  new  growth  is  a  lively 
reddish  color  similar  to  the  new  wood  of  an  apricot  orchard 
seen  from  a  distance  just  before  the  bloom.  In  the  grow- 
ing season  the  tops  and  often  one  side  of  the  trees  have  a 
red  appearance  which  on  the  dark  green  foliage  is  pleasing. 
The  botanical  name  of  this  tree  (corynocalyx)  refers  to 
the  club  shape  of  the  calyx  before  flowering;  a  shape 
peculiar  to  this  tree  alone  amongst  the  Eucalyptus  (Von 
Mueller.)  The  fruit  is  shaped  similar  to  an  Indian  club  and 
according  to  Von  Mueller  is  striped  or  grooved.  The  sugar 


56  EUCALYPTUS. 

gum  fruits  on  my  ranch  have  not  the  latter  characteristic. 
The  genus  has  one  other  tree  similar  in  its  fruits  to  the 
corynocalyx,  this  is  Eucalyptus  urnigera,  a  species  confined 
to  the  alpine  districts  of  Tasmania,  there  reaching  a  height 
of  fifty  feet.  The  descriptions  of  this  tree  that  I  have  found 
are  so  meagre  that  I  am  unable  to  say  whether  the  simi- 
larity renders  the  distinction  of  these  difficult  or  not.  As 
it  is,  the  sugar  and  the  blue  gums  are  the  two  Eucalypti 
which  in  vSouthern  California  are  now  deemed  most  surely 
and  easily  recognizable.  The  style  in  the  sugar  gum 
is  exactly  like  an  Indian  club  in  shape.  The  tree  reaches 
a  height  of  120  feet,  makes  a  thick  stem  and  is  exceed- 
ingly durable  as  posts,  ties,  etc.  In  this  connection  it  may 
be  noted  that  many  of  the  most  durable  of  Eucalyptus  woods 
contain  large  amounts  -of  kino-red.  Sugar  gum  timber  is 
about  the  least  likely  to  warp  of  that  of  any  of  the  gums, 
a  point  of  high  recommendation.  It  also  resists  white  ants 
and  insects  generally  and  is  more  and  more  recognized  as 
one  of  the  most  valuable  of  South  Australian  timbers  running 
close  to  Eucalyptus  rostrata  in  popularity.  The  sugar  gum 
has  been  extensively  planted  in  Southern  California  but  in 
a  scattering,  ornamental  way  only.  No  bodies  of  this  tim- 
ber in  commercial  quantities  exist.  In  fact  I  may  as  well 
say  here  that  the  blue  gum  is  the  only  forest  tree  of  any 
kind  planted  here  with  a  commercial  end  in  view.  The 
sugar  gum  resists  frost  better  than  the  cornuta.  At  my 
ranch  cornutas  in  the  same  plantation  with  the  sugar  gums 
were  lightly  frost  burned  in  our  recent  severe  weather,  '93, 
while  the  same  sized  sugar  gums  were  untouched.  The 
young  sugar  gums,  however,  were  lightly  frosted.  (Thes^ 
trees  however  were  located  in  an  extra  cold  low  torrent  bed). 
The  sugar  gum  does  well  at  the  sea  side  when  not 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  57 

directly  exposed  to  the  strong  sea  breeze.  It  cannot 
stand  the  conditions  of  the  trade  wind  immediately  on  the 
bluff  at  Santa  Monica  without  protection.  A  line  of  these 
trees  planted  on  the  bluff  side  of  the  Arcadia  garden  by  Mr. 
J.  W.  Scott  were  badly  sea  burned  and  would  have  died  had 
not  this  gentleman  erected  a  high  picket  fence  on  the 
windward  side  of  them.  These  have  remained  vigorous  but 
cannot  grow  far  above  the  fence  because  the  sea  breeze  kills 
them  back  above  that  point.  I  first  saw  this  open  style  of 
windbrake  at  Woodward's  Garden,  a  zoological  garden  and 
place  of  resort  in  San  Francisco.  It  was  in  the  shape  of 
an  enormously  high  lath  fence  and  had  replaced  one  of 
solid  boarding  which  had  failed  in  its  purpose.  It  is  this 
fact  which  doubtless  makes  a  tree  windbreak  so  effective, 
and  an  open  growing  tree  like  Eucalyptus  better  than  a 
close  growing  one  like  the  Monterey  cypress.  I  have  seen 
orange  trees  that  had  been  blown  over  immediately  under 
the  lee  of  a  dense  cypress  hedge  over  50  feet  high  while 
the  orange  trees  immediately  to  windward  were  unmoved. 
In  this  case  there  was  protection  from  the  windbrake  but 
in  its  front  instead  of  in  its  rear.  Seventh  street,  a  great 
thoroughfare  in  Los  Angeles,  has  been  planted  at  its  west 
end  by  the  property  owners  with  sugar  gums.  From  this 
extensive  experiment  we  will  soon  be  able  to  judge  how 
the  sugar  gum  will  succeed  on  a  city  street  with  sidewalks,  etc. 
Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  does  well  all  over  this  county. 
One  of  the  best  single  specimens  is  in  iny  garden  at  Santa 
Monica.  Many  more  can  be  seen  at  Santa  Monica  Heights. 
One  of  the  oldest  roadside  plantings  of  the  sugar  gum  is 
on  the  Lamanda  Park  road  in  Sierra  Madre,  Cal.  This 
road  shows  well  what  can  be  expected  of  Eucalyptus  cory- 
nocalyx on  both  sand  and  good  soil  in  our  interior  valleys. 


j«  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

EUCALPTUS  ROBUSTA. 

Previously  allusion  has  been  made  to  the  fact  that  Euca- 
lyptus robusta,.  as  we  have  it,  varies  in  the  cap  part  of  the 
calyx  from  the  typical  tree  of  this  name,  in  that  the  cap 
is  the  same  size,  or  a  little  narrower,  than  the  calyx  tube 
while,  in  Von  Mueller's  plate  the  cap  lid,  or  operculum,  is 
much  broader. 

Eucalyptus  robusta  is  one  of  several  trees  known  in 
Australia  as  mahogany,  a  vernacular  name  which  excites 
the  opposition  of  Von  Mueller. 

The  reddish  coloring  of  the  wood  has  doubtless  dubbed 
these  trees  mahogany.  There  is  however  nothing  else  to 
warrant  the  name.  Several  other  species  of  Eucalyptus 
containing  considerable  kino  are  also  called  mahogany. 

Eucalyptus  Kirtoniana,  a  variety  of  robusta,  perhaps 
the  one  we  have,  is  according  to  experiments  in  India 
(Oude)  reported  by  Von  Mueller  well  suited  to  tropical 
conditions.  Under  these  conditions  this  tree  has  grown  45 
feet  in  ten  years  (Xucknow).  Eucalyptus  robusta  is  reported 
as  specially  tolerant  of  wet,  sour  or  alkali  lands.  An  experi- 
ment of  Mr.  Ryan  and  myself  at  the  Ballona  will  soon 
test  their  value  in  this  regard  with  us. 

The  indications  of  the  experiment  are  that  Eucalyptus 
rostrata  is  a  better  tree  for  alkali.  Eucalyptus  robusta  has 
now  a  great  popularity  as  a  road  tree.  Its  head  is 
compact  and  symmetrical,  its  leaves  dark  green,  its  flow- 
ers profuse  and  creamy  white.  The  bark  *is  rough  and 
persistent.  The  oldest  Eucalyptus  robusta  on  a  street 
that  I  know  are  on  Downey  avenue,  East  Los  Angeles, 
near  Mr.  Hancock  Johnson's  place.  Fine  specimens  may 
be  seen  at  Santa  Monica,  one  of  them  is  at  the  Forestry 


/•rr.i/.  YPTUS.  59 

Station.  The  timber  is  of  a  beautiful  red  color  and  is 
used  in  building,  etc.  It  also  makes  a  good  fuel.  I  have 
reports  that  indicate  brittleness  of  mature  trees  in  strong 
winds. 

This  variety  resembles    somewhat    Eucalyptus  resinifera. 


EUCALYPTUS  RE6INIFERA. 


Eucalyptus  resinifera,  is  a  valuable  tree  with  a  large  per- 
centage of  kino  in  the  wood.  It  does  well  in  Southern  Cali- 
fornia. While  probably  of  equal  utility  with  .Eucalyptus 
robusta  it  is  not  so  handsome  a  tree.  Eucalyptus  robusta 
under  favorable  conditions  near  the  sea  coast  and  in  moist 
land  is  likely  to  prove  the  handsomest  foliaged  tree  of  the 
genus  we  have  introduced.  A  fine  specimen  of  the  resin- 
ifera can  be  seen  at  the  Forestry  Station.  There  are  a 
number  of  old  specimens,  '76,  in  the  Nevada  Ave.,  park, 
Santa  Monica. 

The  kino  of  commerce  is  largely  derived  from  districts 
about  Sydney,  and  has  been  attributed  to  Eucalyptus 
resinifera.  In  fact  it  is  named  after  this  tree.  It  now  ap- 
pears that  this  kino  is  mainly  derived  from  Eucalyptus  sid- 
erophloia  and  that  little  if  any  is  from  Eucalyptus  resinifera. 

The  Eucalypti  containing  a  large  percentage  of  kino  in 
the  wood  have  usually  a  small  amount  of  oil  in  the  foliage. 

It  is  therefore  to  be  presumed  that  the  best  sanitary 
effects  can  not  be  obtained  from  such  species. 


60  EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS  ROSTRATA, 


Kucalyptus  rostrata,  red  gum,  has  both  a  large  per- 
centage of  kino  in  the  wood  and  a  fair  percentage  of  oil 
in  the  foliage,  not  indeed  enough  oil  for  the  best  commer- 
cial results,  but  probably  enough  to  give  encouragement 
for  its  production  for  special  sanitary  effects.  The  valer- 
aldehyde  with  the  oil  in  Eucalyptus  rostrata  leaves  is 
claimed  to  have  a  peculiar  medicinal  value.  The  Austra- 
lian natives  are  reported  as  preferring  the  leaves  of  the 
rostrata  for  medicinal  purposes  to  those  of  other  Eucalypti. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata  is  a  stock}-  tree  about  100  feet  tall 
when  mature,  though  occasionally  observed  to  be  250  feet. 
It  contains  a  considerable  amount  of  timber  for  its  height. 
The  tree  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  interior  of 
Australia,  along  flood  courses  and  on  wet  lands. 

Just  as  its  desert  habitat  would  indicate,  we  find  it 
resistant  to  extremes  of  heat  and  to  more  cold  than  the 
coast  species  of  Eucalyptus  can  stand.  Our  experiments 
show  Eucalyptus  rostrata  to  be  the  all  round  hardiest 
species  of  Eucalyptus  introduced  into  California.  I  am  con- 
fident that  it  will  succeed  in  Arizona,  where  so  many 
Eucalypti  have  failed.  One  of  our  surprises  was  the 
drought  resisting  power  of  this  species.  It  is  one  of  the 
best  in  this  respect. 

It  prefers  and  does  b?st  in  heavy  to  wet  lands,  but 
grows  well  also  on  our  dry  plains  in  strong  soil  with  10  to 
15  inches  of  rain.  While  not  naturally  often  found  near 
the  Australian  coasts,  my  experiments  at  Santa  Monica 
demonstrate  that  a  little  back  from  the  bluff  it  thrives 
with  vigor  on  our  coast. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  6f 

In  its  first  years  it  is  not  attractive,  but  after  three  or 
four  years  the  foliage  seems  to  become  brighter  and 
greener,  and,  when  the  new  shoots  are  coming  on,  it  is 
the  finest  green  of  any  of  the  Eucalypti  we  have. 

The  timber  of  this  tree  is  highly  valued,  especially  for 
its  durability  in  ground  and  water.  This  quality  is  attrib- 
uted to  the  large  percentage  of  kino-tannin  and  kino-red 
the  wood  contains.  The  other  species  sharing  with  it  in  rep- 
utation of  durability  generally  contain  large  amounts  of  kino. 
Some  of  these  are  Eucalyptus  resinifera,  Eucalyptus  robusta 
Eucalyptus  marginata,  Eucalyptus  diversicolor,  Eucalyptus 
siderophloia. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata  has  suffered  in  California  through 
its  mistaken  identification  with  various  other  Eucalypti. 

I  know  of  no  specimens  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  except 
those  about  Santa  Barbara  in  California,  that  antedate  the 
ones  grown  from  seed  imported  by  me  while  Chairman  of 
the  State  Board  of  Forestry.  All  trees  reported  as  red 
gums  and  visited  and  examined  by  botanists  have  turned 
out  to  be  other  species — generally  viminalis.  There  may 
be  old,  individual  rostratas  in  the  State,  but  certainly  no 
plantations  of  rostrata  (red  gum,)  as  such,  other  than 
Cooper's  were  made  before  the  Forestry  Board  distributions. 

This  is  regretable  on  account  of  the  hardiness  and 
value  of  the  true  lostrata. 

The  vernacular  name  of  red  gum  is  not  confined  in 
Australia  to  the  rostrata.  This  is  one  fact  to  which  we 
may  attribute  the  early  mistakes  in  attempts  to  plant  Eu- 
calyptus rostrata. 

In  the  San  Gabriel  Valley  Eucalyptus  rostrata  is  one  of 
our  hardiest  trees  and  a  fast  grower.  One  of  the  earlier 
planted  rostratas  is  at  the  place  of  Dr.  Wernigk,  in  the 


62  EUCALYPTUS. 

Alhambra.  It  was  sent  to  him  from  a  Los  Angeles  nur- 
sery as  Eucalyptus  maculata.  The  growth  of  this  tree  has 
been  so  satisfactory  that  many  seeds  have  been  taken  from 
it  by  local  nurserymen  and  the  resulting  trees  sold  as 
"  maculata. " 

I  have  a  very  fine  specimen  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  in  a 
foot  hill  gorge  on  my  ranch  that  has  thriven  splendidly 
amongst  the  native  growth.  Eucalypti,  as  a  rule,  do  not 
thrive  in  California  on  uncleared  lands  in  competition  with 
the  local  scrub  or  trees.  Algerian  reports  indicate  the 
same  fact  to  have  been  noted  there. 

Outlying  districts,  as  on  the  borders  of  the  Mojave 
desert,  where  the  conditions  are  scarcely  semi- tropic,  have 
proved  the  great  hardiness  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  The  value 
of  its  timber  and  its  resistant  qualities  to  heat  and  frost  should 
insure  to  it  a  greater  attention,  especially  in  interior  dis- 
tricts. Besides  these  advantages,  it  comes  well  from  the 
seed  and  is  hardy  from  the  start,  not  suffering  from  damp- 
off,  etc. 

Experiments  being  now  made  with  Eucalyptus  trees  by 
Mr.  Salter,  near  Phoenix,  Arizona,  show  that  the  two 
best  thus  far  are  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  a  variety  of  Eu- 
calyptus occidentalis,  sent  out  as  the  yellow  flowering,  gum. 
There  are  plenty  of  Eucalyptus  rostratas  about  Santa 
Monica,  especially  on  Nevada  avenue  and  on  the  Heights. 
At  Hon.  Ellwood  Cooper's  estate,  near  Santa  Barbara, 
there  are  some  fine  old  groves  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  At 
that  place  it  has  proved  to  be  one  of  the  few  self  seeders. 
In  the  rich  little  valley  at  Ellwood  numbers  of  rostratas 
have  started  from  the  seed  naturally  and  grown  into  little 
groves.  The  habit  of  this  tree  is  not  so  erect  as  that  of 
Eucalyptus  globulus.  Consequently  it  does  not  make  as 


good  a  piling  as  the  blue  gum,  though  more  resistant  and 
durable  than  that  tree.  The  odor  of  the  leaves  of  Euca- 
lyptus rostrata  is  very  agreeable  to  me.  Its  characteristic 
smell  is  found  also  in  the  foliage  of  Eucalyptus  tereti- 
cornis,  and,  as  far  as  I  have  observed,  only  in  these  two. 

Leuhmann  speaks  of  a  dark  red  and  a  pale  red  variety 
of  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  The  pale  red  variety  has  the 
strongest  timber.  We  do  not  know  how  to  distinguish 
these  varieties,  and  do  not  know  which  one  we  have. 

Experiments  at  the  Santa  Barbara  wharf  will  bye  and 
bye  test  the  value  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  a  number 
of  other  Eucalypti  for  piling. 


EUCALYPTU6  VIMINALIS, 


Eucalyptus  viminalis  is  here  always  a  very  different 
looking  tree  from  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  As  we  have  it  the 
viminalis  grows  tall  and  is  at  first  very  slim,  with  droop- 
ing brahchlets.  Its  young  growth  is  reddish,  or  red  brown, 
as  compared  with  the  bright  assertive  green  of  the  rostrata. 
The  bark  is  either  darker  and  a  little  rougher  or  much 
whiter  and  smoother  than  that  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata. 
The  Eucalyptus  rostrata  bark  is  persistent,  even  and  of  ashy 
color,  or  reddish  to  old  rose.  The  one  tree  is  stocky, 
while  the  other  is  slim  and  willowy. 

There  are  two  varieties  of  Eucalyptus  viminalis.  One 
of  them  has  a  smooth  bark  from  decortication,  much 
smoother  than  that  of  the  red  gum,  which  does  not  decor- 
ticate; while  the  other  variety  is  rougher,  with  generally 
persistent  bark.  Most  of  the  viminalis  trees  here  are  smooth 
barks.  The  best  specimens  of  the  rough  barked  variety 


64  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

are  on  the  Berkeley  campus.  At  this  place  there  is  also  a 
fine  smooth  barked  specimen. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis  is  a  fast  grower,  hardier  to  frost 
and  drought  than  the  blue  gum,  but  fails  as  to  drought  in 
light  soils,  where  the  sugar  gum  does  well.  Its  foliage 
contains  16  per  cent  of  fruit  sugar  to  10.42  per  cent  in 
that  of  rostrata. 

The  viminalis  has  stood  the  exceptional  semi-tropic 
frosts  of  some  of  our  interior  California  yalleys  very  well. 
When  established  it  will  resist  10°  P.,  and  perhaps  a  lower 
temperature.  In  the  Victorian  gorges  it  has  been  noted  as 
attaining  a  height  of  320  feet.  In  the  open,  however,  it 
rarely  exceeds  120  feet. 

The  timber  of  this  tree  varies  in  value,  none  being 
really  good.  That  from  trees  in  the  moist  gorges  is  best, 
while  that  from  trees  in  the  open  is  generally  inferior  and 
brittle. 

This  tree,  in  the  light  sandy  soils  of  the  San  Gabriel 
Valley  old  torrent  beds,  is  slow  in  growth,  scant  in 
foliage,  and  in  very  dry  years  has  a  death  rate  little  less 
than  similarly  placed  blue  gums.  The  sugar  gum  is  the 
best  tree  for  these  places. 

The  wood  of  Eucalyptus  viminalis  is  remarkably  fissile, 
but  is  not  durable  in  the  ground.  It  is  too  irregular  and 
drooping  in  its  first  years  of  growth  for  a  good  street  tree. 
There  are  a  number  planted  on  one  road  on  the  Santa  Anita 
ranch.  Some  I  planted  very  close  together  at  the  bridge 
approaches  on  Nevada  avenue  produce  a  pleasing  effect. 
Splendid  giant  single  specimens  exist  at  Ellwood,  near  Santa 
Barbara,  and  one  stands  in  the  center  of  a  minor  street 
parallel  to  and  between  Fair  Oaks  and  Orange  Grove  ave- 
nues, Pasadena. 


EUCALYPTUS 


EUCALYPTUS  STUARTIANA, 


Eucalyptus  Stuartiana  is  another  Eucalyptus  that  has 
been  planted  here  for  rostrata.  It  is  allied  to  both  the 
viminalis  and  the  rostrata,  but  is  easily  recognizable  from 
either,  both  in  the  seedling  form  and  when  mature.  As  a 
seedling  it  has  opposite  gamophylous  round  leaves  of  a 
blue  color,  branchlets  willowy.  Eucalyptus  viminalis  seed- 
ling has  a  willowy  growth,  suggesting  that  of  a  running 
vine,  its  opposite  leaves  are  long,  pointed,  and  of  a  sat- 
urated green.  Eucalyptus  rostrata  seedling  is  stiff,  upright 
and  totally  different.  The  mature  Stuartiana  is  stocky, 
bark  rough,  foliage  grey,  and  young  growth  of  a  steel 
bluish  glint.  It  is  a  good  hardy  tree  here  and  does  well. 
The  best  specimens  I  know  of  this  tree  are  those  planted 
by  me  on  the  National  Boulevard,  near  the  Santa  Monica 
reservoir,  and  those  at  the  Paradise  Nursery,  Pasadena. 
The  outside  lines  of  trees  on  the  National  Boulevard  are 
nearly  all  blue  gums,  while  the  two  inner  lines  are  of  differ- 
ent species  of  Eucalyptus.  There  is  a  sufficient  uniformity 
to  give  dignity  to  the  effect,  while  the  various  species  give 
a  pleasing  variety. 

In  Australia  the  general  effect  of  the  Eucalyptus  "bush" 
and  forests  is  monotonous  and  depressing.  Ashey  hues 
predominate  and  the  growth  is  often  scattered  and  scrawny. 
I  recollect  one  tract  in  the  Blue  Mountains  of  N.  S.  W. 
where  a  Eucalyptus  that  shed  its  bark  in  long  bands  pre- 
dominated. The  foliage  was  scant  and  the  trees  contorted. 
It  was  a  scene  that  might  have  been  created  by  Dore. 
There  was  something  weirdly  human  about  it,  as  though 
an  army  of  ill  fed  beggars  had  taken  root  in  the  soil  with 

5 


66  EUCALYPTUS. 

tattered  covering  still  hanging  about  them.  Yet  it  is  from 
this  genus  that  more  exotic  forest  tree  plantations  have 
been  made  than  from  all  other  trees  combined. 

Although  suited  to  tropical,  or  semi-tropical  and  mild 
climates  only,  the  Eucalyptus  is  more  widely  known  in 
persona  propria  than  any  other  exotic  tree. 

The  timber  of  Eucalyptus  Stuartiana  has  a  varying  rep- 
utation. It  is  a  very  hard  wood,  does  not  burn  well,  nor 
split  well.  As  fence  posts  it  is  not  deemed  as  good  as 
Eucalyptus  rostrata. 


EUCALYPTUS  AMYGDALINA. 


Eucalyptus  amygdalina  is  the  tallest  of  the  Aus- 
tralian trees,  and  the  tallest  tree  in  the  world,  yet  the 
amygdalinas  in  Southern  California  have,  in  no  case, 
equaled  in  size  local  blue  gums.  Their  manner  of  growth 
here  gives  little  prospect  that  they  will  ever  surpass  Eucalyp- 
tus globulus.  The  handsomest  specimen  in  the  South  is  at 
the  place  of  Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Carr,  Pasadena.  Another  fine 
specimen  is  at  Santa  Barbara,  in  Mr.  Cooper's  place.  We 
have  several  varieties  of  amygdalina  in  Southern  California. 
Three  of  these  are  very  distinct,  and  there  are  two  others 
that  are  probably  worthy  of  being  ranked  as  varieties  : 

i st.  There  is  the  typical  amygdalina,  which  is,  I  be- 
lieve, called  Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  variety  regnans.  It 
is  the  variety  which  has  attained  the  giant  stature  of  the 
species.  This  tree  has  rather  dense  foliage  and  is  bright 
green  in  its  young  growth.  The  leaves  are  thin,  and 
broader  than  others  of  this  species.  The  branches  are 


67 

drooping.  The  flowers  and  fruits  are  small.  All  of  the 
varieties  classed  as  amygdalina  have  a  characteristic  odor 
of  peppermint  and  eucalyptus,  but  the  variety  regnans  has- 
this  in  the  strongest  form.  The  bark  is  rough  and  per- 
sistent, but  neither  like  the  true  stringy  barks  nor  the 
iron  barks. 

2nd.       Eucalyptus      amygdalina,      variety     an  gusti  folia. 
This  form  has  very   narrow    longish    leaves,  of    a  dark,  dull 
green,  not    light,  assertive  green  when  young,  like    variety 
regnans.     The    leaf    has    the    veins    very    obscure*,  and    the 
odor  is  mild.     Fruit  and  flowers  similar  to  regnans. 

3rd.  Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  variety  linearis,  has  a 
narrow  leaf  but  not  so  contracted  as  the  angustifolia.  Its 
leaves  are  of  a  bluish  green  color.  The  veins  are  obscure 
but  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  The  bark  of  these  last  two 
is  sometimes  smooth  from  decortication  and  sometimes  ap- 
proaches in  appearance  the  bark  of  Eucalyptus  punctata 
and  even  that  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata. 

4th.  Has  a  broader  leaf,  this  time  thick  and  with  con- 
siderably larger  fruits  and  flowers,  bark  persistent. 

5th.  Is  a  form  intermediate  between  No.  i  and  No.  4. 
Baron  Von  Mueller  places  both  Eucalyptus  Risdoni  and 
Eucalyptus  coccifera  as  varieties  of  the  amygdalina.  But 
as  both  of  these  trees  have  a  very  marked  difference  of 
habit  and  appearance,  we  may  safely  side  with  Bentham 
and  other  qualified  botanists  in  giving  them  specific  rank. 

In  our  interior  valleys  the  two  narrow  leaved  varieties 
are  very  satisfactory,  grow  well  and  make  handsome  trees. 
The  variety  regnans,  however,  suffers  from  a  leaf  blight 
and  does  not  generally  succeed  so  well.  Variety  angustifo- 
lia has  stood  severe  frosts  at  the  Northern  Forestry  Sta- 
tion at  Chico,  unharmed,  and  does  well  there.  Good 


68  EUCALYPTUS. 

specimens  of  variety  regnans  may  be  seen  at  the  North- 
west corner  of  Orange  Grove  avenue  and  California  street 
4n  a  garden,  at  Paradise  Nurseries,  Pasadena  and  at  the 
'Santa  Monica  Station.  Prince  Truebetskoi  thinks  that 
Eucalyptus  amygdalina  will  prove  the  most  efficient 
sanitary  agent  of  the  genus,  on  account  of 'its  foliage 
^containing  so  large  a  percentage  of  oil.  We  cannot  accept 
this  claim,  however,  until  the  hygenic  and  medicinal  value 
-of  Phellandrene,  which  in  this  oil  takes  the  place  of  Euca- 
typtol,  is  ascertained. 

The  growth  of  variety  linearis  is  straggling  and  broadly 
branching.  The  foliage  in  the  old  trees  is  segregated  in 
bunches  on  the  limbs  presenting  a  curious  effect.  Without 
being  much  like  it,  it  reminds  me  of  the  appearance  of  one 
of  our  canon  sycamores  in  winter  with  much  mistletoe  on 
it.  The  bark  of  some  mature  specimens  is  white. 

Through  the  public  spirit  of  the  American  Ambassador 
to  the  Court  of  Great  Britain,  Hon.  Thos.  F.  Bayard,  I 
have  received  a  report  from  the  Kew  authorities  on  the 
Eucalyptus  in  England.  By  this  report  it  appears  that 
while  the  cool,  but  never  very  cold  climate  of  the  Channel 
Islands  is  favorable  to  various  species  including  Eucalyptus 
globulus,  there  are  but  four  species  reported  that  have  with- 
stood the  temperature  of  the  main  English  island,  and 
proved  really  successful  trees. 

The  growth  of  these  species  covers  a  period  of  20  years 
or  more.  They  are 

Eucalyptus  urnigera,  handsome,  unknown  here. 

Eucalyptus  Gunnii,  does  very  well  with  us. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis,  does  very  well  with  us. 

Eucalyptus  coccifera. 

This  last    species    we    may  presume  to  be  either  a  form 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  69 

of  amygdalina  or  an  allied  species.  Von  Mueller  speaks  of 
it  incidentally  as  a  probable  Alpine  form  of  Eucalyptus 
amygdalina,  which  has  withstood  on  the  estate  of  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire  7°  F.  The  Kew  reports  give  these  four 
a  reliable  resistance  to  frost  to  10°  F. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  variety  of  Eucalyptus 
amygdalina,  which  has  withstood  such  low  temperatures  at 
our  old  Forest  Station  in  Chico,  Cal.,  is  also  an  Alpine 
form. 

Mr.  Scharff,  at  South  Pasadena,  has  some  seedlings  of 
Eucalyptus  coccifera  sent  him  from  Kew.  The  leaves  are 
opposite  and  oval  on  stems.  On  top  the  leaf  color  is  a 
dark  Lincoln  green,  different  from  the  color  of  any  Eucal- 
ypti I  know.  Underneath  the  leaf  is  a  deep  violet-magenta. 
These  seedlings  are  peculiar  in  color.  The  leaves  have  the 
peppermint  eucalyptus  odor  of  amygdalina,  but  have  not 
the  strong  taste  of  the  mature  form  of  this  tree.  The  seed- 
ling of  amygdalina  bears  no  other  resemblance  whatever  to 
these  young  coccifera.  It  has  a  grayish  green  look  with 
long  pointed  leaves,  and  no  suggestion  of  the  deep  under- 
coloring  of  coccifera  leaves. 

The  mature  Eucalyptus  coccifera  is  described  as  very 
glaucous.  In  this  respect  the  seedlings  we  have  are  not 
like  it. 

EUCALYPTUS  DIVERSICOLOR, 


Eucalyptus  diversicolor,  commonly  called  the  Karri,  is 
the  close  competitor  of  the  peppermint  tree,  or  Eucalyptus 
amygdalina,  in  size.  It  is  also  a  giant.  The  wood  of  this 
tree  contains  a  considerable  amount  of  kino  and  probably 
in  consequence  is  amongst  the  most  durable  of  the  genus. 


jo  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Prof.  Maiden,  however,  informs  me  that  many  valued 
.-timbers  in  Australia,  such  as  tallow  wood,  for  instance, 
.contain  little  or  no  kino. 

The  leaf  is  dark  green  above  and  paler  beneath.  The 
tree  in  this  State  varies  a  good  deal,  especially  in  its  bark. 
This  is  sometimes  rough  and  persistent  in  large  squares, 
:at  other  times  smoother  from  partial  decortication.  Two 
trees  standing  together  at  Scharff  &  Shorting's  Paradise 
nurseries,  vary  sufficiently  in  time  of  flowering,  habit  of 
growth,  etc.,  to  have  suggested  them  to  be  of  separate 
-species.  The  Karri  has  never  obtained  popularity  here, 
though  its  neglect  does  not  seem  deserved.  All  the  speci- 
mens that  I  know  both  on  the  coast  and  inland  are 
liandsome  rapid  growing  trees. 

The  foliage  is  greener  and  more  attractive  here  than 
that  of  most  species.  A  Karri  in  my  garden  at  Santa  Mon- 
ica has  made  a  large  tree  but  it  has  proved  to  be  brittle. 
Twice  it  has  lost  portions  of  its  top  from  winds  that  had 
no  effect  on  the  other  sixteen  species  about  it. 

To  cap  the  climax  of  these  accidents  an  electric  com- 
pany chopped  off  another  considerable  portion  to  suit  their 
sovereign  convenience.  I  do  not  think  that  this  company 
will  try  this  sort  of  thing  very  soon  again.  But  its  con- 
geners have  a  free  ax  for  our  road  trees.  Miles  of  these 
trees  where  wire  lines  run  have  the  mark  of  their  vulgar 
vandalism. 

Our  public  officers  are  as  blind  to  this  business  as  they 
are  to  the  distressing  frequency  with  which  common-souled 
people  have  chopped  out  sections  of  ornamejital  shade  trees 
on  our  roads.  Sometimes  these  choppings  are  for  firewood, 
sometimes  from  a  mere  whim  and  at  others  for  the  purpose 
-of  the  substitution  of  some  other  tree. 


EUCALYPTUS,  77 

The  most  beautiful  as  well  as  the  hardiest  of  our  road 
trees  is  the  feathery  green-foliaged  scarlet-berried  pepper 
(Schinus  molle).  I  have  seen  persons  with  a  few  feet  of 
road  frontage  chop  out  superb  specimens  of  this  beautiful 
tree  from  a  planted  and  established  roadway  of  them.  Then 
they  would  put  in  some  short  lived  grevilleas,  some  palm  or 
other  tree. 

Even  in  cases  where  a  local  substitution  was  of  a 
handsomer  tree  the  effect  of  such  a  piece  of  work  could 
only  be  ugly,  spoiling  the  effect  and  force  of  the  general 
shaded  roadway,  breaking  the  unity  in  time  and  line 
beauty.  A  tree-shaded  roadway  is  always  effective,  no 
matter  what  the  tree  is,  providing  the  plan  of  planting  is 
harmonious.  Amongst  the  streets  planted  to  shade  trees  in 
Santa  Monica  by  Mr.  J.  \V.  Scott  at  the  laying  out  of 
that  town  many  years  ago,  is  Nevada  avenue.  This  ave- 
nue was  planted  with  Eucalyptus  globulus,  which,  owing 
to  the  favorable  climate,  has  made  a  specially  satisfactory 
growth.  The  avenue,  as  a  whole,  had  a  beauty  due  to 
the  large  size  of  the  trees  and  the  dignity  of  its  harmo- 
nious planting.  Yet,  from  time  to  time,  one  lot  owner  or 
another  has  cut  out  the  blue  gums;  in  one  place  planting 
peppers,  in  another  grevilleas,  in  another  palms,  until  now 
it  is  a  broken  medley  of  little  and  big,  old  and  young 
trees  of  inharmonious  character  without  force  or  effect. 
Both  the  lot  owners  and  the  authorities  were  doubtless 
well  intentioned,  but  were  aesthetically  blind. 

There  is  no  more  beautiful  and  no  grander  road  tree 
than  the  American  elm,  still  this  fact  would  not  justify, 
nor  even  excuse,  a  man  for  cutting,  on  his  own  small 
frontage,  four  lindens,  in  such  an  avenue  as  that  near 
Weisbaden,  to  replace  them  with  elms.  The  cutting  out 


?2  EUCALYPTUS. 

of  live  oaks  in  the  cemetery  drive  at  Savannah  for  the 
same  purpose  would  be  an  equally  barbarous  vulgarity. 
Nor  would  a  personal  preference  for  the  oak  excuse  the 
cutting  of  ancient  elms  in  a  New  England  village  to  plant 
acorns. 

Some  day  we  may  hope  that  ignorance  in  road  tree 
matters  will  be  less,  and  that  where  it  does  exist  a  check 
will  be  found  in  an  honest,  firm  and  efficient  adminis- 
tration of  the  public  interests. 

The  timber  of  the  Karri,  under  Australian  experiments, 
was  found  tough,  even  stronger  than  English  oak,  but  is 
reported  much  affected  with  star  shakes.  It  is  one  of  our 
most  rapid  growers. 

Dr.  Aberg,  in  his  experiments  on  the  Rio  de  la  Plata, 
Argentine,  found  the  Karri  the  fastest  grower  of  any 
species,  with  corymbosa  and  globulus  second,  and  leucox- 
3rlon  and  siderophloia  third. 

In  my  plantations  at  Santa  Monica  I  found  the  Gunnii 
the  fastest  grower  for  the  first  few  years.  In  the  San  Ga- 
briel Valley,  in  the  earliest  plantation  of  Eucalyptus  near 
the  present  East  San  Gabriel  Hotel,  the  blue  gums  are 
broad  spreading  and  very  large,  some  nearly  200  feet. 
Amongst  them  is  one  Eucalyptus  Gunnii,  thrifty,  but  not 
over  50  feet  high.  The  trees  are  all  on  a  roadway. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  fastest  growing  trees,  such 
as  the  acacias,  grevilleas,  and  of  the  Eucalypti,  Eucalyptus 
Gunnii  amongst  others,  cannot,  from  that  fact,  be  relied  on  to 
maintain  their  early,  high-growing  speed.  Eucalyptus 
globulus  is,  indeed,  a  phenomenon  in  this  way  and  in  fav- 
orable locations  will  maintain  its  rapid  growth  up  to  eighty 
or  one  hundred  feet.  Its  fastest  growth  is  in  youtb,  while 
our  lovely  red  live  oaks  spend  their  first  four  or  five 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  73 

years  from  the  acorn  in  thoroughly  establishing  themselves. 
\Yhile  these  oaks  never  grow  very  fast  till  after  the  fifth 
year,  their  progress  in  my  experiment  has  been  satisfactory. 
This  different  time  of  fastest  growth  may  be  due  to  the 
different  type  of  root  growth.  The  blue  gum  is  naturally 
rather  a  surface  root  tree,  while  Quercus  agrifolia  is  a  deep 
root  delver:  These  characteristics  might  indicate  that  the 
blue  gum  is  a  native  of  moist  regions  and  our  live  oak  of 
dry  ones.  Frequently  blue  gums  blow  over  because  of 
their  shallow  hold  on  the  soil.  I  have  never  seen  such  an 
accident  befall  Quercus  agrifolia.  This  oak  is  my  favorite 
tree,  but  the  best  growth  from  the  acorn  in  my  plantings 
is  twenty-seven  feet  in  twelve  years. 

Quercus  agrifolia  has,  locally,  the  widest  range  of 
any  of  our  Southern  California  trees.  It  luxuriates  with 
the  rich-leaved  alder  and  the  willow,  by  the  springs, 
courses  down  the  sandy  torrent  beds,  hand  in  hand  with 
great  sycamores,  even  to  the  spray  line  of  the  sea,  wanders 
out  into  the  open  plain  with  the  gnarled  and  thorny  blue 
oak,  and  then,  like  some  sweet,  confiding  maid,  ventures 
with  all  her  beauties,  far  into  the  dark  canons,  where, 
amongst  the  graceful  fronds  of  the  fern  brake,  where  the 
oblivious  sing-song  of  some  murmuring  brook  goes  on  in 
endless  monologue,  she,  half  hiding  in  the  heavy  shades  of 
green,  now  greets  the  haughty  golden  oak,  or  gives  a  hand 
to  some  hardy  rough  browed  spruce  that  has  dared  the 
dangerous  cliff  descent  to  the  valley's  verge  for  such  a 
lovely  sweetheart's  sake. 

Eucalyptus  diversicolor  has  suffered  more  than  usually 
from  a  general  botanic  name  confusion.  Outside  of  Aus- 
tralia it  is  almost  everywhere  called  Eucalyptus  colossea. 
This  case  of  confusion  grew  out  of  giving  specific  rank  to 


7/  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

the  extraordinary  vigor,  size,  and  somewhat  changed  appear- 
ance of  this  tree  in  its  favorite  moist  mountain  gorges. 

It  seems  to  a  layman,  or,  as  we  might  say  with  col- 
loquial aptness,  to  a  man  up  a  tree,  as  though  much  of 
the  re-naming  and  resulting  confusion  in  botany  might  be 
obviated. 

There  should  be  a  statute  of  limitations  on*  names,  so 
that  those  used  and  accepted  for  a  certain  time  should  re- 
main fixed  at  least  as  to  honorary  specific  designations. 

There  should  also  be  some  regard  to  decency  and  the 
canons  of  good  taste. 

For  a  long  time  we  had  a  beautiful  American  magnolia, 
labelled  very  satisfactorily,  "Magnolia  grandiflora."  It 
seems  that  some  person  delving  in  obscure  and  musty 
records  found  a  prior  name,  or  one  claimed  to  be  so,  and 
now  we  suffer  under  the  affliction  of  Magnolia  foetida.  This 
in  plain  English  is  "stinking"  magnolia.  This  ill-smelling 
name  I,  for  one,  will  never  accept. 

Several  trees  have  "  Pseudo "  set  in  their  names,  as 
Pseudo-tsuga  taxifolii,  our  old  Abies  Douglasi,  and  Rob- 
in ia  Pseud-acacia  and  acer  Pseudo-platanus. 

It  has  always  ruffled  my  temper  to  see  accomplished 
naturalists  so  little  in  touch,  as  shown  in  such  names,  with 
the  grand  mission  of  nature.  To  accuse  nature  of  falsify- 
ing in  such  matter  as  oui  Oregon  pine,  the  greatest  of  ail 
timber  trees,  is  the  sign  manual  of  a  congenital  defect  in 
the  rut-bound  bis-baptismal  sponsor. 

Records  on  the  durability  of  Eucalyptus  diversicolor 
timber  vary  a  great  deal,  and  are  perhaps  due  to  the  dif- 
ferent conditions  of  soil  and  humidity  where  the  trees  grew 
from  which  the  timber  was  taken.  Mr.  Walter  Gill,  the 
accomplished  conservator  of  forests  of  South  Australia,  calls 


EUCALYPTI  s.  75 

special  attention  to  this  variability  in  the  character  of 
Eucalyptus  woods.  Eucalyptus  marginata  has  been  noted 
as  varying  to  the  extent  of  33  per  cent,  in  its  contents  of 
kino.  Our  yellow  pine  (Pinus  ponderosa)  has  a  wide 
range  in  the  west,  and  varies  in  its  timber  value  with  its 
situation.  Probably  all  trees  do  the  same. 

The  age  of  trees,  and  their  vigor  of  growth  for  their 
age,  have  much  to  do  with  the  character  of  their  timber. 
The  season  of  the  year  when  they  are  cut  and  the  curing 
afterward  should  also  be  investigated.  I  can  remember  an 
opinion  that  was  often  acted  on  that  the  Southern  live- 
oak  could  only  attain  its  highest  value  when  seasoned 
tinder  water. 

It  may  be  seen,  if  this  opinion  be  presumed  correct, 
that  tests  of  live-oak  differently  cured  might  give  results 
not  uniform  as  to  the  value  of  the  timber. 

Another  source  of  possible  error  is  the  laxity  as  to  exact 
identification  of  the  species  of  trees  from  which  timber  for 
testing  is  taken. 

Some  years  ago  piling  of  "Eucalyptus  marginata"  was 
brought  to  San  Francisco  and  tested  on  the  sea  wall.  In 
one  year  it  was  riddled  with  teredo.  I  saw  the  piles  after 
they  were  pulled  and  I  could  not  believe  that  they  really 
were  from  the  Jarrah,  a  world  -  renowned  teredo  and  white 
ant  resistant. 

The  precaution  taken  to  obtain  marginata  timber  from 
its  best  districts  or  even  to  be  secure  that  it  was  margi- 
nata at  all  were  in  my  opinion  inadequate.  Specimens  of 
Karri  may  be  seen  at  Paradise  Nurseries  and  at  Forestry 
Station. 


76  EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS  GUNNII, 

Eucalyptus  Gunnii  is  a  green,  attractive  looking  and 
rapid  growing  tree.  It  is  one  of  the  best  frost  resisters  of 
the  genus,  but  contains  only  a  small  amount  of  the  oil  and 
active  principle  of  the  Eucalyptus.  It  consequently  can  not 
be  ranked  high  as  a  sanitary  tree.  The  foliage,  or  rather  the 
leaves  individually  are  wavy  or  kinked,  suggesting  the  mild 
application  of  a  fluting  iron. 

The  sap  of  this  tree  is  reported  to  be  used  by  settlers 
in  Australia  for  a  fermented  drink  resembling  cider.  It  is 
doubtless  due  to  this  fact  that  it  has  received  its  common 
name  of  cider  gum.  It  is  often  a  very  fantastic  grower  in 
California.  I  have  a  tree  of  this  species  in  my  Santa  Mo- 
nica garden  that  has  bent  entirely  over  and  sweeps  the 
ground  with  its  branches.  The  timber  is  not  valuable. 
Specimens  can  be  seen  at  Scharff's,  at  the  Forestry  Station, 
and  one  old  one  opposite  the  East  Sail  Gabriel  Hotel. 


EUCALYPTUS  POLYANTHEMA. 

One  of  the  species  that  has  seemed  to  me  particularly 
attractive  is  Eucalyptus  polyanthema.  This  is  called  the 
Den  tree  in  Australia  from  a  native  name,  and  perhaps  more 
often  red  box  from  the  color  of  the  timber.  The  wood  is 
very  durable. 

The  tree  usually  of  moderate  size,  sometimes  reaches  a 
height  of  250  feet.  It  is  native  to  rather  dry  rolling  country. 

The  foliage  is  for  the  most  part  oval  and  plentiful,  with 
a  white  blue  silvery  tinge.  The  branchlets  profuse  in  flowers, 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  77 

from  which  its  name  is  derived,  are  still  more  silvery  with 
the  same  delicate  powdering  as  that  of  the  young  blue  gum. 
Indeed  it  is  far  more  a  harmony  in  silver-grey  than  any 
plant  I  know.  The  artichoke,  the  African  honey  plant,  the 
Leucodendron  argenteum,  the  Deodar  cedar,  and  the  young 
blue  gum  are  more  silvery  or  blue-grey,  but  the  poly- 
anthema  has  the  advantage  that  throughout  its  silvery  foli- 
age are  scattered  the  delicate  flower  panicles  still  more 
silvery.  The  Leucodendron  argenteum  is  the  most  pro- 
nounced tree  of  this  sort.  It  is  however  stiff  and  hard 
to  raise  from  seed. 

In  seeking  for  a  silver-grey  foliage  effect  the  olive 
should  never  be  forgotten.  It  is  more  purely  a  silver-grey 
than  any  tree  I  know,  except  the  silver  Leucodendron.  It 
surpasses  this  tree  on  account  of  its  hardiness  and  the' 
charming  grace  of  its  growth  in  youth  and  its  character 
and  individuality  in  age.  The  olive  in  California  is  a 
handsomer  tree  than  it  is  in  Europe. 

The  Himalayan  silver  cedar  has  a  distinctly  green  base. 
It  is  a  beautiful  tree.  The  silvery  Eucalyptus  that  I  know, 
as  I  go  over  them  in  my  mind,  have  their  assertive  blue  or 
silver  coloring,  mainly  due  to  a  sort  of  powdery  exudation. 
The  base  color  of  their  leaves  is  usually  a  dull  green. 
Some  have  that  silvery  coloring  in  youth  only,  as  the  blue 
gum,  with  a  persistence  in  age  on  the  fruit  alone,  some 
have  it  more  in  age,  as  variety  pallida  of  sideroxyloii 
some  have  it  more  at  one  season  than  at  another,  as  in 
Eucalyptus  polyanthema,  and  others  do  not  have  it  at  all. 

The  drawback  to  the  olive  is  its  proneness  to  attack  by 
black  scale,  a  parasite  that  takes  its  name  from  the  olive. 
The  black  scale  is  ugly  in  itself  and  besides  exudes  a 
gummy  substance  that  falls  on  the  foliage  and  branches 


78  EUCALYPTUS. 

below  it  and  becomes  at  once  the  home  of  a  black  fungus. 
This  materially  injures  the  appearance  of  the  olive  and 
markedly  diminishes,  and  even  destroys,  its  normally  beau- 
tiful silvery  foliage. 

The  lace  wing  fly,  or  one  of  the  ladybirds  has,  with  me, 
destroyed  the  black  scale  on  my  olives.  The  scale  is  not 
exterminated,  but  persists  in  such  small  number  as  to  be 
unnoticeable.  It  may  be  that  some  other  enemy  helps  keep 
the  scale  down,  but  the  little  bored  holes  in  the  scale 
show  the  lace  wing's  work  to  be  important. 

The  timber  of  Eucalyptus  polyanthema  is  useful,  being 
very  tough  and  hard  to  split.  The  tree  is  a  moderate  grower, 
and  it  is  reported  by  Von  Mueller  to  have  withstood  the 
out-door  temperature  of  Kew.  To  these  material  advan- 
tages it  adds  a  unique  beauty.  The  habit  of  growth  of  this 
Red  box  is  also  graceful,  each  leaf  being  attached  to  the 
branch  by- a  slender  stem. 

This  tree  at  Mr.  Scharff's,  in  South  Pasadena,  has  done 
well,  and  the  specimens  at  Santa  Monica  are  vigorous  and 
attractive.  It  deserves  a  wider  attention  than  it  has 
received.  The  seeds  can  be  obtained  from  any  of  the  trees 
named. 

EUCALYPTUS  LONGIFOLIA. 

Eucalyptus  longifolia  is  a  persistent  barked,  moderate 
sized  tree,  native  to  the  New  South  Wales  plains,  between 
the  Coast  and  the  Blue  Mountains,  which  climatically  cut 
that  portion  of  Australia  in  such  distinct  divisions.  It  is 
called  the  Wooly  Butt  and  is  mainly  used  for  fuel.  It  is 
named  for  its  exceptionally  long  sickle  shaped  leaves  which 
at  times  are  found  even  over  a  foot  in  length.  Here 


El'CALYPTUS.  79 

the  leaves  have  not  shown  unusual  lengths.  The  tree 
grows  very  well  with  us  and  is  a  profuse  and  nearly  con- 
stant bloomer.  The  flowers  carry  a  full  supply  of  fine 
nectar.  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook,  our  distinguished  authority  on 
the  apiary,  calls  attention  to  the  value  of  this  tree  in  bee 
culture.  He  has  observed  it  at  Claremont,  on  the  foothills 
of  the  Pomona  Valley,  and  speaks  highly  of  its  constant 
popularity  with  bees. 

Bees  are  not  themselves  popular  with  fruit  men  in  Cal- 
ifornia. Vast  quantities  of  fruits  are  dried  with  us  each 
season  and  no  inconsiderable  toll  on  these  is  levied  by  the 
bees.  Bees,  however,  we  have  always  with  us,  when  not 
domesticated  and  the  toiling  serf  of  man  they  are  wild 
and,  at  least  along  the  mountain  ranges,  seem  as  numerous 
and  damaging  as  when  housed  and  made  useful. 

The  greatest  injury  is  done  by  bees  to  the  extra  early 
and  extra  late  drying  fruit.  Probably  they  take  more 
sugar  where  the  sunniest  ranch  lands  are  filled  with  drying 
apricots  as  golden  as  the  poppy  or  with  peaches,  but  we 
do  not  then  feel  it  so  much  for  the  percentage  of  loss  from 
these  large  quantities  is  small.  When  it  comes  to  such 
fruit  as  pears,  that  seem  specially  attractive  to  bees,  there 
are  districts  here  where  we  can  not  dry  them  in  the  open. 
The  bees  eat  them  up.  E.  Bonine,  at  Lamanda  Park,  had 
a  painful  experience  in  this  line. 

Prof.  Cook  speaks  of  another  species  of  Eucalyptus 
from  Riverside,  not  yet  identified,  which  is  reported  as  an 
apicide.  It  seems  both  attractive  and  fatal  to  bees,  like  a 
Parisian  Phryne  to  an  uncharactered  richling.  I  am  afraid 
that  if  the  fruit  men  get  hold  of  this  species  there  will  be 
many  a  bee-break  in  the  drying  districts.  I  have  no  confi- 
dence in  the  accuracy  of  this  report. 


So  EUCALYPTUS. 

Specimens  of  Eucalyptus  longifolia  may  be  seen  at 
Claremont,  also  opposite  the  Throop  Polytechnic  and  next 
to  a  church,  Pasadena,  and  in  the  City  Park,  Nevada  ave- 
nue, Santa  Monica. 


Eucalyptus  Sideroxyfon  and  Eucalyptus  Leucoxyfon, 


These  two  have  been  ranked  as  one  species  by  Von 
Mueller  and  Bentham,  but  seem  to  warrant  separation. 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  is  a  great  tree  for  our  dry  inte- 
rior valleys.  It  is  a  handsome  tree  at  Scharff's  and  Shortings, 
and  at  Santa  Monica,  writh  blue  grey  foliage  and  scarlet 
flowers.  In  South  Australia  the  smooth  barked  Eucalyptus 
leucoxylon  is  amongst  the  most  successful  in  the  trying 
interior  forest  stations  of  that  colony.  The  flowers  of  both 
these  species  vary  in  color,  from  pale  yellow  to  flesh  pink, 
and,  as  we  may  note  in  the  specimen  cited,  they  some- 
times tend  to  red.  They  vary  also  in  the  persistence  of  the 
bark.  As  the  common  white  gum  in  the  open  country 
most  of  the  bark  peels  off,  while  as  the  Iron  bark  on  the 
stony  ridges  the  bark  is  persistent,  of  dark  color,  and 
deeply  fissured.  Some  specimens  wrere  introduced  here  long 
ago  as  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  or  Iron  wood. 

These  two  species  or  two  varieties  of  leucoxylon,  the 
one  usually  branching  into  several  stems  or  branches  near 
the  ground,  with  grey  smooth  bark,  pink  or  white  flowers 
and  pale  colored  wood;  and  the  other  (sideroxylon)  single 
stemmed  and  stocky  in  growth,  with  generally  red  flowers, 
dark  rough  red  bark,  and  red  wood  seem  to  deserve  specific 
rank  in  each  case.  Besides  these  points  Prof.  Maiden  has 
noted  the  marked  difference  of  the  kino  from  these  trees. 


1  r  CALYPTUS.  8 1 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  or  white  gum  or  South  Aus- 
tralian blue  gum  is  a  native  of  South  Australia,  while 
Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  is  a  native  of  New  South  Wales. 
\Yhen  I  speak  of  the  ornamental  leucoxylon  I  refer  to 
what  we  introduced  as  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon.  Von 
Mueller  does  not  recognize  this  as  a  species,  but  I  think 
that  it  again  wrill  be  thus  ranked. 

Bentham's  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  var.  pallida  is  doubt- 
less our  silver  leafed  sideroxylon.  We  have  here  varieties 
of  leucoxylon  or  sideroxylon  as  folio wrs: 

1.  The  wrhite  barked  branching  South  Australian  form. 
This    tree    can    be    seen    in    great  vigor   at    Santa   Monica 
Heights;    flowers  white  and  pink. 

2.  Rough  persistent   barked    variety,    with  dense    green 
foliage    and    pink    flowers,  a    profuse    bloomer,    and   a  sub- 
variety  with  white  or   yellow    flowers.     The  wrhite  flowered 
ironbark   at   Santa    Monica   is    a    shy    bloomer.     A  splendid 
display   of  the    green   foliaged    pink    flowered    ones  may  be 
seen  at  Ellwood,  Santa  Barbara. 

3.  Rough  persistent  red  barked,  red  flowered  and  with 
silvery  grey  foliage.     Also  a  profuse  bloomer. 

This  tree  can  be  seen  at  the  Paradise  Nursery,  Pasa- 
dena, and  at  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  station. 

The  most  recent  information  I  have  from  Australia  indi- 
cates that  these  rough  persistent  barked  forms  are  now 
ranked  as  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon.  The  original  name  is 
thus  renewed  for  the  ironwood. 

This  tree  is  usually  of  moderate  growth  but  is  reported 
exceptionally  at  200  feet.  In  the  bottom  lands  of  Victoria 
the  smooth  barked  form,  or  Eucalyptus  ley  coxy  Ion,  is  the 
companion  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  It  does  well  in  moist 
tropical  climates  as  wrell  as  in  the  dry  interior  of  por- 

6 


82  EUCALYPTUS. 

tions  of  Australia.  Its  seedling,  of  S.  A.  form,  has  nar- 
row or  more  often  nearly  cordate  opposite  sessile  leaves. 
In  its  early  and  rather  vine-like  habit  of  growth  it  reminds 
one  of  the  viminalis  seedling  without  being  like  it.  The 
wood,  like  that  of  many  Eucalypti,  is  heavier  than  water. 
Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  var.  pallida  is  a  beautiful  tree.  The 
grey  of  the  foliage  sets  off  the  striking  pink  of  the  flowers. 
The  stems  of  the  leaves  are  of  similar  color.  Pink  is  the 
nearest  description  for  the  color,  but  it  is  Australian  pink. 
From  our  limited  local  experience  we  are  self-satisfied 
enough  to  term  many  of  the  Australian  growths  fantastic. 
We  might  say  this  also  of  some  of  its  flower  colors.  The 
sideroxylon  flower  for  instance  is  neither  red,  scarlet,  pink 
nor  magenta,  but  a  sort  of  mixture  of  all  these  colors.  The 
nearest  name  for  it  is  that  which  a  nurseryman  gave ,  "a 
madder  pink."  The  color  is  brilliant.  The  bark  on 
nearly  all  our  specimens  is  hard,  persistent  and  deep  iron 
red.  The  trees  are  attractive,  indeed  handsome. 

The  name  ' '  leucoxylon  ' '  means  white  wood,  and  is  very 
appropriate  to  the  tree  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  as  found  at 
Santa  Monica.  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  or  the  iron  wood 
produces  a  straight  bole  and  a  more  valuable  timber  than 
Eucalyptus  leucoxylon.  '  In  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  the  flow- 
ers are  nearly  always  three  to  the  umbel.  In  Eucalyptus 
sideroxylon  the  flowers  are  usually  more  numerous.  In  fact 
the  white  or  lemon-colored  flowers  are  the  only  ones  of  sid- 
eroxylon that  I  have  observed  in  threes.  The  pale  yellow 
flowers  with  their  prominent  crimson  style  are  attractive, 
but  too  few  to  satisfy  us.  The  shape  of  the  fruits  of 
Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  vary  considerably.  The  fruits  of 
Mr.  Cooper's  trees  are  nearly  if  not  quite  hemispheric,  while 
the  fruits  here  are  generally  elliptical.  The  fruits  of  Euca- 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 

83 

lyptus  leucoxylon  are  larger  than  those  of  Eucalyptus  sid- 
eroxylon  but  resemble  them  here  more  than  our  sideroxylon 
fruits  resemble  those  at  Mr.  Cooper's.  There  is  no  possi- 
bility of  confusing  these  species  when  once  seen  growing. 
The  one  is  a  spreading  white  barked  tree  with  comparatively 
scanty  foliage,  very  persistent  fruits  in  great  quantities,  and 
withal  rather  pleasing — while  the  other  has  a  rough  rusty 
or  dark  colored  bark  with  dense  foliage,  and  grows  in  an 
erect  concentrated  form,  and  is  always  attractive  and  some- 
times beautiful. 


EUCALYPTUS  MICROTHECA 

Is  reported  the  most  suited  of  the  whole  genus  of  tree  size 
to  torrid  desert  conditions.  Mr.  K.  H.  Bennett  reports  it  as 
reaching  a  height  of  eighty  feet,  and  a  diameter  of  four  feet. 
Von  Mueller  gives  more  of  the  native  names  of  this  tree 
than  of  any  other,  viz.:  "  Tangoon  "  in  Riverina,  "  Callaille  " 
on  the  Murchison  River,  also  "  Yathoo "  and  in  Queens- 
land "  Coolybah." 

It  is  a  very  important  tree  to  the  natives,  for  it  is  mainly 
from  the  roots  of  this  Eucalyptus  that  they  obtain  water 
when  all  other  sources  fail.  The  method  of  obtaining  water 
is  reported  by  Von  Mueller  as  follows: 

''The  lateral  roots  are  lifted  by  the  natives  with  sharp 
pointed  sticks  or  thin  spears  to  the  surface  from  about  a  foot 
or  less  in  depth  and  to  a  distance  of  fifteen  or  more  feet 
from  the  tree,  the  overlying  earth  wrhen  necessary  being  re- 
moved by  wooden  shovels  The  root  is  then  cut  into  pieces 
of  about  1 8  inches  in  length  then  the  bark  is  peeled  off;  if 
the  water,  on' placing  these  fragments  vertically,  does  not 
at  once  commence  to  ooze  out  spontaneously,  the  process  is 


EUCALYPTUS. 

expedited  by  blowing  vigorously  at  one  of  the  ends  of  the 
root  pieces  ;  roots  of  the  size  of  a  man's  wrist  are  the  best 
for  this  operation." 

"Mr.  Bennett  obtained  in  most  favorable  cases  by  these 
means  a  great  pot  full  of  water  in  half  an  hour  and  found 
it  beautifully  clear,  cool  and  free  from  any  unpleasant  taste. 
Mr.  J.  Cairns  refers  also  fully  to  the  water-yielding  Euca- 
lyptus as  weir-rnallee.  The  courageous  explorer,  Edw.  John 
Eyre,  gave  likewise  an  account  of  this  process,  for  obtaining 
water.  Roots  from  depressions  in  the  ground  yield  the  fluid 
most  copiously.  Main  roots  near  the  stem  are  not  suffi- 
ciently porous  for  obtaining  water  therefrom.  Messrs.  Muir 
saw  desert  Eucalypti  also  used  widely  in  Southwestern  Aus- 
tralia for  obtaining  drinking  water  from  the  roots,  the  abo- 
riginees  having  entirely  to  depend  on  this  source  for  water 
in  many  of  their  hunting  excursions,  the  roots  chosen  being 
about  one  inch  in  thickness,  the  surrounding  soil  being  often 
dust  dry.' ' 

Eucalyptus  populifolia  and  the  mallee-scrub  are  also 
known  to  give  water  from  the  roots,  but  to  a  less  extent 
than  microtheca. 

Prospectors  in  our  south-western  deserts  use  various 
kinds  of  cactus  to  obtain  water.  One  of  the  best  of  these 
is  a  tall  columnar  looking  cactus.  The  method  I  have 
heard  of  as  used  in  this  case  is  as  follows : 

A  cut  is  made  near  the  base  of  the  cactus  something 
like  a  turpentine  blaze,  square  and  cut  out  at  the  bottom. 
This  depression  rapidly  fills  with  water,  which,  though 
good,  is  not  entirely  free  from  an  acid  taste.  Stock  has 
been  saved  in  Southern  California  in  the  old  days  by*burn- 
ing  off  the  spines  of  the  Tune  cactus  and  then  giving 
fragments  to  the  cattle  to  chew. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  85 

Many  of  our  animals  inhabiting  the  desert  or  waterless 
plains  near  these  have  no  known  means  of  obtaining  water 
for  long  seasons.  Sheep  on  green  pasture  are  not  usually 
watered,  I  am  informed.  I  recollect  the  surprise  I  felt 
years  ago  in  observing  the  small  amount  of  water  used  by 
the  Bedouins  of  the  Libyan  desert  when  travelling.  It 
would  seem  from  this  that  some  of  the  animals  and  even 
some  men  can  do  well  on  a  very  small  amount  of  fluid. 

Many  dreadful  deaths  have  happened  from  thirst  on  tbe 
burning  Colorado  desert.  Probably  very  few  of  these  would 
have  occurred  had  the  travellers  known  all  of  the  resources 
about  them. 

The  death  of  all  the  members  of  an  emigrant  train  to- 
gether with  all  of  their  animals  from  thirst,  in  the  Desert 
of  Death  Valley,  took  place  on  a  part  of  that  arid  waste 
where  water  was  only  eight,  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  A  few  strokes  of  the  shovel  would  have  saved  the 
whole  party. 

The  seeds  of  microtheca  are  small.  While  some  of  the 
gums  have  good  sized  fruits  like  the  large-leaved,  wing- 
seeded  Foelsheana,  of  Port  Darwin,  or  like  calophylla,  (the 
kino-charged  guarantor  of  health,  not  assainitor  but 
judicious  selector  of  healthy  sites,)  the  Eucalyptus  as  a  rule 
has  small  seeds.  Small  or  dwarf  species  are  the  usual  har- 
bors of  exception,  but  the  giants  of  the  genus,  like  the 
Karri,  regnans,  globulus,  viminalis,  etc.,  all  have  small 
seeds.  So  with  us  the  giant  sequoias  have  minute  seeds, 
while  the  Pinus  coulteri,  the  pinon,  the  Torrey  pine,  the 
mesquit  and  our  oaks  have  large  generally  edible  seeds.  I 
krtow  of  no  Eucalyptus  seed  that  is  edible,  though  some 
of  the  larger  ones  may  be. 

I  have  found  so  many  of  our  arborescent  species,  whose 


86  EUCALYPTUS. 

habitat  is  in  dry  or  desert  location,  with  large  well  stored 
seeds,  that  I  have  thought  this  useful  characteristic  an  evo- 
lution forced  from  the  severe  conditions  these  species  must 
contend  with.  Now  comes  this  desert  tree  from  Australia 
with  such  small  fruits  and  seeds  as  to  get  its  name  from 
this  characteristic. 

The  range  of  this  tree  in  Australia  corresponds  in  a 
general  way  with  that  of  our  very  valuable  desert  mesquite 
(Prosopis  juliflora.)  The  mesquite  is  valuable  for  forage, 
fuel,  food  and  honey.  I  have  seen  several  large  specimens 
of  the  tree  in  Southern  California,  notably  two  at  the  Pur- 
cell  place,  San  Gabriel.  I  think  that  the  tree  should  be 
planted  in  Arizona.  While  perhaps  a  little  slow  at  first, 
it  is  sure  to  succeed  generally  in  that  section  of  country. 

The  specimens  at  San  Gabriel  were  attractive  with 
feathery  foliage  suggesting  certain  acacias. 

Microtheca  is  a  tree  well  worthy  of  extensive  trial  in 
the  more  trying  situations  of  our  southwestern  country.  I 
am  unable  to  find  any  record  of  its  planting  or  rate  of 
growth.  It  appears  to  be  a  surface  root  tree  and  in  this 
respect  the  opposite  of  our  Californian  valley  oaks.  These 
trees  send  their  roots  straight  down  and  quite  out  of  the 
way.  The  cactus  and  yuccas  have  very  short  roots  that 
possess  an  extraordinary  capacity  of  seizing  a  supply  of 
moisture  from  the  semi-occasional  torrential  rains  of  the 
desert  region,  and  of  holding  the  same  for  long  periods. 

Thos.  A.  West,  a  mining  man  of  intelligence,  tells  me 
that  some  years  ago  he  brought  a  young  columnar  cactus 
from  the  Colorado  desert  and  hung  it  under  the  mantel 
shelf  of  his  sitting  room  fire  place  at  Glendora,  surely  *a 
dry  and  trying  place  for  any  plant. 

For  three  years  this  cactus  suffered  but  little  in  appear- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  87 

ance,   every  January  putting  out  a  few    rootlets   as    though 
seeking  moisture,  and  then  died. 

These  desert  plants  are  so  organized  as  to  withstand 
several  years  of  drought.  I  presume  that  the  Australian 
Mallee,  Eucalyptus  microtheca  and  other  species  of  the  arid 
interior  must  have  the  same  power,  and  if  the  water  for 
their  existance  be  not  stored  in  the  bod}-  of  the  plant  as 
in  Agave,  cactus,  etc.,  it  will  be  found  in  the  roots. 


EUCALYPTUS  CORNUTA. 


Eucalyptus  cornuta,  the  "yate,"  is  a  very  attractive, 
graceful  tree.  Its  foliage  is  greener  than  that  of  the  blue 
gum  and  tends  to  persist  in  the  round  or  oblong  form  of 
leaf.  It  is  a  rapid  grower  and  resists  drought  on  light 
soil  better  than  Eucalyptus  globulus  or  Eucalyptus  vimin- 
alis.  Eucalyptus  cornuta  is  one  of  our  hardiest  and  fastest 
growing  Eucalypti.  The  bark  is  a  pleasant  light  drab 
color  and  nearly  smooth.  The  tree  grows  tall,  has  great 
vigor  in  our  valleys,  and  the  timber  is  valuable.  I  have 
observed  old  specimens  with  only  scant  amounts  of  fruit. 

As  a  rule  the  Eucalypti  are  free  fruiters  and  many  of 
them  carry  their  profusion  of  seed  boxes  so  long  as  to 
form  distinct  disfiguration.  In  habit  this  tree  is  low 
branching  and  is  consequently  not  perfectly  suited  for  a 
road  tree.  I  planted  about  a  mile  of  road  with  these  trees 


88  EUCALYPTUS. 

at  Santa  Monica.  Fortunately  it  was  a  double  row  plan- 
tation on  each  side  of  the  road  with  Eucalyptus  globulus 
on  the  outside.  In  this  combination  it  made  an  attractive 
avenue.  Alone,  however,  it  might  have  been  unsatisfactory. 
While  it  does  branch  low  the  Yate  makes  a  large  handsome 
tree  with  plenty  of  foliage.  Mr.  ScharfPs  specimen  is  one  of 
his  best  trees.  The  growth  of  one  in  my  Santa  Monica 
garden  has  been  exceptionally  satisfactory.  The  flowers  are 
so  large  and  close  in  the  umbel  that  each  umbel  looks 
like  a  large  single  pompon  flower  of  delicate  light  green 
or  light  straw  color.  Its  name  comes  from  the  long  horn- 
like cap  of  the  flower. 


EUCALYPTUS  LEHMANNI, 


A  very  near  ally  of  Eucalyptus  cornuta  is  Eucalyptus 
Lehmanni.  The  latter  is  shorter,  has  larger  fruits  and 
flowers  and  is  specially  distinguished  by  having  the  fruits 
on  each  umbel  all  confluent  forming  a  large  ball  that 
suggests  the  wasps  nests  of  my  boyhood  experience. 

Large  Eucalyptus  Lehmanni  can  be  seen  at  Ellwood. 
There  are  a  few  about  Santa  Monica,  especially  at  the 
Forestry  Station. 

Besides  the  points  named  the  leaf  of  this  species  is 
shorter  and  thicker  than  that  of  Eucalyptus  cornuta.  It 
is  not  so  attractive  a  tree  as  the  Yate.  The  effect  of  the 
persistent  large  balls  of  fruits  is  very  peculiar. 


EUCALYPTUS. 


EUCALYPTU6  DORATOXYLON, 


Eucalyptus  doratoxylon  is  a  slim,  but  very  pretty 
growing  tree.  It  is  the  favorite  source  of  spear  wood  for 
the  Australian  natives  and  derives  its  common  name  from 
this  reason. 

This  tree,  with  Eucalyptus  pilularis  which  is  still  more 
elegant,  and  one  might  say  stylish,  should,  be  marked  as 
useful  for  special  places  in  ornamental  plantings.  The 
wood  of  both  trees  is  tough,  durable  and  useful.  A  fair 
specimen  is  growing  at  the  Heights.  Another  tree  of 
similar  tall  and  slim  habit  is 


EUCALYPTU6  MACULATA  l/AR,  CITRIODORA, 


This  is  a  fast  growing  tree  of  tough  and  durable  tim- 
ber. The  leaves  when  crushed  have  a  strong  lemon  scented 
odor  suggesting  hair  oil — but  withal  pleasantly.  The  young 
growth  is  hairy  and  the  leaves  spring  from  the  stems  with 
about  one-quarter  of  their  length  inside — that  is,  the  stem, 
instead  of  having  the  leaf  grow  from  its  end  has  the  leaf 
over  it,  one-quarter  on  one  side  and  three-quarters  on  the 
other;  what  botanists  call  peltate  or  shield  like. 


90  EUCALYPTUS. 

I  planted  a  citriodora  in  an  old  clump  of  trees  in  my 
garden  for  the  sake  of  its  fragrant  leaves.  It  grew  so  fast 
that  it  soon  passed  out  of  hand  reach  and  then  out  of 
ordinary  ladder  reach.  It  is  now  about  sixty  feet  to  the 
first  limb.  The  stem  is  straight,  smooth  and  of  a  warm 
grey  color  with  a  smallish  head  of  sickle-shaped  branchlets 
that  respond  to  the  breezes'  slightest  breath.  In  my  tree 
clump  the  citriodora  now  stands  as  a  steeple  does  to  a 
church. 

Last  spring  two  blue  grey  mountain  squirrels  fell  in  love 
in  this  little  grove.  While  Miss  squirrel  sat  in  an  olive 
amongst  scarlet  bignonias,  her  fiery-hearted  swain  showed 
daring  feats  in  the  bending  Eucalyptus  limbs,  swinging 
from  one  to  another,  and  then  making  wild  leaps  down 
into  a  camphor  tree.  I  enjoyed  the  courtship  perhaps  as 
much  as  the  squirrels,  and  paid  them  with  a  blind  eye  to 
their  orange  eating. 

Nurserymen  here  have  promoted  the  citriodora  to  spe- 
cific rank.  As  far  as  the  foliage  goes  it  certainly  deserves 
a  name  of  its  own,  for  the  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  mac- 
ulata  proper  are  reported  to  be  entirely  without  the  fra- 
grant odor  of  Eucalyptus  citriodora.  I  know  of  no  macu- 
lata  other  than  those  of  this  variety  in  Caliiornia. 

The  leaves  of  citriodora  properly  cured  make  a  pleasant 
sachet  or  fragrant  sofa  pillow. 

The  timber  of  this  tree  is  very  valuable.  A  still  more 
fragrant  foliaged  tree  is  Eucalyptus  Staigeriana,  the  lemon 
scented  ironbark.  I  know  of  none  of  these  here.  Some 
of  the  finest  old  specimens  of  Eucalyptus  citriodora  are  at 
Ellwood.  In  these  the  foliage  is  in  great  drooping  clusters, 
giving  a  unique  effect  with  the  smooth  white  bark.  The 
foliage  is  greener  than  usual  in  this  genus. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  gi 

EUCALYPTUS  GOMPHOCEPHALA. 

Eucalyptus  gomphocephala  is  a  thick,  green  foliaged 
tree  from  Western  Australia.  J.  Ednie  Brown's  reports 
from  Adelaide  gave  me  great  expectations  from  this  tree. 
At  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station  it  has  proved  a 
comparative!}'  slow  grower  and  shy  fruit  bearer.  The  calyx 
or  seed  urn  has  an  exceptional!}'  large  lid,  from  which 
its  name  is  derived.  This  means  peg  head. 

The  south  Australian  reports  show  small  plantings  of  this 
tree  in  recent  years. 

It  is  a  stocky  tree  with  symmetrical  head  and  plentiful 
foliage.  Its  timber  is  very  valuable. 

The  only  large  Eucalytus  gomphocephala  I  know  are  at 
Mr.  Cooper's  Santa  Barbara  ranch  (Ellwood).  There  are  sev- 
eral handsome  tall  ones  there  in  a  rich  little  bottom  land. 
The  timber  is  valuable.  The  young  seedling  is  of  a  light 
bright  green  color,  a  point  one  might  not  consider  in  some 
other  plants  that  do  not  vary  so  much  from  the  ordinary  in 
their  color  and  forms  as  the  Eucalyptus  do. 


EUCALYPTU5  OCCIDENTALS 


A   Western  Australian    tree  that   we  have  tried   that  has 
grown  well  is  Eucalyptus  occidentalis. 

The  characteristic  form  of  this  tree  has  a  bell-shaped 
calyx  tube  with  sharply  protruding  valves  and  foliage  very 
similar  to  that  of  Eucalyptus  cornuta.  The  flowers  of  this 
form  are  white  or  creamy.  There  are"  very  few  of  these  in 


$2  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

California.  There  are  some  old  ones  at  Ell  wood,  some 
at  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station  and  another  at  the 
Heights.  The  timber  is  valuable  and  the  tree  resists 
drought  well.  The  foliage  is  quite  thick  and  bunchy. 
There  is  another  form  of  this  tree  that  is  very  ornamental. 
We  have  called  it  Eucalyptus  occidentalis  just  as  we  have 
called  Eucalyptus  Kirtoniana,  Eucalyptus  robusta,  when  it 
was  at  the  least  a  variety,  and  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  Euca- 
lyptus leucoxylon,  but  this  latter  confusion  is  due  to  our 
great  Australian  botanist.  The  form  of  Eucalyptus  to  which 
I  allude  is  between  Eucalyptus  occidentalis  and  obcordata 
and  it  might  just  as  well  be  called  a  variety  of  obcordata 
as  of  occidentalis,  if  not  given  specific  rank. 

It  varies  from  Eucalyptus  obcordata  in  having  the  um- 
bel stalk  less  twisted,  less  broad  and  the  fruit  less  angular 
and  the  border  not  so  contracted;  in  fact  it  is  less  exaggera- 
ted. The  foliage  is  a  darker  green  and  the  leaves  more 
irregular  in  shape,  having  the  mid  rib  often  all  on  one  side, 
than  obcordata.  It  grows  to  be  a  taller  tree,  for  our  obcor- 
data is  more  of  a  bush.  Eucalyptus  obcordata  has  the 
calyx  sessile  to  the  stalk  while  our  Eucalyptus  occidentalis, 
which  for  convenience  I  shall  name  var.  Californica,  varies 
from  it  in  having  long  stalklets.  Var.  Californica  varies 
from  Eucalyptus  occidentalis  in  having  broader  stalks  and 
stalklets,  angular  fruit,  not  bell-shaped  but  urn-shaped,  and 
larger;  the  leaves  thicker,  greener,  oblong  or  round  crenu- 
lated  and  irregular  and  scattered  instead  of  bunched.  The 
leaf  color  is  a  Lincoln  green.  The  flowers  of  Eucalyptus 
obcordata  are  of  a  dull  inconspicuous  red;  those  of  Euca- 
lyptus occidentalis  white,  while  those  of  var.  Californica 
are  of  a  brilliant  warm  red  which  against  the  dark  green 
leaves  and  with  the  creamy  white  stem  produce  a  charming 


EUCALYPTUS.  93 

effect.  There  is  also  a  var.  Californica  with  a  yellow 
flower;  this  is  a  companion  tree  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  in 
Arizona.  These  two  alone  thus  far  being  thrifty  under  its 
fiery  summer  sun. 

The  yellow-flowered  var.  Californica  can  be  seen  at  the 
Paradise  Nursery  and  at  Santa  Monica  Heights,  also  at 
Ell  wood  ;  the  red-flowered  one  at  the  Forestry  Station. 

Eucalyptus  occidentalis  var.  Californica  is  a  ven  at- 
tractive tree.  The  specimens  planted  by  me  at  Santa 
Monica  Heights  are  amongst  the  thriftiest  and  handsomest 
trees  there.  The  bark  is  mottled  white  in  effect  from  the 
small  scaling  off  of  the  old  outer  brownish  layer.  The 
branches  are  very  brittle.  The  red  flowered  var.  Californi- 
ca is  worthy  of  attention  as  an  ornamental,  clean  and 
thrift}'  moderate  sized  tree.  It  is  a  perennial  bloomer. 


EUCALYPTUS  OBCORDATA. 


This  is  a  small,  rather  ornamental,  thick-leaved,  light 
green  colored  tree,  with  -profuse  very  dark  red  flowers. 
The  name  comes  from  the  heart  shaped  leaves.  In  Santa 
Monica  this  shape  is  exceptional  in  the  larger  trees,  but 
general  in  some  of  the  shrubby  forms.  We  have  a  shrubby 
form  of  both  obcordata  and  occidentalis. 


94  EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS  HAEMASTOMA, 


Eucalyptus  haemastoma  (red  mouthed,  from  the  red  rim  of 
the  fruit)  is  a  tree  that  was  introduced  into  Santa  Monica 
in  1876.  It  has  done  well  and  become  a  medium-sized 
tree  with  rather  spreading  top.  The  bark  is  rose-grey  and 
smooth  with  us.  The  wood  makes  a  fair  fuel,  but  is  other- 
wise inferior.  I  can  see  no  reason  for  the  introduction  of 
this  tree  except  that  it  was  amongst  the  earliest  described 
species. 

There  is  another  very  tall  tree  in  the  old  park  at  Santa 
Monica,  with  smooth  white  bark  planted  at  the  same  time. 
This  tree  is  so  tall  that  we  could  not  reach  the  flowers, 
and  only  recently  identified  it  as  the  smooth  barked  Euca- 
lyptus viminalis. 


EUCALYPTUS  OBLIQUA. 


Eucalyptus  obliqua  (messmate  of  Victoria  and  stringy- 
bark  of  South  Australia)  is  widely  scattered  throughout 
Southern  Australia,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  sources  of 
the  local  timber  supply.  Its  wood  is  easily  worked  and  it 
grows  gregariously.  Thus  economy  of  transfer  and  plant 
is  possible. 

The  tree  is  reported  as  a  rapid  grower,  sometimes 
reaching  300  feet.  My  experience  with  it  has  been  disap- 
pointing. A  number  of  them  planted  in  my  garden  at 
Santa  Monica  were  only  exceeded  in  unsatisfactory  growth 
by  Eucalyptus  marginata.  Eucalyptus  Gunnii,  viminalis, 


EUCALYPTUS.  95 

rostrata,  pilularis,  diversicolor,  siderophloia ,  cornuta,  calo- 
phylla,  obcordata,  corynocalyx,  robusta  and  amygdalina,  in 
the  same  place,  did  remarkably  well. 

The  garden  is  near  the  coast  and,  especially  where  the 
obliquas  are,  is  exposed  to  the  summer  trade  wind.  They 
all  lean  away  from  the  breeze,  in  this  respect  being 
specially  different  from  Eucalyptus  robusta  and  Eucalyptus 
cornuta  on  either  side. 

There  were  a  number  of  these  trees  on  South  Main 
Street,  corner  of  i4th,  in  Los  Angeles,  that  showed  a 
fairly  good  growth.  All  except  three  of  them  have  been 
cut  down  and  these  three  have  been  topped  by  a  telephone 
company.  Thus  the  only  street  planting  of  Eucalyptus 
obliqua  that  I  know  is  not  a  very  satisfactory  illustration 
of  what  this  tree  will  do  when  thus  used.  The  specimen 
of  this  tree  at  the  Paradise  nurseries,  South  Pasadena,  is  a 
handsome  tall  tree,  with  dark  green  glossy  leaves,  that 
will  average  well  with  the  other  Eucalyptus  species  planted 
there. 

There  are  good  specimens  of  Eucalyptus  obliqua  at  the 
Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  at  the  Heights.  The 
bark  is  employed  for  primitive  roofing  in  new  settlements. 


EUCALYPTUS  RACRORRHYNCHA. 


Eucalyptus  macrorrhyncha  is  a  sufficiently  similar  tree 
native  further  west  to  go  by  the  same  popular  names  as 
obliqua.  We  have  some  growing  but  cannot  yet  tell 
whether  it  does  better  here  than  Eucalyptus  obliqua  or 
not.  It  is  a  very  inferior  looking  tree,  being  with  us 
irregular  and  shambling  in  growth. 


96  EUCALYPTUS. 

EUCALYPTUS  HEMIPHLOIA, 


Eucalyptus  hemiphloia  is  recommended  by  Mr.  Walter 
Gill  for  dry  sandy  situations.  I  have  received  from  him 
some  seed  which  are  being  grown  by  the  Paradise  Nurs- 
eries of  Pasadena.  The  seed  has  sprouted  poorly,  and 
"damped  off"  so  that  we  shall  raise  very  few.  Von  Mueller's 
account  of  the  native  habitat  of  this  tree  indicates  that  in 
the  moister  coast  section  it  makes  a  tree  of  150  feet  with 
pale  colored  timber.  While  it  thrives  in  dry  interior  sec- 
tions in  these  situations  it  tends  to  a  more  stunted  habit. 
The  best  specimen  of  this  tree  is  at  the  Paradise  Nurseries. 
Others  may  be  seen  at  the  Santa  Monica  points,  Forestr}r 
Station  and  Heights.  It  is  reported  an  excellent  timber 
and  fuel  tree. 

Prof.  Maiden  informs  me  that  Eucalyptus  hemiphloia 
is  taken  by  the  Australian  squatters  as  a  reliable  indica- 
tion oi  good  land  and  good  pasture  in  New  South  Wales. 
That  would  not  seem  to  agree  with  a  tree  satisfied  in 
sandy  situations. 

We  cannot  tell  much  about  this  tree  as  to  its  utility 
for  our  sandy  washes  in  which  I  especially  hope  for  good 
results.  I  am  each  year  growing  more  into  the  opinion 
that  our  own  balm  of  Gilead,  sycamores  and  the  red  live 
oak,  are  the  best  trees  for  these  hard  places. 

Our  sandy  torrent  beds  far  out  into  the  plains  bej^oiid 
any  surface  flow,  other  than  that  of  storm  waters  in  the 
rainy  season,  are  now  generally  populated  with  these  three 
trees.  Q.  agrifolia  thus  situated  seems  far  the  most  vig- 
orous, with  the  balm  trees  next.  The  sycamores  look 
more  and  more  unhappy  the  farther  out  into  the  dry 
plains  you  go.  The  easiest  tree  to  start  in  the  washes  is 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  97 

the  native  cotton  wood,  or  balm  of  Gilead.  The  cotton- 
wood  seedlings  come  up  in  the  washes  oftenest;  next  are 
the  oak  trees.  Sycamore  seedlings  are  very  rare  in  the 
interior  canons  and  washes,  but  extraordinarily  numerous 
in  the  Santa  Monica  canons  every  few  years.  Often  the 
young  trees  start,  especially  the  oaks,  and  then  die  from 
the  prolonged  drought  of  the  dry  season.  The  indications 
from  these  torrent  bed  growths  is  that  our  climate  is 
slowly  changing  and  becoming  drier.  Another  suggestion 
in  this  line  is  the  almost  entire  absence  of  greasewood 
seedlings.  These  bushes,  the  roots  of  which  make  such 
fine  fire  wood,  cover  large  areas  in  our  southern  foothills 
on  granitic  formation.  The  absence  of  reproductive  power 
is  similar  to  that  of  our  high  type  Americans  who  seem 
to  be  progressively  Hearing  absolute  sterility  and  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  American  as  an  historical  entity. 


EUCALYPTUS  INCRASSATA. 


Eucalyptus  incrassata  is  one  of  the  growths  forming 
the  mallee  scrub.  It  is  a  tall  growing  bush  with  leaves 
heavily  charged  with  oil  and  reported  as  growing  on 
sandy  interior  ridges  in  Australia.  This,  with  the  other 
mallees,  forms  a  main  source  of  the  supply  of  Eucalyptus 
oil.  A  great  advantage  of  the  mallee  scrub  as  a  source 
of  oil  is  the  ease  with  which  the  foliage  can  be  gathered 
and  the  capacity  these  have  of  sending  out  new  growth. 
Where  sandy  conditions  prevail,  or  in  dry  hilly  sections 
these  mallees  may  be  found  valuable  as  a  source  of 
Eucalyptus  oil. 

Eucalyptus    oleosa,    Eucalyptus   gracilis  and  Eucalyptus 


98  EUCALYPTUS. 

uncinata  are  the  other  species  usually  classed  as  consti- 
tuting this  scrub. 

They  all  stand  drought,  heat  and  severe  conditions. 
The  uncinata  has  long  narrow  leaves  and  small  semi-ovate 
fruits.  The  gracilis  leaves  are  similar  and  less  narrow, 
with  fruit  small  and  even  shaped.  The  incrassata  has 
leaves  shiny  on  both  sides,  somewhat  the  shape  of 
those  of  Eucalyptus  gunnii  and  inclined  to  be  wavy  or 
curly  in  outline.  The  fruit  of  this  is  larger  and  usually 
much  ridged,  the  oblong  oval  of  the  fruit  only  cut  off  at 
the  end.  The  forms  of  these  plants  vary  a  good  deal  at 
times. 

I  do  not  think  that  any  of  these  mallee  bushes  are 
growing  in  California.  In  the  early  days  of  the  forestry 
work,  before  there  was  any  money  or  any  station,  I  dis- 
tributed some  seed  of  these,  but  never  received  any  report 
on  them.  The  parties  to  whom  they  were  sent  are  "non 
est  inventus."  That  system  of  experimenting  with  new 
trees  was  too  scattering  to  be  of  service.  In  our  mobile 
population  it  was  especially  inappropriate.  Out  of  the 
whole  of  the  seed  distribution  but  three  records  of  value 
were  ever  reported. 


EUCALYPTU6  MELLIODORA, 

Eucalyptus  melliodora  does  well  here.  Its  timber  is 
hard,  durable,  tough,  but  difficult  to  work.  The  name 
means  honey  scented.  It  is  also  called  yellow  box,  and 
by  the  Gippsland  natives  "Dargan."  Von  Mueller  says 
that  while  the  seedling  of  this  species  has  scattered  oval  or 
oblong  leaves,  and  differs  very  much  from  that  of  Euca- 
lyptus leucoxylon  with  its  opposite  sessile  longer  and 


EUCALYPTUS.  99 

broad  based  leaves,   the  mature  forms  are    more   difficult  to 
distinguish.     He  points  out  the  differences  as  follows: 

"Eucalyptus  melliodora  differs  as  a  species  from  Eucal- 
yptus leucoxylon  (sideraxylon),  irrespective  of  the  differ- 
ences of  the  wood,  in  the  less  deeply  furrowed  portion  of 
the  bark  and  in  the  yellowish  tinge  of  its  inner  layers,  in 
usually  smaller  leaves,  flowers  and  fruits,  shorter  flower- 
stalks  and  mostly  less  elongated  stalklets,  further  in  more 
numerous  flowers  of  the  umbels  with  a  tendency  to  a  par- 
tially paniculate  disposition,  often  in  a  less  pointed  lid  and 
in  the  fruit  generally  more  contracted  at  the  orifice." 

The  formation  which  this  tree  prefers  is,  I  believe,  like 
that  of  the  mission  hills  about  LOS  Angeles,  where  it  would 
probably  do  better  in  the  south  exposures  than  the  Juglans 
Californica  does  in  the  northern  ones. 

The  only  specimens  of  Eucalyptus  melliodora,  with 
which  I  am  acquainted  in  California,  are  at  the  Santa 
Monica  Forestry  Station.  It  is  there  a  strong  vigorous 
growing  tree  with  plenty  of  rather  light  green  foliage. 
The  bole  of  the  tree  is  good  and  the  bark  suggests  Eucal- 
yptus cornuta.  The  bark  is  not  at  all  like  either  Eucalyp- 
tus leucoxylon  or  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. 


EUCALYPTUS  PANICULATA, 


Eucalyptus  paniculata  is  a  fairly  tall  tree  that  does  welt 
at  Santa  Monica.  There  appears  to  be,  however,  nothing 
to  very  specially  recommend  it  for  extensive  planting. 
There  are  two  forms  of  this  tree,  if  each  one  be  not  en- 
titled to  specific  rank.  The  one  we  have  is  that  of  the 
New  South  Wales  coast  belt,  and  is  mainly  distinguishable 


joo  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

from  the  variety  "  fasciculosa  "  in  having  persistent  tough 
bark  and  leaves  darker  on  the  upper  side  than  on  the 
lower.  The  flowers  are  also  larger.  In  the  New  England 
district  of  N.  S.  W.  the  tree  is  found  in  a  transition  state 
between  the  two  forms. 

These  transitions  and  mergings  of  forms  or  species  in 
the  genus  Eucalyptus  have  a  counterpart  in  some  of  our 
Pacific  Coast  oaks. 


EUCALYPTUS  PAUCIFLORA, 


Eucalyptus  pauciflora  does  well  with  us.  It  is  a  smooth 
bark  comparatively  soft  v/ood  tree,  not  generally  tall,  with 
a  maximum  native  height  of  about  100  feet.  This  tree  is 
one  of  the  Eucalyptus  having  a  wide  climatic  range.  In  a 
dwarf  form  it  is  found  in  the  Alpine  districts  of  both  Aus- 
tralia and  Tasmania.  On  the  higher  Australian  mountains 
up  to  6000  feet  this  tree  and  Eucalyptus  Gunnii  constitute 
scrubby  forests.  It  has  also  an  unusually  broad  tolerance 
of  varying  geologic  formations. 

It  is  from  these  causes  a  valuable  tree  for  experiment 
in  difficult  places. 

The  tree  in  Australia  rarely  gives  much  clear  timber, 
nor  does  it  last  well  underground. 

A  peculiarity  of  the  tree  is  its  frequent  variation  in 
foliage  from  the  narrow  sickle-shaped  leaf  to  a  very  broad 
large  one  dissimilar  in  appearance.  The  twigs  and  inflores- 
ence  are  often  covered  with  the  bluish  white  powder  of 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  101 

the  }7oung  blue    gum.     The   veining   of  the    leaves  and  the 
young  branches  are  found  at  times  a  bright  red. 

The  name,  pauciflora,  does  not  seem  as  appropriate  as 
one  given  by  Cunningham,  viz.:  Eucalyptus  coriacea. 
The  leaves  are  thick  and  leathery. 


EUCALYPTUS  PLANCHONIANA, 

Eucalyptus  Planchoniana  grows  well  at  Santa  Monica. 
It  is  a  tree  reaching  a  height  of  100  feet.  The  wood  is 
hard  and  durable,  not  easy  to  split.  As  the  pauciflora  is 
indicated  for  cold  districts  the  Planchoniana  is  equally  rec- 
ommendable  for  very  hot  dry  ones.  The  fruit  is  large, 
rather  angular.  The  twigs  are  also  angular.  The  foliage 
is  reported  to  form  a  better  head  than  that  of  most  Euca- 
lypti. Altogether  it  is  an  agreeable  form  of  the  genus. 
The  kino  from  this  tree  is  specially  valuable.  It  is  with 
us  a  profuse  bloomer,  but  has  not  proved  a  rapid 
grower  at  Santa  Monica. 


EUCALYPTU6  6IDEROPHLOIA. 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia  is  the  main  source  of  the  Syd- 
ney ironbark  timber  and  also  of  the  kino  attributed  to 
Eucalyptus  resinifera.  It  is  a  tree  of  100  to  150  feet  in 
height  with  narrow  long  leaves  and  rough  persistent  brown- 
ish red  bark.  The  tree  has  grown  well  at  Santa  Monica 
where  it  has  rather  broad  leaves,  and  proved  hardy  but  has 
not  grown  as  fast  as  other  trees.  The  crushed  leaves  have 


102  EUCALYPTUS. 

a  pleasant  Eucalyptus  odor.  It  has  a  habit  of  growth 
peculiar  to  several  species  of  the  genus.  The  tree  grows 
with  comparatively  short  branches  that  give  the  effect  of 
wrapping. the  tree  in  a  close  covering  of  foliage.  With  us 
it  is  not  a  spreading  tree.  At  the  present  time,  October, 
several  specimens  are  blooming  in  the  East  Side  Park, 
IvOs  Angeles.  This  point  might  be  worth  the  bee  men's 
following,  for  October  is  here  a-  month  light  in  bee  feed. 
Eucalyptus  siderophloia  is  a  peculiar,  but  in  its  way  an 
attractive  tree.  It  has  decided  economic  value  and  could 
be  utilized  in  landscape  work. 


EUCALYPTUS  TERETICORNI6. 


Eucalyptus  tereticornis  has  a  strong  individual  Eucalyp- 
tus smell  from  its  crushed  leaves  in  marked  contrast  to  the 
odor  of  Eucalyptus  siderophloia. 

The  leaves  of  the  Eucalypti  vary  greatly  in  the  type  as 
well  as  in  the  strength  of  their  Eucalyptus  odor.  Eucalyp- 
tus citriodora  or  maculata  var.  citriodora  is  one  of  the  few 
having  no  suggestion  of  Eucalyptus  in  its  sweet  lemon- 
scented  leaves,  yet  this  species  has  the  typical  sickle 
shaped  leaves  and  general  Eucalyptus  look  not  possessed  by 
all  the  members  of  the  genus. 

The  leaf  odor  of  tereticornis  bears  the  same  relation  to 
that  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata's  leaf  odor  as  the  California  Bay 
leaf  does  to  that  of  the  bay  leaf  of  commerce.  The  odor 
o  the  tereticornis  foliage,  here  at  least,  is  strong,  almost 
rank  and  verges  to  the  disagreeable.  I  am  fond  of  crush- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  103 

ing  and  inhaling  the  aroma  of  the  foliage  of  nearly  all  the 
species  of  Eucalyptus.  The  effect  is  soothing  and  gently 
stimulating.  But  the  tereticornis  is  too  rough  and  strong. 
A  friend  of  mine  has  used  the  leaves  of  .Eucalyptus  amyg- 
dalina  var.  linearis  in  his  chicken  house  and  hens'  nests 
and  found  them  a  preventative  of  lice  and  pests  generally. 
The  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  used  by  the  same 
gentleman  drove  the  setting  hens  from  their  nests. 

I  have  tried  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  leaves  with  my 
chickens  with  good  results.  Two  out  of  twelve  setting  hens, 
however,  deserted  their  eggs.  I  do  not  think  that  this 
would  have  happened  had  the  hens  been  accustomed  to  the 
powerful  aroma  of  these  leaves  beforehand. 

Further  study  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  informs  us  that 
the  peculiarly  strong  odor  of  the  leaves  noted  is  exceptional. 
As  a  rule  the  odor  of  the  foliage  is  nearly  identical  with  that 
of  Eucalyptus  rostrata.  The  tree  is  of  rather  slimmer  habit 
than  that  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  which  is  stocky.  It,  how- 
ever, varies  a  great  deal,  and  without  considering  the  pecu- 
liar beak-like  flower  cap  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  is  often 
difficult  to  distinguish  from  it.  The  leaves  are  usually 
broader  than  those  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  but  I  have  seen 
at  Ell  wood  broad-leaved  rostratas. 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis  with  us  grows  something  on  the 
type  of  the  white-barked  viminalis,  but  is  tall  and  slen- 
der. It  has  not  the  wavy  and  delicate  grace  of  Eucalyptus 
viminalis,  having  lank,  broadish  grey  green  leaves,  heavily 
massed.  It  is  indeed  one  of  the  numerous  "awkward  squad  " 
of  Eucalyptus  trees. 

Eucalyptus  tereticornis  makes  a  good  stem  though  rarely 
exceeding  100  feet  in  height. 

Its  close  botanic   relationship    to   Eucalyptus   rostrata  is 


W4  EUCALYPTUS. 

further  accentuated  by  its  hardy  growth  and  the  durability 
and  value  of  its  timber. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata,  however,  possesses  all  its  virtues 
and  4s  a  much  more  attractive  tree. 

Fine  samples  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  may  be  seen 
at  Paradise  nurseries,  Pasadena,  and  at  Mr.  Rindge's  gar- 
den, cor.  Nevada  and  Ocean  Avenues,  Santa  Monica.  At 
this  latter  place  it  is  mixed  in  with  Eucalyptus  rostratas 
and  the  two  can  be  seen  together.  A  characteristic  differ- 
ence of  these  two  is  in  the  flower  caps.  Those  of  Euca- 
lyptus rostrata  are  contracted  to  a  sharp  point  and  curved 
like  a  beak,  whence  the  name  rostrata.  Those  of  Euca- 
lyptus tereticornis  are  obtuse,  oblong  and  larger. 


EUCALYPTU5  EUGENIOIDE5, 


Eucalyptus  eugenioides  is  a  tree  attaining  about  200 
feet  in  height.  It  grows  gregariously,  generally  upon  poor 
uplands  or  on  sandy  places.  It  is  a  valued  timber  tree  of 
South  Eastern  Australia.  The  bark  is  rough,  persistent 
and  useful  for  mats  and  primitive  roofing.  It  could  be 
used  for  cordage.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  claimed 
superior  beauty  of  the  Eugenioides  foliage  to  that  of  most 
of  the  Eucalypti.  The  foliage  is  denser  and  greener  than 
is  usual  in  the  genus.  The  seedling  of  this  tree  is  very 
attractive.  The  stem  and  branches  are  covered  with  soft 
hair,  and  the  leaves  are  beautifully  serrated. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  105 

I  have  been  disappointed  in  the  more  mature  growth 
of  the  eugenioides  at  Santa  Monica,  not  that  it  is  not  a 
fair  growth  and  of  pleasing  appearance,  but  that  it  did  not 
come  up  to  the  expectation  of  its  name,  description  and 
seedling  growth.  Doubtless  this  tree  would  make  a  far 
better  comparative  record  in  situations  more  nearly  like 
its  native  habitat  than  the  moist  climate  and  rich  soil  of 
Santa  Monica  provide.  The  young  growth  is  yellow  and 
red  at  the  tips,  which  against  the  dark  green  mature 
foliage,  gives  our  Fiesta  colors. 

Von  Mueller  says  that  this  tree  and  Eucalyptus  piperita 
have  so  much  in  common  that  it  may  eventually  be  neces- 
sary to  consider  them  as  varieties  of  the  same  species. 

I  do  not  know  of  any  Eucalyptus  piperita  growing 
here.  This  fact  is  no  indication  that  this  tree  is  not  in 
California.  On  the  contrary  it  is  probably  to  be  found. 
I  distributed  seeds  of  Eucalyptus  piperita  with  many  other 
species  but  the  records  have  been  lost  and  the  only  way 
now  to  find  any  Eucalyptus  here  is  to  go  on  botanical 
voyages  of  discovery. 

Since  writing  this  I  have  found  a  specimen  of  Euca- 
lyptus piperita'.  In  mature  form  it  is  more  like  Eucalyptus 
pilularis  with  smaller  and  more  numerous  flowers.  Its 
seedling  has  oval  leaves  with  stems  and  is  hairy  like  that 
of  eugenioides  while  the  pilularis  seedling  has  long  narrow 
opposite  sessile  leaves.  Specimens  of  Eucalyptus  eugenioi- 
de^  may  be  seen  at  Paradise  nurseries,  Pasadena,  at  Santa 
Monica  Heights  and  at  the  Forestry  Station. 


OT 


106  EUCAL  YPTUS. 


EUCALYPTUS  CORYPIBOSA, 


Eucalyptus  corytnbosa  is  another  tree  that  has  not,  to 
my  knowledge,  been  absolutely  identified  as  growing  in  Cal- 
ifornia although  introduced  here  years  ago  by  me.  This 
tree  stands  considerable  stress  of  drouth  and  cold.  It  is  a 
thick  leaved  tree  with  persistent  rough  bark.  The  timber 
contains  large  amounts  of  kino  from  the  red  coloration 
of  which  this  tree  derives  its  common  name  of  "Blood- 
wood." 

It  is  a  source  of  commercial  kino.  The  wood  does 
not  make  good  fuel. 

The  corymbosa  is  one  of  the  Eucalypti  reported  to  have 
scented  flowers.  In  this  case  the  odor  is  pleasant. 

There  are  several  reputed  specimens  of  Eucalyptus 
corymbosa  here.  Two  of  these  are  at  the  Santa  Monica 
Forestry  Station  ;  but  as  they  have  not,  to  my  knowledge, 
flowered,  and  as  the  tree  labels  at  that  station  are  not  re- 
liable, it  is  not  possible  to  say  what  these  trees  really  are. 
These  specimens  answer  in  a  general  way  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  Eucalyptus  corymbosa,  and  are  good  looking  trees 
of  symmetrical  growth  with  handsome  dark  green  foliage. 

The  test  of  this  tree  in  the  Argentine  Republic  turned 
out  so  exceptionally  favorable  that  I  have  ordered  again 
from  Australia  a  fresh  supply  of  seeds  together  with  those 
of  Eucalyptus  urnigera,  Eucalyptus  coccifera,  Eucalyptus 
microtheca,  Eucalyptus  salmonophloia,  Eucalyptus  miniata, 
Eucalyptus  phoenicea  and  Eucalyptus  macrocarpa.  The 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  107 

last  three    are  mainly  desirable  for  ornament  on    account  of 
the  probable  beauty  of  their  brilliant  crimson  flowers. 

The  strictly  ornamental  trees  of  the  Eucalyptus  genus 
are  not  numerous.  The  first  and  for  a  long  time  the  only 
one  brought  here  as  ornamental  was 


EUCALYPTUS  CALOPHYLLA. 


Eucalyptus  calophylla,  or  the  beautiful  leaved.  As  an 
ornamental  tree  it  has  proved  rather  disappointing.  The 
leaves  are  dark  green,  somewhat  glossy,  with  the  veining 
often  a  rich  yellow.  The  bark  is  rough,  grey  and  per- 
sistent. The  cream-colored  flo\vers  are  numerous.  The 
fruit  and  seeds  are  the  largest  of  the  genus. 

This  attractive  description  is  somehow  not  realized  in 
the  tree. 

We  have  found  it  of  rather  slow  growth  and  in  no 
case  here  is  it  very  tall.  The  large  fruits  persist  on  tte 
tree  and  do  not  help  its  appearance. 

It  is,  however,  a  valuable  timber  tree,  being  used  in 
Australia  for  the  purposes  to  which  our  hickory  of  the  At- 
lantic States  is  adapted. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla  does  not  resist  much  frost,  but 
does  succeed  remarkably  well  in  the  moist  tropics,  as  at 
Zanzibar. 

Yon  Mueller  speaks  of  frost  burning  in  the  calophylla  in 
the  Melbourne  gardens,  but  I  have  never  seen  one  frosted 
here.  There  is  reported  to  be  a  pink  flowered  variety 
which  I  have  not  seen.  Its  introduction  here  would 
doubtless  renew  the  interest  in  this  tree. 


io8  EUCALYPTUS. 

Its  habitat  in  Australia  covers  that  part  having  the 
most  equable  and  salubrious  climate  of  the  Continent. 
Hence  the  local  saying,  "To  live  in  a  red  gum  forest  is 
to  be  healthy." 

It  is  called  the  red  gum  of  West  Australia  on  account 
of  the  large  amount  of  kino  it  contains.  It  bears  no  re- 
semblance to  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  the  common  red  gum. 

Specimens  of  Eucalyptus  calophylla  are  common.  The 
finest  one  I  know  is  on  Santa  Monica  Heights,  below  the 
farm  house;  others  may  be  seen  on  Nevada  avenue  at  the 
Forestry  Station,  Santa  Monica,  and  at  Paradise  nurseries. 

The  fruit  of  this  tree  and  that  of  Eucalyptus  ficifolia 
are  polished  and  sold  for  pipe  bowls  at  a  tobacco  store  on 
Main  street,  L,os  Angeles. 

The  tree  is  reported  to  reach  a  height  of  120  feet,  and 
even  170  has  been  noted.  We  have  nothing  like  this  to 
show.  Forty-five  feet  is  the  tallest  calophylla  measured 
here  and  this  is  exceptional. 

Its  nearest  specific  ally  is  Eucalyptus  ficifolia. 


EUCALYPTUS  FICIFOLIA, 


This  tree,  rather  dwarfish  in  growth,  with  dark  green 
leaves  and  usually  startlingly  brilliant  scarlet  flowers,  has 
entirely  replaced  with  us  the  calophylla  for  ornamental  pur- 
poses. It  is  the  most  striking  looking  plant  we  have  intro- 
duced of  the  genus.  Nothing,  it  seems  to  me,  can  exceed 
the  strange  brilliancy  of  its  flowers.  The  usual  color  is 
nearest  that  of  an  English  soldier's  scarlet  coat.  This 
coloring,  however,  does  not  seem  reliable  from  Californian 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  iog 

raised  seed.  The  tree  was  introduced,  I  believe,  by  Mr. 
Scharff.  He  planted  seeds  of  the  trees  as  they  matured  at 
his  place.  An  old  row  of  this  planting  at  South  Pasadena 
has  given  a  different  colored  flower  for  every  one  of  these 
ficifolia.  The  colors  vary  from  a  flesh  pink  through  orange 
and  scarlet  to  a  magenta.  The  two  old  trees  at  Santa 
Monica  both  have  the  scarlet  flowers  which  wre  expected. 

The  ficifolia  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word  is  cer- 
tainly ornamental.  The  foliage  is  handsome  and  the  flow- 
ers, though  garish,  are  so  brilliant  and  interesting  that 
the  tree  well  deserves  a  place  where  striking  effects  are 
sought. 

To  me  the  grander  trees  of  the  genus  are  far  more 
attractive  and  I  even  prefer  the  peculiar  and  delicate  beau- 
ties of  polyanthema  and  sideroxylon  to  the  more  assertive 
coloring  of  the  dwarf. 


EUCALYPTUS  BUPRE6TIUM, 


There  are  several  bush  Eucalypti  at  Santa  Monica,  or 
at  ScharfFs  South  Pasadena  place,  none  of  which  as  yet 
show  characteristics  worth  perpetuating.  The  possible  ex- 
ception to  this  is  a  shrub  of  the  species  Eucalyptus  bu- 
prestium.  This  is  of  pretty  rounding  growth,  at  Santa 
Monica  Heights,  with  small  flowers  and  large  fruits.  The 
flowers  are  reported  to  contain  a  fine  quality  of  nectar 
unusually  good  for  bees.  Von  Mueller  suggests  that  its 


no  EUCALYPTUS. 

capacity  for  growing  on  very  sandy  places  might    be    used 
to  aid  in  bringing  such  situations  into  subjection. 

Mr.  Scharff  has  a  large  seedling  growing  at  his  place 
under  the  name  of  Eucalyptus  macrocarpa.  This  is  surely 
a  mistake.  It  may  be  Eucalyptus  Foelsheana  which  is 
worthy  of  trial  on  account  of  its  large  leaves,  but  Scharff 's 
tree  cannot  be  macrocarpa.  This  is  to  be  regretted  for 
the  macrocarpa  must  be  a  plant  of  power  in  producing 
striking  effects.  Its  leaves  are  large,  sessile  and  opposite, 
and  the  whole  bush  is  covered  with  a  silvery  white  pow- 
der. The  flowers  vary  in  color  from  bright  orange  to 
crimson.  Such  colors  against  such  foliage  surely  produce 
wonderful  effects.  I  have  several  times  ordered  seeds  of 
this  tree  without  ever  succeeding  in  obtaining  them. 


EUCALYPTU5  MEGACARPA, 


This  somewhat  similarly  named  tree  has  a  large  fruit, 
but  nothing  else  to  suggest  the  macrocarpa.  I  know  of 
but  one  specimen  in  California.  This  is  a  vigorous  grow- 
ing and  symmetrical  tree  that  is  well  worthy  of  more 
attention.  It  blooms  and  seeds  freely  at  the  Santa  Monica 
Forestry  Station. 

The  foliage  has  a  pleasant  odor,  similar  to  that  of  Eu- 
calyptus Stuartiana,  and  is  rather  a  dark  green.  It  is  not 
reported  to  be  very  tall.  The  tree  is  frequently  found  on 
mountains  and  seems  particularly  adapted  to  granite  soil. 
In  Southwestern  Australia  it  is  called  the  blue  gum. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  111 

EUCALYPTUS  PILULARI6, 


The  Blackbutt  is  an  elegant  and  rather  aristocratic  look- 
ing tree.  The  seedling  of  Eucalyptus  pilularis,  though 
somewhat  stiff,  is  very  attractive.  It  often  has  a  purplish 
tinge  in  the  foliage.  The  mature  tree  is  of  slim  and  erect 
growth  and  is  reported  to  attain  a  height  of  300  feet  in 
Australia.  With  us  the  tree  is  thrifty,  but  not  a  very  fast 
grower.  Its  form  suggests  one  of  the  uses  reported  for  it 
in  Australia — that  of  telegraph  poles. 

Eucalyptus  pilularis  makes  a  better  steeple  effect  than 
Eucalyptus  citriodora  when  planted  in  a  copse.  There  are 
a  number  of  these  trees  on  Nevada  avenue,  Santa  Monica. 
The  new  growth  of  pilularis  is  a  warm  yellow  with  the 
youngest  leaves  red,  and  produces  a  pleasing  Spanish  col- 
oring. The  tree  can  be  picked  out  from  others  a  long 
way  off  on  account  of  this  characteristic.  It  is  generally 
useful  as  a  timber  tree. 


EUCALYPTUS  BOTRYOIDES, 


This  is  an  exceedingly  handsome  and  vigorous  growing 
tree  about  Los  Angeles.  It  was  introduced  here  by  the 
late  Mr.  Grelek  many  years  ago,  but  seems  to  have  been 
lost  sight  of  and  forgotten.  Eucalyptus  botryoides  has 
dark  green  leaves,  paler  beneath  and  generally  horizontal. 
The  tree  stands  city  conditions  remarkably  well.  This 
point,  together  with  its  usually  symmetrical  and  rounded 


ii2  EUCALYPTUS. 

head,  make  it  a  specially  desirable  road  tree.  Eucalyptus 
botryoides  is  also  reported  as  growing  on  coast  sands.  I 
have  started  an  experimental  planting  in  such  a  situation 
in  South  Santa  Monica,  with  thus  far  most  favorable  re- 
sults. It  is  called  a  mahogany  in  Australia.  All  of  the 
specimens  here  that  I  know,  except  one,  have  persistent 
rough  bark  on  the  main  stem,  decorticating  only  on  the 
upper  branches.  The  exception  is  a  very  tall  hand- 
some tree  at  the  Paradise  Nurseries,  Pasadena.  This 
tree  sheds  its  bark  on  the  main  stem  also.  This 
decorticating  of  the  main  stem  is  said  by  Von  Mueller 
to  be  one  of  the  characteristics  separating  Eucalyptus 
saligna  from  Eucalyptus  botryoides.  Scharff's  tree,  how- 
ever, is  exactly  like  the  other  botryoides  in  bud,  flower, 
fruit  and  foliage  and  not  like  saligna  in  its  fruit.  The 
bark  on  the  main  stem  is  shed  like,  and  appears  similar 
to  that  of  the  upper  branches  of  the  certain  specimens  of 
Eucalyptus  botryoides,  consequently  we  may  safely  deem 
this  tree  at  Pasadena  to  be  only  a  variation  of  the  mahog- 
ony  or  binnak. 

There  is  an  old  specimen  in  a  garden  on  the  northeast 
corner  of  Main  and  Sixth  streets,  Los  Angeles.  There  are 
also  a  number  planted  as  sidewalk  trees  on  the  corner  of 
Ninth  and  Alvarado  streets,  Los  Angeles.  These  latter 
demonstrate  what  an  excellent  street  tree  it  can  make. 
They  are  vigorous  and  shade  the*  whole  sidewalk.  There 
is  another  fine  specimen  but  with  a  double  stem,  in  a 
Pasadena  garden  on  Orange  Grove  avenue,  near  California 
street. 

The  rapid  growth  and  great  vigor  of  this  tree  recom- 
mend it  for  more  extended  planting  than  it  has  had.  It 
is  one  of  the  largest  trees  in  the  Scharff  collection.  The 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  113 

only  reported  drawback  is  a  tendency  to  lose  branches  in 
heavy  winds.  Messrs.  Scharff  &  Shorting  speak  of  this  as 
a  weak  point,  but  the  vigor  of  the  tree  is  so  great  that  it 
does  not  show  any  such  effects  in  its  present  appearance. 


EUCALYPTUS  GONIOCALYX, 


Eucalyptus  goniocalyx  is  known  as  the  blue  gum  of 
New  South  Wales,  where  the  Eucalyptus  globulus  does  not 
grow.  It  is  spoken  of  by  Von  Mueller  as  one  of  the  best 
Eucalypti  for  forest  planting.  The  wood  is  hard,  tough, 
and  difficult  to  split  and  also  exceptionally  durable,  both  in 
and  out  of  the  ground.  It  is  one  of  the  species  of  the 
genus  that  has  a  particular  tendency  to  vary  especially  in 
its  bark.  In  this  respect  it  is  sometimes  of  the  Hemiph- 
Ioi3e  type  and  then  called  a  box  tree,  and  at  other  times 
of  the  Leiophloiae,  and  then  called  a  blue  gum  or  white 
gum  tree.  We  have  very  few  of  them  in  California,  in 
fact  I  am  certain  of  but  one,  that  at  the  Forestry  Station, 
Santa  Monica.  This  specimen  in  its  buds,  flowers,  fruits 
and  foliage  exactly  corresponds  to  Von  Mueller's  plate. 
There  are  several  other  older  trees  in  different  places  that 
come  nearer  to  the  botanic  description  of  Eucalyptus  gon- 
iocalyx than  to  anything  else  and  yet  vary  sufficiently  from 
them  to  suggest  another  species.  Two  of  the.ce  trees  are 
at  Santa  Monica  Heights.  Even  these  two  vary  from  each 
other  in  the  fruits,  but  not  in  a  very  marked  way.  At  a 
casual  glance  these  trees  would  be  mistaken  for  Eucalyptus 
globulus,  although,  of  course,  not  at  all  like  that  in  flower 

or  fruit.     I  have  never  seen  a  botanic   description  of  Euca- 
s 


ii4  EUCALYPTUS. 

lyptus  Maideni,  called  also  a  blue  gum  in  New  South 
Wales,  and  the  Heights'  trees  may  belong  to  that  species. 
All  of  these  trees  are  vigorous  and  thrifty  and  seem  to 
be  perfectly  at  home  in  our  coast  climate.  They  are,  how- 
ever, no  more  attractive  in  appearance  than  the  blue  gum, 
and  Eucalyptus  goniocalyx  is  not  likely  to  have  much  of 
a  vogue  with  us. 


EUCALYPTUS  PUNCTATA. 


This  tree  is  of  a  more  spreading  habit  than  is  usual,  es- 
pecially as  seen  next  to  Eucalyptus  globulus'  and  Eucalyp- 
tus viminaliSj  in  the  Santa  Monica  Park,  Nevada  Avenue. 
The  wood  is  tough  and  very  durable,  and  of  a  pale 
reddish  brown  color.  Its  name  of  Leather  Jacket  comes 
from  its  tough  rather  dark  colored  bark,  and  its  other  ver- 
nacular name  ''Hickory"  from  the  toughness  of  the  timler. 
A  good  many  of  these  trees  are  scattered  about  Southern 
California.  In  a  lot  of  280  boxes  of  seedling  Eucalyptus, 
raised  by  me  and  presented  to  the  State  Board  of  .Forestry, 
there  were,  as  nearly  as  I  can  recollect,  about  50  boxes  of 
Eucalyptus  punctata.  This  number  will  represent  what  are 
growing  in  this  part  of  the  State. 

The  bark  is  darker  than  that  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and 
is  apparently  not  so  persistent.  The  leaf  is  very  much  like 
that  of  Eucalyptus  resinifera,  being  dark  green  and  glossy 
above  and  paler  beneath.  This  tree  is  reported  to  prefer 
dry  and  rocky  situations.  Its  foliage  is  one  of  those  pro- 
ducing the  melitose- manna  most  common  in  Eucalyptus 
viminalis.  Our  Eucalyptus  punctata  and  Eucalyptus  resini- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  u5 

fera  merge  toward  each  other  in  some  ways  and  produce 
a  mind  confusion.  What  we  believe  to  be  Eucalyptus  punc- 
tata  corresponds  in  every  way  to  Von  Mueller's  plate  and 
description  except  in  having  a  straight  instead  of  cork- 
screw style  in  the  bud,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  Euca- 
lyptus resinifera  with  a  fibrous  bark,  always  single  umbels 
and  not  paniculate,  and  corresponding  in  the  fruit  and  seeds 
to  Von  Mueller's  account  of  resinifera,  has  with  us  a  cork- 
screw style  instead  of  a  straight  one  in  bud.  In  other 
words  the  style  is  exactly  opposite  to  what  we  expected 
to  find.  The  fruits  in  the  resinifera  here  vary  a  good 
deal,  as  do  also  the  shapes  of  the  operculum  or  flower  cap. 
Von  Mueller  speaks  of  Eucalyptus  resinifera  as  having  a 
vigorous  capacity  for  varying. 


EUCALYPTUS  6ALK5NA, 


This  tree  is  called  a  blue  gum  in  New  South  Wales. 
Its  appearance  here  thus  far  gives  no  reason  for  the  name. 
The  foliage  is  dark  green  and  glossy  above  and  paler  be- 
neath. The  bark  decorticates  in  small  pieces  leaving  a  rich 
reddish-brown  stem  mottled  with  olive  green.  The  large 
branches  are  olive  green.  I  mean  the  commercial  olive 
green  which  is  a  color  quite  foreign  to  the  olive.  It  is  a 
handsome  vigorous  tree  that  grows  well  at  the  Santa  Monica 
Station.  The  tree  has  just  flowered  at  the  Station  and  I 
believe  for  the  first  time.  At  any  rate  I  have  long  watched 
for  flowers  without  finding  any.  The  buds,  flowers,  and 
immature  fruit  as  at  present  found  are  very  different  from 


u6  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

the  tree  which  we  have  identified  as  a  sport  or  variety  of 
Eucalyptus  botryoides  that  has  also  a  decorticating  bark. 
The  buds  and  fruit  in  Eucalyptus  botryoides  are  markedly 
angular  and  more  crowded  together,  and  the  bark  of  the 
one  specimen  that  decorticate  comes  off  in  long  strips. 
Eucalyptus  saligna  has  a  good  reputation  as  a  timber  tree 
and  has  proved  here  a  fast  grower  but  is  very  shy  in  flow- 
ers or  fruits  at  Santa  Monica. 


EUCALYPTUS  TETRAPTERA, 

This  tree  is  a  dwarf  with  very  thick  long  scattered 
sickle-shaped  leaves.  The  flowers  are  pendent,  very  large, 
solitary  and  quite  numerous.  The  tube  of  the  calyx  is 
very  angular,  in  fact  winged.  At  Santa  Monica  the  calyx 
tube  and  the  stalk  just  before  the  cap  falls  become  a  bril- 
liant crimson,  and  are  by  far  the  most  striking  part  of  the 
flower.  The  stamens  are  comparatively  short  and  of  a  dark 
red,  the  anthers  are  purple. 


EUCALYPTUS  MINIATA, 


I  have  elsewhere  alluded  to  Eucalyptus  miniata  as 
shrubby.  It,  however,  grows  to  be  a  tree  of  seventy  or 
more  feet  in  height.  It  has  crimson  flowers  and  often  a 
silvery  white  bloom  on  the  foliage.  The  leaves  are  some- 
what paler  beneath.  It  is  a  native  of  the  tropical  part  of 
Australia.  The  tree  has  not,  to  my  knowledge,  be^en  in- 
troduced here,  but  certainly  deserves  to  be  tried. 

Mr.  Walter  Gill  has  furnished  me  a  note  on  Eucalyptus 
hemiphloia,  which  it  is  too  late  to  put  in  its  proper  place. 


EUCALYPTUS.  7/7 

He  states  this  tree  to  be  native  to  the  country  about  the 
head  of  Spencer's  Gulf  and  on  iron  and  sandstone  ranges 
to  an  elevation  of  3000  feet.  In  that  section  it  is  subjected 
to  quite  severe  frosts.  The  tree  is  consequently  one  suited 
to  situations  trying  on  account  of  cold  as  well  as  drought. 
These  points  of  advantage  cause  me  to  regret  all  the  more 
our  lack  of  success  with  the  seeds  of  Eucalyptus  hemiph- 
loia.  From  what  Prof.  Maiden  says  about  the  N.  S.  W. 
hemiphloia,  it  seems  probable  that  the  South  Australian 
form  will  prove  at  the  least  a  variety. 


UNIDENTIFIED  TREES  AT  FORESTRY  STATION, 

There  are  at  the  Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station  a  num- 
ber of  trees  that  have  never  flowered,  some  of  these  are 
labelled  and  some  not.  Amongst  the  most  promising  of 
these  are  the  following: 

Se wall's  red  gum.  This  tree  grows  well.  It  resembles 
Eucalyptus  saligna. 

Eucalyptus  rudis.     A   good   vigorous   appearing  tree. 

Eucalyptus  exima,  dark  green  and  unusually  large  leaves. 

Neither  Eucalyptus  leptophleba  nor  the  small  gray- 
leaved  Eucalyptus  pinnata  have  grown  well. 

Since  writing  the  above,  Eucalyptus  rudis  has  flowered 
at  the  station  and  I  have  found  it  in  profuse  bloom  at 
Santa  Monica  Heights  and  on  the  extension  of  Figueroa 
Street,  south  of  Los  Angeles.  The  Heights  specimen  has 
the  curious  characteristic  of  alternating  colored  flowers. 
About  one-third  of  the  flowers  are  all  pink  and  the  rest  all 
cream-white.  These  different  colored  flowers  occur  all  over 
the  tree.  I  know  of  one  specimen  of  the  blue  gum,  Euca- 


ii  8  EUCALYPTUS. 

lyptus  globulus,  that  also  has  alternating  pink  and  white 
flowers.  This  year  about  two-thirds  of  the  flowers  are 
pink  and  one-third  the  usual  cream- white.  One  often  sees 
imperfectly  colored,  or,  as  in  the  hydrangia,  differently 
shaded  flowers  on  the  same  base  color,  but  two  distinct 
colors  such  as  madder-pink  and  cream-white  solid  in  alter- 
nating blooms  on  the  same  branch,  is  something  novel  to 
my  limited  experience.  This  blue  gum  is  on  Third  Street, 
Santa  Monica,  in  the  business  quarter. 


SPECIES  AT  UNIVERSITY,  BERKELEY. 

In  a  day's  trip  about  Berkeley,  I  found  fourteen  species 
of  Eucalypti,  of  these  a  very  poor  specimen  of  Eucalyptus 
redunca  was  the  only  one  not  known  here.  However,  new 
sprouts  from  a  number  of  eucalyptus  trees,  cut  out  in  the 
grounds,  show  these  to  be  probably  species  not  known  in 
California.  It  seems  a  pity  that  rare  trees  should  have 
been  chosen  for  the  thinning  process,  instead  of  some  of 
the  excessive  plantings  of  Monterey  Cypress. 

Back  of  a  grand  stand  on  the  campus  is  the  best  speci- 
men I  knew  of  Eucalyptus  viminalis  with  persistent  bark. 
It  is  a  handsome  tree,  with  flower  buds  larger  and  more 
nearly  round  than  the  smooth-barked  decorticating  variety. 
It  is  not  so  erect  in  growth.  Along  side  of  these  dark 
rough-barked  viminalis  stands  for  convenient  comparison  a 
superb  specimen  of  the  white  smooth-barked  variety. 
These  trees  seem  to  me  to  have  differences  great  enough  to 
warrant  specific  rank  in  each  case.  The  habit  of  growth 
in  the  two  trees  is  not  the  same.  The  rough-barked  one 
is  irregular  and  spreading,  while  the  smooth-barked  one  is 


EUCALYPTUS.  u9 

tall,  erect  and  regular.  The  variations  in  the  bark  of 
eucalyptus  trees,  classified  as  belonging  to  the  same  species, 
has  been  attributed  to  diverse  geologic  or  climatic  condi- 
tions. At  Berkeley  we  see  the  Eucalyptus  viminalis  on  the 
same  soil  showing  on  the  one  hand  a  rough,  dark  persis- 
tent bark,  and  on  the  other  a  smooth,  white  decorticating 
one. 

I  was  struck  at  Berkeley  by  the  great  number  of  Mon- 
terey Cypress  seedlings  coming  up  in  the  grounds.  We  see 
oaks,  Eucalyptus  and  acacia  seedlings  often  enough  in  Cali- 
fornia, but  those  of  Cupressus  macrocarpa  are  almost  un- 
known except  in  a  nursery. 

The  handsomest  exotic  trees  I  saw  at  Berkeley  were,  I 
believe,  specimens  of  the  black  wattle,  acacia  decurrens. 
The  feather<'  foliage  in  dense  masses  on  these  giant  trees 
was  both  charming  and  impressive.  The  rich,  heavy  soils 
of  Berkeley  are  evidently  to  this  tree's  liking.  There  are 
good  specimens  of  the  rough  persistent  and  smooth  decor- 
ticating barked  varieties  of  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  on  the 
Campus,  otherwise  the  Eucalyptus  plantations  at  the  Uni- 
versity grounds  are  uninteresting. 


no  EUCAL  YPTUS. 


EUCALYPTUS  FOR  BEE  PEED. 


My  attention  was  first  called  to  the  value  of  this  genus 
to  bee  men  by  Prof.  A.  J.  Cook,  of  Claremont.  Many  of 
the  species  are  profuse  bloomers  and  are  rich  in  nectar. 
Besides  this  valuable  characteristic,  various  of  the  species 
flower  at  seasons  when  there  is  a  great  scarcity  of  bee 
feed.  In  Southern  California  the  different  species  of  Euca- 
lyptus vary  in  their  times  of  blooming  according  to  the 
soils  and  climates  \vhere  they  are  located,  and  also  accord- 
ing to  the  character  of  the  seasons.  Besides  these  sources 
of  variability,  individual  trees  often  bloom  earlier  or  later 
than  the  average  of  the  same  species.  Taking  the  sixty 
species  and  marked  varieties  of  this  genus  in  Southern 
California,  I  have  never  seen  a  day  that  flowers  could  not 
be  found  on  some  of  them.  What  the  value  of  the  Euca- 
lyptus really  is  as  a  honey  producer,  and  especially  its 
value  in  individual  species,  is  as  yet  undetermined.  Several 
of  the  species  are  certainly  important  in  this  regard,  suffi- 
ciently so  to  cause  careful  observations  on  all  the  species. 
When  we  consider  the  free  production  of  nectar  by  the 
Eucalyptus  at  seasons  when  there  is  little  or  no  other 
resource  for  bees,  and  also  the  claimed  medicinal  value  of 
honey  from  Eucalyptus  flowers  for  relieving  irritation  of 
the  mucous  membrane  and  as  a  nerve  sedative,  the  pre- 
sumption is  strongly  in  its  favor.  Bee  men  will  doubtless 
find  it  to  their  interest  to  study  the  species  and  plant  in 
waste  places  such  sorts  as  will  furnish  the  best  kinds  of 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  121 

nectar  during  the  most  difficult  season  for  the  bees.  The 
following  notes  apply  specially  to  Santa  Monica: 

From  a  bee  point  of  view,  the  Eucalyptus  may  be 
divided  into  two  classes —those  that  flower  but  once  a  year 
and  those  that  flower  more  than  once,  or  have  a  prolonged 
blooming  season. 

There  are  not  many  of  the  first  type  here.  Eucalyptus 
polyanthema  is  one  of  the  few  that  blooms  but  once  in  the 
year,  as  far  as  we  have  noticed.  The  variety  of  Eucalyp- 
tus sideroxylon  (generally  sold  as  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon) 
with  a  lemon  colored  or  white  flower,  is  thus  far  a  very 
shy  bloomer  and  consequently  of  little  value  for  bee  feed. 
The  pink  flowered  varieties,  both  with  green  or  gray  leaves, 
have  a  prolonged  season  of  blooming  and  for  the  most  part 
have  two  seasons,  one  commencing  about  the  end  of  No- 
vember and  the  other  in  May.  Both  the  white  and  pink 
flowered  smooth  barked  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  follow  about 
the  same  seasons,  but  while  more  profuse  in  the  spring 
flowering,  have  this  shorter  than  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. 
Bees  frequent  these  flowers.  The  two  principal  varieties  of 
Eucalyptus  amygdalina  here,  viz.,  var.  regnans  and  var. 
linearis  or  angostifolia  are  rarely  out  of  bloom.  The  leaves 
of  this  species  are  very  strong  odored  of  a  pepperminty- 
Eucalyptus  smell,  which,  if  it  attaches  to  the  flowers  or 
nectar,  might  give  a  flavor  to  the  honey  that  would  lessen 
its  value,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  insure  the  very  fancy 
London  price  recently  current  for  honey  claimed  to  have 
been  derived  from  Eucalyptus. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx,  the  sugar  gum,  is  certainly  a 
fine  bee  feed  tree.  Here  it  has  two,  and  often  three  seasons; 
one  ot  these  commences  in  September  or  the  end  of  August 
and  continues  through  November.  In  the  warm  September 


122  EUCALYPTUS. 

weather  this  year,  1895,  the  bees  did  a  humming  business 
over  the  sugar  gum  flowers  all  about  Santa  Monica.  Euca- 
lyptus siderophloia  has  also  a  flowering  time  in  the  same 
difficult  months,  but  it  has  no  such  profusion  of  blossoms 
as  the  sugar  gum  nor  is  it  so  fast  a  grower.  Eucalyptus 
longifolia  has  a  prolonged  spring  blooming  time.  This  tree 
is  in  full  bloom  now  at  Santa  Monica,  December,  1895. 
It  is  reported  to  be  a  good  bee  feed  by  Prof.  Cook. 

A  crimson  flowered  variety,  which  seems  to  belong  to 
Eucalyptus  occidentalis  or  to  Eucalyptus  obcordata,  (our 
variety  Calif ornica,  or  perhaps  Hooker's  Eucalyptus  platy- 
pus) is  practically  a  perennial  and  free  bloomer.  I  have  yet 
to  see  this  tree  without  flowers  since  it  first  bloomed.  Bees 
like  it  and  frequent  it.  The  typical  Eucalyptus  occidentalis, 
with  creamy  flowers,  is  quite  a  constant  bloomer  but  noth- 
ing like  this  beautiful  crimson  flowered  variety. 

Eucalyptus  occidentalis  has  two  seasons;  one  com- 
mences in  November.  This  is  also  the  case  with  Eucalyp- 
tus diversicolor,  Eucalyptus  lyehmanni  and  Eucalyptus 
robusta.  The  latter  is  a  very  profuse  bloomer,  commenc- 
ing one  of  its  seasons  in  November,  and  I  should  think 
would  be  a  good  bee  feed.  Eucalyptus  diversicolor  flowers 
very  freely  in  December  and  is  popular  with  bees.  Euca- 
lyptus globulus  commences  a  prolonged  winter  blooming  in 
November.  It  is  much  sought  by  bees  and  must  be  an 
important  source  of  honey  in  this  county.  The  blue  gum 
is  a  large  tree  and  is  profuse  in  its  flowers.  The  size  of 
the  tree  and  the  number  of  its  flowers,  together  with  the 
duration  and  seasons  of  blooming  and  the  nectar  contents, 
are  all  favorable  to  this  gum. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta  has  two  seasons  of  blooming,  one 
in  winter  and  one  in  July  and  August,  the  last  ending 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  123 

just  about  the  time  the  sugar  gum,  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx, 
begins.  The  flower  of  cornuta  has  a  very  long  lid  or  cap 
as  its  name  suggests.  This  cap,  when  it  separates  from 
the  calyx  tube,  continues  to  half  cover  the  stamens  for 
some  little  time.  The  bees  only  seek  these  flowers  while 
the  cap  still  partially  covers  them  and  not  when  it  is 
entirely  off.  This  is  also  the  case  in  the  closely  allied  tree 
Eucalyptus  Lehmanni,  and  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  in 
Eucalyptus  siderophloia. 

Eucalyptus  citriodora,  in  winter,  blooms  quite  freely  in 
its  white  panicles  but  only  once  a  year,  so  far  as  I  know. 
The  pronounced  lemon  scent  and  fragrant  odor  of  the 
leaves  of  this  species  suggests  the  possibility  of  some  such 
flavor  existing  in  the  nectar.  Whether  such  a  flavor  is 
transferred  by  bees  and  recognizable  in  the  honey  is  for 
practical  bee  men  to  say. 

I  believe  that  by  some  study  of  this  subject  species  of 
Eucalyptus  with  plenty  of  nectar  could  be  so  selected  as 
to  give  a  constant  crop  of  flowers  or  flowers  at  such  times 
as  these  are  absent  in  other  plants. 

Nearly  all  the  species  have  their  most  luxuriant  flow- 
ering time  in  the  winter  and  early  spring.  Eucalyptus 
sideroxylon  has  its  main  flowering  time  in  the  late  spring 
and  early  summer,  then  comes  Eucalyptus  cornuta  in  July 
and  August,  then  Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  from  September 
to  November,  and  then  Eucalyptus  globulus  and  Euca- 
lyptus robusta,  connecting  back  by  the  rich  and  numerous 
flowers  of  Eucalyptus  polyanthema. 

I  am  of  opinion  that  all  the  species  that  commence 
blooming  in  November  and  during  the  winter  continue 
more  or  less  generally  their  flowering  well  into  the  spring 
months. 


124  EUCALYPTUS. 

The  drawback  to  spring  flowering  Eucalyptus  for  honey 
is  that  the  distinctive  flavor  is  apt  to  be  mixed  with  the 
flavor  of  the  highly  prized  orange  flower  honey  gathered  at 
that  season. 


BARKS. 

Many  of  the  Eucalyptus  trees  under  observation  in 
Southern  California  are  young,  say  seven  to  nine  3^ears  of 
age.  The  bark  in  trees  of  such  age  is  probably  not  a  reli- 
able indication  of  what  the  bark  is  in  maturity.  This 
source  of  error  must  be  taken  into  consideration  when  stu- 
dying our  Eucalypti.  Barks  here  are  from  a  quarter  to 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  thick. 

Eucalyptus  glubulus  (old  trees,  20  years)  bark  decorti- 
cates on  lower  main  stem  in  small  lengths  and  without 
leaving  entirely  smooth  bark.  It  is  rough,  fibrous,  thick 
on  lower  stem  to  about  six  feet  above  the  ground.  On  the 
stem  generally,  and  branches,  the  bark  is  shed  in  long  string- 
ers, leaving  the  new  bark  smooth.  Outer  bark  light  brown 
or  greyish  ;  smooth  bark  when  first  exposed,  buff  turning 
to  a  light  olive  or  blue-grey.  Bark  of  saplings  smooth, 
green,  persistent.  Twigs  of  young  generally  blue,  sometimes 
crimson,  of  older  trees,  yellow. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  (10  years)  general  effect  of  per- 
sistent bark  but  it  partly  sheds  in  short  patches.  Main 
stem  color  a  rich  cream,  of  duller  color  just  before  decorti- 
cating. Branches  are  olive  or  bluish  grey  before  shedding, 
creamy  afterward;  twigs  red.  Young  trees  shed  bark  in 
short  curls,  often  till  seventh  or  eighth  year. 

Eucalyptus  calophylla  bark  of  stem  rough,  fissured,  per- 
sistent dull  grey.  On  branches  sheds  in  short  patches  leav- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  125 

ing  new  bark  a  light  warm  brown;  twigs  greenish  grey  or 
crimson  or  red.  Some  seven  year  trees  have  stem  bark 
decorticating  in  flakes  or  blisters;  outer  bark  grey,  under 
bark  buff. 

Eucalyptus  diversicolor  (Santa  Monica,  10  years)  stem 
bark  persistent,  creamy  grey,  but  does  shed  short  pieces; 
smaller  branches  shed  bark;  general  effect  persistent,  rough 
fissured  at  base;  twigs  green. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta  (9  years).  Bark  at  base  rough, 
persistent,  dark  grey.  Even  surfaced  and  warmer  colored 
above,  greyish  buff,  general  effect  persistent,  but  sheds 
occasionally  in  thin  small  pieces  in  upper  part.  Bark  on 
branches  persistent,  lavender  grey;  twigs  red — very  young, 
greenish  yellow.  Saplings  shed  bark  in  short  curls  very 
similar  to  )roung  sugar  gums.  This  bark  shedding  seems 
to  persist  longest  in  the  least  vigorous  trees  of  such  species 
as  eventually  have  persistent  bark. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis  (8  to  10  years).  Stem  bark  rough, 
persistent,  light  brownish  grey,  but  does  shed  little  shreds 
in  upper  part.  Branch  bark  sheds,  leaving  under  bark  a 
smooth  light  grey;  twigs  red;  very  young,  yellow  green. 

Second  variety  sheds  in  long  streamers  a  light,  tan- 
colored  bark.  Smooth  bark,  white  or  light  buff,  or  blue- 
white — general  effect  smooth  and  white. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata  (10  yearsj.     Stem  bark  even  surface 
persistent,  a  rose  grey  or    ash  grey.       Branch    bark    persis- 
tent, but  often  sheds  small  patches  at  junction    with   stem; 
twigs   red — bright    green    when    young.      Young  growth    of 
sapling  and  seedlings,  red. 

The  bark  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  is  similar  to  that  of 
rostrata,  in  fact  these  two  species  merge  to  each  other  so 
as  to  be  difficult  to  definitely  separate. 


126  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Eucalyptus  longifolia  (20  years).  Bark  rough,  persistent, 
standing  on  stem  in  broken  flakes  which  are  to  some  extent 
shed,  but  do  not  appear  to  shed  in  sufficient  quantity  to 
change  bark  appearance.  Bark  of  young  trees  not  so  rough 
or  flaky. 

Eucalyptus  punctata  (20  years).  General  effect  of  persis- 
tent even-surfaced  granular  rough  bark  of  rose  grey  color. 
Sheds  in  upper  stem  and  branches.  New  bark  bright  tan 
and  smooth.  Some  specimens  of  this  tree  shed  bark  only 
on  the  smaller  branches. 

Eucalyptus  citriodora  (9  years).  Smooth  from  decorti- 
cation;  outer  bark  pink  grey;  new  bark  smooth  white  or 
pinkish  white.  General  effect  smooth  and  white;  twigs  red. 

Eucalyptus  eugenioides  (9  years).  Bark  rough,  soft, 
thick  and  sometimes  has  effect  of  being  crossed  or  woven. 
Small  branches  shed  dark  grey  bark  in  curls  leaving  new 
bark  tan  color  and  smooth.  Stem  bark  grey  with  tan 
color  showing  in  the  numerous  fissures;  twigs  grey  or  red. 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  var.  angustifolia  (9  years).  Bark 
even  surfaced,  persistent;  or  decorticates,  in  most  ot  these 
trees  leaving  bark  smooth,  of  olive-tinted  white.  Two  20- 
year  old  specimens;  both  shed  bark. 

Var.  linearis — (bluish  leaves).  Bark  smooth,  decorti- 
cates. Old  bark  slate-colored,  new  bark,  white  —  white 
bloom  on  twigs. 

Var.  regnans — Bark  even  surfaced,  but  somewhat  rough, 
grey,  persistent;  smooth  decorticating  on  young  branches; 
twigs  yellow  or  green,  on  old  ones  reddish. 

Var.  bush. — Bark  grey  persistent,  even  surfaced,  rather 
smooth. 

Var. — Large  fruited;  narrow  leaved;  twigs  red;  bark, 
slate  colored  and  decorticates,  leaving  smooth  white  bark. 


EUCALYPTUS.  127 

Var. — Very  narrow  thick  leaf;  strong  small  tree;  bark 
on  stem  sheds;  leaving  new  bark  smooth  white. 

The  varieties  of  Eucalypytus  amygdalina,  angustifolia 
and  linearis  are  named  for  convenience,  but  their  botanic 
descriptions  are  too  meagre  to  be  relied  on. 

Eucalyptus  Gunnii  (9  years).  Bark  persistent  close  to 
base,  otherwise  sheds  in  short  brown  pieces.  New  bark 
smooth  white. 

Eucalyptus  Planchoniana  (9  years).  Bark  sheds,  smooth 
bluish  grey. 

Eucalyptus  polyanthema.  Surface  even,  flakey  rough, 
persistent,  or  perhaps  shedding  slowly  in  small  pieces,  and 
without  general  effect.  Branches  smooth,  spotted  from 
decortication. 

Eucalyptus  macrorrhyncha  (9  years).  Rough,  brown, 
fibrous,  persistent. 

Eucalyptus  Stuartiana  (9  years).  Bark  brown,  persis- 
tent and  rough  on  stem;  smooth  or  decorticated  on  branches, 
blue  bloom  on  twigs. 

Eucalyptus  melliodora  (9  years).  Bark  even  surfaced, 
somewhat  rough,  persistent,  warm  tan  grey;  branches  shed, 
leaving  mottled  appearance. 

•Eucalyptus  gomphocephala  (9  years).  Bark  dark  grey, 
even  surfaced,  rough,  persistent.  20-year  specimen  bark 
very  dark  colored.  Branchlets  decorticate  leaving  new  bark 
smooth  and  white.  Twigs  reddish  yellow. 

Eucalyptus  Lehmanni  (9  years).  Bark  shed  in  small 
curly  pieces;  new  bark,  smooth  brown. 

Eucalyptus  rudis.  Bark  smooth,  mottled  from  decorti- 
cation; twigs  red. 

Eucalyptus  occidentalis.  Bark  on  stem  grey,  rough, 
flakey,  mostly  persistent.  Branches  smooth,  light  buff  from 


128  EUCALYPTUS. 

decortication;  twigs  red,  or    very    young,  greenish    yellow. 

Var.  Californicus.  Bark  sheds  in  short  flakes  leaving 
newr  bark  smooth  buff;  outer  color,  rose  grey;  twigs  and 
branchlets  green,  only  grey  or  brownish  just  before  shed- 
ding. Yellow  flowering  variety  has  green  twigs  but  red  old 
branchlets. 

Eucalyptus  obcordata.  Same,  except  branchlets  dark 
red  before  decorticating,  and  only  extreme  new  growth 
green. 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  bark  red,  often  very  dark,  fis- 
sured, rough,  persistent. 

Branches  in  marked  contrast,  bluish  grey,  smooth,  and 
shed  bark. 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon,  bark  smooth  from  decortication, 
color  blueish- white  or  very  light  buff.  Twigs  reddish, 
new  growth  green. 

Eucalyptus  robusta,  bark  rough,  brownish  or  grey,  per- 
sistent ;  twigs  red. 

Eucalyptus  pauciflora,  bark  smooth,  white  from  decorti- 
cation. 

Eucalyptus  siderophloia,  bark  rough,  persistent,  brown- 
ish grey.  Branches  smooth  decorticating  ;  twigs  red. 

Eucalyptus  obliqua,  bark  rough,  persistent,  brown  ; 
twigs  dark  red. 

Eucalyptus  botryoides  (20  years),  bark  on  main  stem, 
rough,  persistent,  dark  grey,  decorticates  on  branches, 
outer  bark,  then  tan  colored,  inner  or  new  bark  smooth, 
shaded,  sometimes  olive  or  warm  buff  color.  One  specimen 
at  Scharffs  sheds  bark  on  main  stem.  This  stem  has 
appearance  of  other  botryoides  branches.  The  twigs  on 
the  persistent  bark  specimens  are  green,  while  on  the 
decorticating  one  these  are  wine  red. 


Eucalyptus  saligna  sheds  bark,  and  looks  like  decorti- 
cating botryoides.  These  two  species  are  difficult  to  sepa- 
rate when  Eucalyptus  botryoides  decorticates  throughout, 
Eucalyptus  botryoides  has  hemi-ellipsoid,  angular  fruitsr 
almost  or  entirely  without  stalklets.  Eucalyptus  saligna 
has  bell-shaped  or  semi-ovate  fruit,  not  angular,  and  here  at 
least,  the  stalklet  is  quite  distinct.  Twigs  in  Eucalyptus 
saligna  green.  If  the  twig  colors  are  a  persistent  charac- 
teristic, the  decorticating  botryoides  must  be  a  variety 
whose  red  twig  color  would  easily  distinguish  it  from; 
saligna. 

Baron  Von  Mueller  at  one  time  suggested  a  classifica- 
tion of  the  Eucalyptus  on  their  cortical  systems.  His 
divisions  were  as  follows  : 

Leiophloiae,  bark  smooth  from  decorticating,  as  in  Euca- 
lyptus globulus  ;  or  persistent  even  surfaced,  as  in  Euca- 
lyptus rostrata. 

Rhytiphloise,  rough  or  even  surfaced  bark,  with  main? 
stem  not  decorticating,  Eucalyptus  resinifera,  Eucalyptus- 
cornuta,  Eucalyptus  robusta. 

Inophloiae,  bark  rough,  persistent  on  stem.     Eucalyptus  - 
Stuartiana,   Eucalyptus  eugenioides. 

Lepidophloiae,  persistent  bark  on  stem,  laminated,  friable, 
easily  separated.  Eucalyptus  miniata,  Eucalyptus  phcenicia. 

Pachyphloise,  as  in  Eucalyptus  ptychocarpa.  This  tree 
has  a  grey,  wrinkled,  everywhere  persistent,  somewhat  fib- 
rous bark. 

Schizophloiae,  bark  rough,  persistent,  as  in  Eucalyptus 
calophylla,  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. 

I  have  not  seen  an  account  of  Baron  Von  Mueller rs~ 
system,  but  judge  from  his  notes  on  Eucalyptus  trees  that 
the  classification  was  made  on  a  microscopic  study  of  the 

9 


7 30  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

barks.  The  superficial  appearance  of  the  barks  of  the  trees 
does  not  command  a  ready  assent  to  Von  Mueller's  cortical 
arrangement  of  them.  The  bark  of  Eucalyptus  robusta  or 
Eucalyptus  corymbosa  is,  in  looks,  not  at  all  like  that  of 
Eucalyptus  cornuta,  but  these  are  classed  together  in  the 
"Rhytiphloiae.  Nor  is  the  bark  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  out- 
wardly even  suggestive  of  that  of  Eucalyptus  globulus, 
though  these  two  stand  cortically  together  in  Leiophloiae. 
Prof.  Maiden  writes  me  from  Sydney  that  he  considers 
the '  cortical  classification  the  best  for  field  use. 


In   100  parts  of  fresh  Bark. 


Kino-taunic 
Acid. 


Eucalyptus  Leucoxylon  (rough-barked)  our  sider- 

oxylon !  21.94  51.13 

globulus 4.84  51.54 

rostrata 8.22  51.16 

Gunnii I  3.44  54.09 

polyanthema i  3.97  46.66 

melliodora 4.03  54-94 

obliqua 2.50  36-81 

obliqua j  4.19  5I-59 

amygdalina  (rough -barked) ;  3.40  43-25 

amygdalina  (rough-barked) 3  22  39-63 

goniocalyx 4.62  51.00 


goniocalyx 4.12  45.50 

macrorrhyncha 11.12  35-91 

macrorrhyncha '      13.31  39-56 


viminalis  (smooth-bark), 
viminalis  (rough-bark), 
viminalis  (young-tree)  . 


4.88  52.88 

5.03  54.10 

5-97  55-03 


Table  from  F.  v.  MTJEI.LEK. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  131 


6ANITARY, 

To  the  planting  of  Eucalyptus  trees  in  malarial  districts 
has  been  very  generally  attributed  an  ameliorating  effect 
upon  human  health.  This  is  a  question  of  so  much  in- 
terest and  importance  that  it  deserves  special  consideration. 

Malarial  fevers  have  a  wide  range  in  the  climatic  belts 
adapted  to  one  or  another  of  the  Eucalypti.  These  fevers 
prevail  usually  in  low  or  marshy  places,  where  the  soil 
water  is  not  far  from  the  surface,  and  where  there  is  a 
prolonged  period  in  the  year  when  the  temperature  stands 
constantly  above  62°  F.  Some  upland  valleys  also  suffer 
severly  from  disorders  due  to  malarial  poison.  A  slight 
elevation  in  a  malarial  country  is  often  more  dangerous 
than  the  lowest  places. 

The  malarial  germ  is  doubtless  introduced  into  the 
human  organism  both  by  water  and  by  air.  It  is  probable 
that  foods,  such  as  milk,  may  also  serve  as  vehicles  of  in- 
troduction. 

All  forms  of  malaria  are  endemic  or  purely  local  dis- 
eases. 

The  only  exceptions  to  this  are  of  children  born  to  a 
parent  suffering  with  malaria,  at  the  time  of  fecundation  of 
the  egg. 

A  number  of  Scotch  cases  are  on  record  of  inherited 
malarial  trouble,  in  all  of  them  from  the  father.  In  this 
respect  malaria  resembles  the  dreadful  inheritances  of 
syphilis. — {Medical  Record,  N.  V.,  Fournier,  Paris.) 


jjz  EUCALYPTUS. 

The  evidence  seems  fairly  conclusive  that  the  ordinary 
American  types  of  malaria  are  most  frequently  occasioned 
in  humanity  by  the  drinking  of  unboiled  water  from  shal- 
low wells. 

I  have  a  great  number  of  instances  that  go  to  show  this 
to  be  the  case. 

C.  Buhman  of  Los  Angeles,  formerly  a  resident  of  Gales- 
burg,  Illinois,  tells  me  that  the  boiling  of  the  drinking 
water  in  that  place  which  he  states  to  have  become  gen- 
eral at  one  time,  did  not  eradicate  malarial  fevers  but  did 
so  much  diminish  these  fevers  in  the  population  both  as  to 
numbers  attacked  and  the  intensity  in  those  who  were  still 
affected  that  he  and  others  attributed  the  improvement  to 
boiling  the  drinking  water. 

At  Bakersfield,  Central  California,  there  prevailed  for- 
merly a  specially  malignant  form  of  malarial  fever.  It  was 
sometimes  called  dengue  but  more  generally  "Bakersfield 
fever."  At  that  time  the  drinking  water  all  came  from 
shallow  wells. 

While  the  district  in  and  about  Bakersfield  has  received 
a  great  accession  of  population  the  people  now  have  a 
healthy  look  very  different  from  the  old  appearance  and  the 
malignant  fever  so  \vell  known  to  old  timers  is  no  longer 
heard  of.  The  drinking  water  now  comes  from  deep  arte- 
sian wells. 

The  turning  up  of  earth  produces  in  malarial  districts 
an  access  of  disease  which  I  think  must  be  attributed  to 
air  infection. 

Dr.  J.  J.  Salisbury  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  made  a  careful 
series  of  experiments  on  the  saliva  of  numerous  residents 
in  a  malarial  district. 

Amongst  the    other  forms  of  bacterial   life   in  the  saliva 


was  always  found  certain  algoids  resembling  the  palmeliae. 
Similar  examination  of  saliva  of  residents  of  non-malarious 
districts  showed  none  of  this  particular  form  of  bacteria. 
Dr.  Salisbury's  researches  were  carefully  made  and  the  mi- 
croscopical work  well  checked. 

His  conclusions  were  that  malarial  fever  was  produced 
by  spores  of  bacteria  that  rose  only  a  definite  distance 
from  the  soil  level  in  infected  districts,  and  that  these  were 
never  present  in  the  air  during  the  da}*.  Dr.  Salisbury's 
work  was  done  in  his  course  of  instruction  at  the  medical 
school  of  Cleveland.  These  researches  attracted  more 
attention  abroad  than  at  home.  The  work  was  translated 
into  French  and  first  published  in  the  Revue  des  Cours 
Scientifiques  of  November  6,  1869. 

The  saliva  of  all  those  examined  in  the  malarial  district 
contained  the  special  form  of  bacteria  to  which  he  attrib- 
uted the  disease.  If  his  conclusions  and  the  later  ones  of 
Crudeli  are  correct,  and  those  also  of  the  water  infec- 
tionists,  we  must  say  that  malaria  comes  from  both  causes. 

In  1 88 1  Dr.  Alphonse  Laveran  discovered  the  plasmo- 
dium  of  malaria,  which  he  named  "  oscillaria  malaria." 
His  description  is  considered  more  correct  than  that  of 
Klebs  and  Crudeli. 

I  present  the  following  conclusions  on  malaria: 

First — That  malarial  disease  is  primarily  due  to  a 
bacillus  of  certain  type. 

Second — That  such  bacilli  germs  are  found  in  the  soil, 
air  and  water  of  malarial  districts. 

Third — That  neither  water  alone,  air  alone,  or  soil 
alone,  will  support  the  life  history  of  the  malarial  bacillus. 

Fourth — That  the  germ  of  malaria  may  be  carried  in 
earth,  air  or  water. 


J34  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Fifth — That  the  development  of  malarial  bacteria  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  attack  and  overcome  the  resistance 
of  human  beings  can  only  take  place  in  localities  without 
complete  natural  or  artificial  drainage,  where  the  sub-sur- 
face water  remains  stagnant  and  where  the  temperature  for 
a  prolonged  period  remains  constantly  above  62°  F. 

Individuals  vary  as    to    their    susceptibility    of  infection. 

First — As  to  method  of  introduction  of   infection. 

Second — As  to  individual  resistance. 

Third — As    to    condition    of  individual    during  exposure. 

Salisbury's  work  points  to  the  air  as  the  main  source 
of  infection.  The  spread  of  malarial  disease  to  leaward  of 
regularly  affected  localities  and  the  wide  spread  dread  of 
night  air  in  all  the  old  malaria-cursed  districts  of  the 
world  point  in  the  same  direction. 

vSenator  Tommasi  CrudeH,  the  distinguished  collaborator 
of  Klebs,  takes  a  similar  view  in  his  studies  of  Italian 
malaria.  R.  Carlotti  speaks  of  wind-carried  malaria  in 
Corsica. 

Malarial  disease  has  been  diminished  by  quinine,  by 
drainage,  by  permanent  flooding  in  the  hot  season  (Egypt), 
by  gates  on  seacoast  lagoons  which  close  with  the  rising 
tide  and  open  for  the  exit  of  fresh  water  at  low  tide 
(coast  of  Tuscany),  and  it  is  claimed  by  planting  certain 
species  of  Eucalyptus,  especially  Eucalyptus  globulus  and 
Eucalyptus  amygdalina. 

As  far  as  I  can  learn  the  first  published  investigation 
of  the  prophilactic  and  therapeutic  value  of  the  Eucalyptus 
was  by  M.  Tristani,  a  Spanish  physician  in  the  Compilador 
Medico,  1865. 

It  is  in  Spain  that  we  still  find  the  greatest  belief  in 
the  medicinal  value  of  the  Eucalyptus.  In  that  country 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  /35 

the  people  have  gone  beyond  reason  ;  indeed  they  may  be 
said  to  regard  the  healing  power  of  the  Eucalyptus  with 
the  confidence  of  superstition. 

In  Cordova  the  young  Eucalyptus  trees  were  stripped 
of  their  leaves  and  it  was  impossible  to  keep  them  alive 
until  guards,  to  prevent  this  leaf  stripping,  were  appointed. 

From  Cordova  the  Eucalyptus  craze  spread  through 
other  Spanish  towns,  traces  of  which  are  to  be  found  in 
their  municipal  regulations,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  one 
prohibiting  the  picking  of  Eucalyptus  leaves  without  an 
official  permit  issued  only  on  evidence  of  the  medical  need 
of  applicant. 

Travellers  had  long  before  noted  the  use  of  poultices  of 
Eucalyptus  leaves  of  different  species  by  the  natives  of 
Australia  for  wounds,  but  without  attracting  attention  to 
the  application  of  such  remedy  to  the  Aryan. 

One  case  is  of  record  of  a  native  Australian  so  severely 
wounded  in  the  abdomen  that  the  intestines  protruded  and 
had  to  be  pushed  back,  who  was  treated  by  a  poultice  of 
Eucalyptus  leaves  and  recovered  without  even  severe 
inflammation. 

I  have  observed  in  our  western  plains  the  use  of 
tobacco  on  severe  wounds  by  guides  and  trappers  with  a 
similar  result  of  preventing  pus  and  promoting  the  prompt 
healing  of  wounds. 

There  is  a  disposition  to  ridicule  what  are  called  "old 
woman  remedies," — that  is,  the  application  by  teas,  poul- 
tices, etc.,  from  the  fresh  leaves,  roots,  etc.,  of  plants  for 
healing  hurt  humanity.  The  term  "old  woman"  came  to 
be  applied  because  in  the  early  scarcity  of  physicians  in 
America  the  duty  of  care  in  sickness  fell  upon  the  most 
experienced  women,  whose  energies  at  that  time  were  cen- 


sj  6  EUCALYPTUS, 

tered  in  the  home.  For  my  part  I  think  that  these  old 
fashioned  ways  of  using  nature's  remedies  are  too  much 
neglected.  If  there  is  any  laugh  on  such  a  question  it 
would  round  itself  out  much  better  in  the  confusion  of  drug 
^quality  in  a  regular  drug  store  than  in  the  fresh  infusion 
from  the  leaves  of  a  medicinal  plant  picked  when  needed 
-or  in  the  various  poultices,  etc.,  of  the  now  nearly  extinct 
medically  competent  housewife. 

There  have  been  various  examinations  of  drugs  taken 
.from  different  drug  stores.  The  extraordinary  variations  in 
.both  the  strength  and  quality  of  drugs  thus  shown  are 
'•enough  to  seriously  shake  our  confidence  in  the  use  of  any 
drugs.  New  York  State  drug  examinations  have  made 
expositions  of  drugs  too  strong,  drugs  too  weak,  and  drugs 
•  entirely  devoid  of  qualities  for  which  they  are  used.  This 
point  is  noted  because  where  the  Eucalyptus  will  grow  the 
.leaves  can  be  had  at  any  time.  Their  use  for  a  tea  and 
especially  in  external  application,  as  in  poultices,  or  in 
fumes  when  burning  or  steamed,  can  be  had  in  all  the 
force  of  freshness. 

One  of  the  great  advantages  of  the  Eucalyptus  medici- 
nally is  its  soothing  quality  and  non-irritant  effect,  espec- 
ially on  the  kidneys.  It  is  in  this  respect  very  different 
from  the  .product  of  the  pine,  the  camphor  tree,  etc.  This 
characteristic  gives  Eucalyptus  preparations  great  value  in 
the  cure  of  troubles  of  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  stom- 
.ach,  bladder  and  urethra.  An  appendix  gives  the  official 
status  of  the  Eucalyptus  in  medicine. 

The  principal  claim  for  medicinal  virtue  in  the  Eucalyp- 
tus has  been  prophylactic.  The  Eucalyptus  tree's  power  of 
preventing  disease  has  not,  I  believe,  been  claimed  to  go 
beyond  those  forms  due  to  malaria.  It  gained  such  a  rep- 


EUCALYPTI'S.  i37 

titation  for  preventing  all  forms  of  malaria  that  one  of  its 
species,  the  Eucalyptus  globulus,  was  widely  known  as  the 
"fever  tree."  The  facts  in  regard  to  this  matter  are  not 
in  a  reliable  condition.  We  may  put  what  we  know  in 
condensed  form  as  follows: 

Malaria  is  either  mild  or  absent  in  Central  and  Southern 
Australia  and  in  Tasmania. 

Malaria  seems  entirely  absent  in  the  native  haunts  of 
Eucalyptus  globulus,  Eucalyptus  urnigera,  Eucalyptus 
coccifera,  Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  Eucalyptus  diversicolor, 
Eucalyptus  -calophylla,  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon,  and  other 
less  important  species. 

This  point  is  not  reliably  ascertained,  but  it  is  approxi- 
mately as  stated.  Its  value  is  not  as  great  as  might  appear. 

There  is  about  the  same  absence  of  malaria  in  New 
Zealand  where  the  Eucalyptus  has  no  native  representative. 
The  disease  is  absent  in  the  Scotch  heathered  hills,  in  the 
red  wood  districts  of  California,  in  the  pine,  cedar  and 
sequoia  forests  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  in  the  pine  and  spruce 
forests  of  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Los  Angeles,  and  in  the  chap- 
"parral  of  the  coast  counties  of  California.  Southern  Cali- 
fornia has  practically  no  malaria — a  happy  exemption  that 
might  be  attributed  in  one  place  to  various  artemisia,  in 
another  to  grease  wood,  in  another  to  the  giant  Mojave 
cactus,  and  perhaps  most  agreeably  to  the  red  live  oak. 
The  cause  of  our  Coast  California  general  exemption  from 
malaria  must  be  due  mainly  to  the  fact  that  the  nights  are 
too  cool  for  the  life  history  of  the  malarial  bacillus.  A 
similar  temperature  inhibition  exists  in  Tasmania  and  in 
the  mountains  of  Australia.  There  are  surely  enough 
undrained,  swampy  and  sour  lands  here,  known  locally  as 


138  EUCALYPTUS. 

"cienegas,"   to  produce  malaria  if  something  else   essential 
for  its  life  were  not  absent. 

In  Queensland  and  generally  in  the  tropical  parts  of 
Australia  malarial  fevers  are  quite  prevalent  and  so,  also, 
are  largety  represented  considerable  numbers  of  species  of 
Eucalyptus ;  not,  however,  those  named. 

Those  species  of  Eucalyptus  found  in  Queensland  are 
in  an  appendix.  It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  malaria 
is  found  where  each  of  these  species  grow.  It  is,  how- 
ever, absolutely  certain  that  various  species  of  Eucalyptus 
and  malignant  malaria  can  exist  together. 

The  Eucalypti  that  have  been  at  all  popular  in  Cali- 
fornia that  are  native  to  Queensland  and  North  Australia 
are  Eucalyptus  pilularis,  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  Euca- 
lyptus hemiphloia,  Eucalyptus  siderophloia,  Eucalyptus 
maculata,  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  Eucalyptus  tereticornis,  Eu- 
calyptus resinefera  and  Eucalyptus  robusta.  There  are 
others  like  Eucalyptus  corymbosa,  Eucalyptus  paniculata, 
Eucalyptus  crebra,  Eucalyptus  hsemastoma,  etc.,  which 
may  prove  valuable  to  us  when  better  known. 

The  Eucalypti  have  been  extensively  planted  in  Corsica r 
Italy,  Algiers,  India,  the  South  of  France,  Spain,  Cali- 
fornia and  in  a  smaller  way  in  England  and  its  outlying 
islands,  in  the  Argentine,  Mauritius,  Zanzibar,  Cuba,  Spain,. 
Cape  Colony,  and  by  the  Russians  east  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
In  Corsica,  Italy,  and  in  Algiers  the  planting  of  Euca- 
lyptus, mainly  Eucalyptus  globulus,  has  been  generally  fol- 
lowed by  or  happened  with  marked  improvement  in  the 
local  health,  especially  as  to  malaria.  ' 

I  have  not  been  able  to  check  up  the  conditions  before 
and  after  the  Eucalyptus  planting.  Nearly  every  case  of 
Eucalyptus  planting  and  better  health  was  accompanied  by 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  139 

other  works  conducive  to  better  sanitary  conditions. 
Drainage  works,  intensive  cultivation,  better  human  quar- 
ters, better  drinking  water,  etc.,  etc. 

In  Southern  California  we  have  no  endemic  malarial 
disease,  unless  there  be  mild  forms  in  far  interior  points 
where  the  nights  for  sufficiently  long  periods  are  warm 
enough.  We  have  consequently  been  unable  to  look  over 
the  local  field  for  the  effects  of  Eucalyptus  trees  on 
malaria.  In  Central  California,  however,  it  is  claimed  that 
plantations  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  have  diminished  or 
stopped  malaria.  Delano  has  been  cited  as  a  striking  in- 
stance of  this.  We  know  that  a  number  of  species,  nota- 
bly the  fast  growing  ones,  have  a  drainage  power  in  them- 
selves. This  power  is  well  recognized  here  and  results  in 
the  planting  of  Eucalyptus  trees  about  cesspools  and  their 
being  cut  down  along  orchard  lines  from  which  they  draw 
the  moisture.  Cesspools  that  overflowed  and  caused  uneasi- 
ness and  care  have  been  kept  down  or  dry  by  Eucalyptus 
trees.  This  is  one  way  in  which  this  tree  might  amelio- 
rate malarial  conditions. 

Another  is  by  its  essential  oil  contained  in  quantity  in 
the  foliage  of  many  of  the  species;  these  leaves  contain  an 
oil,  etc.,  that  is,  in  concentrated  form,  fatal  to  all  insect  and 
bacterial  life.  It  occurred  to  me  that  the  constantly  falling 
leaves  from  species  highly  charged  with  Eucalyptus  oil 
might  disinfect  the  ground  and  ground  water  about  them. 
I  have  found  but  little  encouragement  for  such  an  opinion 
in  my  rather  superficial  experiments. 

Prof.  A.  J.  McClatchie  kindly  examined  several  jars  of 
water  into  which  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  were 
placed  at  the  Throop  Polytechnic  Institute.  Ordinary  bac- 
teria were  found  by  him  in  great  quantity  in  the  jars  at 


i  jo  E  UCAL  YPTUS. 

the  usual  period,    about    as    they    would    have    occured    had 
the    leaves    been    from    other  trees.     There   was  this  excep- 
tional fact,   the  odor  of  leaf  decay   was  entirely   absent.     I 
tried  four  jars  with  one-half  pound   meat   in  each  of  them. 
First  jar  contained  meat  alone. 
Second  jar  contained  meat  and  Eucalyptus  leaves. 
Third  jar  contained  water  and  meat  alone. 
Fourth  jar  contained  water,  meat  and  Eucalyptus  leaves. 
The    leaves  were   of  Eucalyptus    globulus.     The   experi- 
ment commenced  on    March   i3th,    1895.     The    temperature, 
where    the    jars    were,  did    not    go    above    80°    until     May, 
when    it    remained    for    some   time   with    a   daily    maximum 
above  that  and  for  several  days  even   above    90°.     In  other 
words,  we  had  in  May  the  desert  influence  for  several  days 
and  an  unusual  heat  such  as  for    a    few   days  we  are  liable 
to  at  nearly  every  part  of  the  year. 

March   17.     Water  jar  meat  without  Eucalyptus  spoiled. 
19.     This  jar  very  bad. 

19.     Dry  meat  without  Eucalyptus  spoiled  ;    fungoid 
growth  on  this  meat  not  seen    in  dry  jar    with 
Eucalyptus. 
26.     Jar    with    meat    and     Eucalyptus     leaves    dry, 

spoiled. 

26.  Spilled  water  accidentally  out  of  jar  with  meat, 
water  and  Eucalyptus  leaves.  Meat  all  right; 
smelt  very  strong  of  Eucalyptus.  Put  back 
same  meat  with  fresh  Eucalyptus  leaves  and 
fresh  water. 

May     10.     First  sign    by  oder  of  meat  decay  in   this  jar. 
12.     Did    not    seem    to   increase,  but  odor  distinctly 

bad.     Threw  it  away. 
This    experiment    indicates     that     Eucalyptus     globulus 


EUCALYPTUS.  i  ,i 

leaves  retard  deca>*  and  are  especially  unfavorable  to  certain 
bacterial  growths  when  soaked  in  still  water. 

Thus  Eucalyptus  globulus  leaves  in  stagnant  swampy 
places  would  probably  diminish  the  vitality,  if  not  destroy 
the  bacteria  of  meat  deca}'.  What  effect  they  would  have 
on  malarial  bacteria  is  not  indicated. 

The  jars  were  all  left  open  and  stood  together  in  a 
large  cool  closet. 

The  Eucalyptus  globulus  leaves  are  largely  used  here 
in  clothes  as  we  used  to  employ  camphor  against  moths. 

One  of  the  large  clothing  houses  in  Los  Angeles  uses 
the  young  blue  gum  leaves  in  place  of  the  very  disagreable 
tar  generally  employed  against  moths  with  success.  The 
great  advantage  to  the  house,  as  Mr.  Wiener  says,  is  in 
avoiding  the  very  annoying  smell  of  the  tar  preparation. 

I  use  the  Eucalyptus  globulus  leaves  successfully  against 
moths  by  hanging  branches  in  the  clothes  closets  and  plac- 
ing leaves  amongst  the  clothes  but  it  is  not  a  complete 
guarantee  against  moths.  It  is  said  that  this  foliage  will 
drive  off  mosquitos.  I  do  not  know  ho\v  this  is,  but  have 
seen  standing  water  within  fifty  feet  of  Eucalyptus  trees 
produce  a  few  dull  mosquitos,  in  a  semi -occasional  way. 
I  have  also  seen  the  liveliest  mosquitos  and  most  savage 
stingers  of  California  in  the  Eucalyptus  groves  along  the 
Santa  Barbara  Coast.  On  the  other  hand  at  Nice,  France, 
the  annual  tree  trimming  is  followed  by  the  natives  to 
possess  themselves  of  branches  to  hang  in  their  houses. 
The  object  is  both  sanitary  and  anti-insect. 

Camphor,  oil  of  lavender,  i  pint  to  5  of  water,  and 
kerosene  oil,  are  used  here  against  insects  with  a  success 
that  apparently  varies  with  the  individual  experimenter. 
The  common  pyrethenuin  is  fatal  to  insects  in  powder 


1 42  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

or  in  fumes  from  burning.  I  have,  in  central  Egypt, 
killed  the  flies  in  a  large  room  every  night  to  prevent 
their  early  morning  buzzing.  I  did  this  by  closing  it 
after  sunset  and  burning  pyretherium.  The  room  was 
then  reopened  to  get  rid  of  the  smell.  Every  fly  was 
killed.  Still,  here  in  California,  I  have  repeatedly  failed 
to  kill  insects  with  this  powder.  On  examining  the  pow- 
der, or  rather  having  it  examined  for  me,  I  discovered 
that  it  was  adulterated,  and,  in  several  samples,  con- 
tained no  pyretherium  whatever. 

Differing  results  by  experimenters  with  other  agents 
may  be  due  to  a  similar  cause. 

We  use  tobacco  infusion  against  scale  insects  success- 
fully, and  could  probably  use  one  made  from  Eucalyptus 
leaves  with  equal  effect. 

I  have  a  rain  water  cistern  at  my  house  which  re- 
ceives its  supply  trom  a  roof  on  which  Eucalyptus  leaves 
are  constantly  falling,  thence  being  washed  into  the  cis- 
tern. From  this  cause  the  rain  water  has  a  slight 
amber  tint  and  a  scarcely  perceptible  Eucalyptus  odor. 
This  water  never  has  had  the  disagreeable  smell  that  occurs 
usually  in  rain  water  shortly  after  it  is  stored,  and 
which  afterwards  disappears. 

We  have  here  a  long  dry  season  during  which  the  water 
in  the  cistern  would  have  ample  opportunities  to  go  through 
what  is  called  in  Louisiana  "curing." 

This  curing  I  presume  is  really  a  process  of  fermenta- 
tion of  matter  carried  down  with  the  precipitated  rain 
water  from  the  air. 

I  know  no  other  rain  water  tank  here,  so  that  I  am  un- 
able to  learn  in  the  same  air  conditions  what  would  happen 
to  rain  water  without  Eucalyptus  leaves. 


EUCALYPTUS.  143 

I  have  tried  a  smudge  of  Eucalyptus  leaves,  meaning 
always  Blue  gum,  on  flies  that  came  into  my  house  in 
great  numbers  during  the  hauling  of  barn-yard  manure 
in  one  of  my  orchards. 

The  smudge  was  made  in  a  room  20  x  20  with  French 
windows.  The  large  chimney  and  loose  window  fitting 
made  it  anything  but  air-tight. 

The  flies  from  being  aggressive,  all  collected  on  the 
windows  as  though  they  would  have  escaped  if  possible, 
and  became  very  sluggish.  A  few  died. 

Some  other  leaf  smudge  would  doubtless  have  done  as 
much.  I  can  recollect  making  grass  smudges  in  the  Wyo- 
ming Sloughs  in  banked  up  tents  to  kill  the  mosquitoes  so 
that  we  could  sleep.  This  process  was  exceedingly  disa- 
greeable while  going  on  but  a  great  comfort  to  the  sleep- 
ers in  that  extraordinary  mosquito  haven.  The  great 
question  then  was  which  was  worst,  the  day  or  the  night 
mosquitoes. 

During  my  residence  in  Egypt  I  followed  the  custom  of 
the  country  and  had  during  the  day  an  attendant  who  con- 
stantly swished  the  flies  away  with  a  long'  switch  of  split 
reeds. 

The  wire  screen  is  a  means  of  keeping  flies  and  also 
light  and  free  circulation  of  air  out  of  a  house. 

But  these,  as  one  of  our  literary  lights  says,  are  all 
other  stories. 

The*  claimed  effect  of  Eucalyptus  trees  on  bacterial  life 
can  be  gathered  by  the  instances  mentioned  below. 

While  these  instances  do  not  conclusively  show  any  effect 
upon  malaria  by  Eucalyptus  trees,  they  do  show  by  the 
general  improvement  in  health  where  these  trees  succeeded 
that  there  is  nothing  in  them  against  health. 


144  EUCALYPTUS. 

The  Spanish  prejudice  or  superstition  in  favor  of  the 
tree  has  its  counterpart  in  the  regrettable  crusade  against 
the  Pride  of  India,  a  tree  that  once  shaded  nearly  all  of 
Charleston's  streets  in  South  Carolina. 

Some  one  started  the  idea  during  an  epidemic  of  yellow 
fever  that  these  trees  were  the  breeders  of  infectious  dis- 
eases and  especially  of  yellow  fever.  The  idea  spread  like 
the  infection  itself  and  swept  the  beautiful  shade  trees  be- 
fore it. 

As  the  Pride  of  In  Ha  had  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with 
producing  yellow  fever  in  Charleston  so  it  may  be  that  the 
Eucalyptus  has  really  done  nothing  against  malaria. 


INSTANCES  OF  IMPROVED  HEALTH  ATTRIBUTED  TO 
EUCALYPTUS  PLANTING. 


M.  Regulus  Carlotti,  the  distinguished  Corsican  forester, 
has  collected  in  his  monograph  entitled  "  Assainessement 
des  Regions  Chaudes  Insalubres  "  a  large  number  of  instan- 
ces of  increased  salubrity  attributed  to  the  planting  of  Euca- 
lyptus. Amongst  these  he  cites  Chiavari  on  the  east  coast 
of  Corsica.  This  is  a  penal  station  situated  on  the  edge  of 
the  East  Corsican  plain  that  is  so  unhealthy  that  it  is  in 
summer  practically  uninhabitable.  At  Chiavari  in  1855  (the 
date  I  believe  of  its  establishment)  they  lost  65  of  each 
100  prisoners  by  death.  This  frightful  mortality  is  suffi- 
cient proof  of  its  sanitary  condition.  The  works  undertaken 
at  this  place  comprised  intensive  culture,  drainage  works 
and  the  planting  of  Eucalyptus  globulus.  M.  Carlotti  re- 
ports the  death  rate  at  present  to  be  normal.  Drainage 


E  UCA  L  }  'PTUS.  145, 

works  seem  to  have  accompanied  the  planting  of  Eucalyp- 
tus in  the  cases  where  the  best  authenticated  sanitary  im- 
provement occurred.  M.  Lambert,  an  Algerian  forest  offi- 
cer, states  that  in  the  Forest  of  St.  Ferdinand  he  had  a 
station  so  unhealthy  that  it  was  uninhabitable.  After  the 
growth  of  a  plantation  of  Eucalyptus  set  out  at  that  point 
the  fevers  disappeared  and  an  agent,  already  suffering  from 
malaria  moved  to  this  station,  entirely  recovered. 

Besides  these  M.  Carlotti  cites  the  great  improvement 
at  the  Maison-Carree  in  Algiers  and  in  the  Commune  of 
Columb  in  the  Republic  of  Columbia  in  South  Americav 
due  to  extensive  Eucalyptus  planting. 

M.  Gimbert,  in  a  communication  to  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  takes  strong  ground  in  favor  of  the  sanitary  value 
of  Eucalyptus  plantations.  Amongst  the  places  cited  by 
him  to  establish  his  point  are  the  environs  of  Constantine 
Algiers,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Colony,  and  in  the  French 
Departement  du  Var. 

In  No.  1 68  of  our  Consular  Reports,  obtained  at  my 
request,  there  are  a  number  of  valuable  reports  on  this 
question. 

All  of  these  many  experiments  of  Eucalyptus  planting 
for  health  improvement,  are  favorably  spoken  of  except 
in  the  report  of  Prof.  Tommasi-Crudeli.  This  distin- 
guished scientific  man  does  not  think  that  Eucalyptus 
planting  will  entirely  prevent  malaria.  He  examined  the 
locations  in  Italy  where  benefits  from  this  source  were 
claimed,  and  shows  that  malaria  has  recurred  in  some  of 
them,  and  that  drainage  works  had  been  carried  out  in  these 
places  as  well  as  Eucalyptus  tree  planting.  A  contro- 
versy has  sprung  up  on  this  question,  especially  as  to  the 

ects    of    Eucalyptus    planting    at    Tre    Fontane    in    the 
10 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


Roman  campagna.  The  last  word  on  this  subject  that  I 
have  seen  is  a  pamphlet  defending  the  anti-malarial  value 
of  the  Eucalyptus  at  that  monastery  by  Father  Franchino. 


EUCALYPTU6  ON  THE  ROMAN  (AMPAGNA, 


Questions  on  the  sanitary  effects  of  the  Eucalyptus  plan- 
tations made  at  the  abbey  of  the  Tre  Fontane  on  the  Ro- 
man Campagna,  answered  by  the  abbey  authorities.  October 
4th,  1895,  obtained  through  the  courtesy  of  the  Countess 
Constance  Gianotti. 

1 .  What  species  of  Eucalyptus   have  been  planted  ? 

Ans.  Eucalyptus  globulus,  Eucalyptus  resinifera,  Euca- 
lyptus rostrata,  Eucalyptus  viminalis,  Iron-Bark,  Eucalyptus 
Gunnii,  Eucalyptus  tereticornis,  Eucalyptus  Stuartiana,  Euca- 
lyptus uringera,  Eucalyptus  populifolia,  Eucalyptus  polyan- 
anthema,  Eucalyptus  goniocalyx  and  others. 

fThe  Iron  Bark  is  probably  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon.  K.) 

2.  What  is  the  area  of  Eucalyptus  plantations? 
Ans.     50  hectares  (about    125  acres.     K.) 

3.  What  was    the   sanitary   condition    before    plantations 
were    made  ? 

Ans.     Bad. 

4.  What    has    been    the  sanitary   condition  since    Euca- 
lyptus plantations? 

Ans.     Better,  quite  supportable. 

5.  What  other  works  of  health  improvement  have  been 
undertaken  ? 

Ans.     Making  ditches. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  i47 


EUCALYPTUS  MEDICINALLY, 


Preparations  of  Eucalyptus  are  used  here  quite  exten- 
sively and  the  demand  is  rapidly  increasing.  The  standing 
of  Eucalyptus  as  a  curative  agent  is  higher  amongst  the 
laity  than  it  is  amongst  the  doctors.  Teas  and  poultices 
made  from  I^ucalyptus  leaves  are  quite  popular  in  Cali- 
fornia for  colds  and  grippe.  Leaves  are  also  steamed  for 
this  purpose.  A  few  drops  of  Eucalyptus  oil  in  a  hot 
bath  is  agreeable  and  reputed  to  be  a  nerve  sedative. 
This  treatment  reduces  the  size  of  engorged  spleens  and 
is  a  palliative  or  cure  in  malaria.  Preparations  from  the 
leaves  are  used  in  candy,  for  colds,  in  amycose  as  a 
hair  restorer,  in  cigarettes  for  catarrh  and  in  lozenges  for 
the  throat,  hoarseness,  etc.  The  most  agreeable  of  these 
lozenges  that  I  have  tried  are  the  "Mission  Lozenges," 
made  in  Riverside,  Cal.  These  have  a  good  reputation 
amongst  singers  and  speakers.  All  these  preparations  are 
from  the  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  globulus.  All  our  Cali- 
fornia Eucalyptus  oil  is  from  the  same  species.  This 
unity  of  the  source  of  supply  has  the  great  advantage 
of  giving  a  reliable  percentage  of  Eucalyptol,-  to  which, 
principally,  the  curative  effects  are  attributed.  The  Eu- 
calyptus species  vary  greatly  in  the  proportion  of  Euca- 
lyptol that  their  oils  carry.  In  some  there  is  no  Eucalyp- 
tol, this  principle  being  replaced  in  some  cases  by  Phellan- 
drene.  The  Australian  oils  are  from  mixed  species  and 
to  a  considerable  extent  from  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  leaves. 
This  species,  by  the  most  recent  analysis  contains  no  Euca- 
lyptol. It  seems  unfortunate  that  this  large  oil  yielder 


i.}8  E  UCA  L  YPTUS. 

contains  only  Pkellandrene.  This  principle  appears  to  have 
curative  properties  similar  to  those  of  Hucalyptol  and  may 
be  quite  as  effective.  The  chemical  formulas  of  these  two 
principles  are. 

Eucalyptol,   C10  Hl6  O. 

Phellandrene,  C10  Hl6. 

Eucalyptus  globulus  oil  contains  about  60  per  cent  of 
Eucalyptol.  The  purchase  of  this  oil  is  much  the  cheapest 
way  to  obtain  Eucalyptol. 

The  Australian  producers,  Messrs.  Sanders  &  Sons 
and  Messrs.  J.  Bosisto  •&  Co.,  have  quarreled  a  great 
deal  over  the  value  of  different  species  of  Eucalyptus  as 
sources  of  oil.  Merk's  "Eucalyptol,"  made  in  Darmstadt, 
is  deemed  reliable.  While  reliable  supplies  of  oil  from  the 
leaves  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  are  in  the  market,  it  is  un- 
necessary to  go  to  the  expense  of  purchasing  Eucalyptol. 
Eucalyptus  preparations  are  claimed  to  be  soothing  and 
curative  to  the  mucous  membrane  in  the  stomach,  bladder 
and  urethra,  as  well  as  to  that  in  the  nose  and  throat. 

L,isterine  is  a  valuable  and  standard  medium  of  the 
antiseptic  use  of  Eucalyptus  oil. 

Eucalyptus  lozenges  made  of  the  kino  of  Eucalyptus 
rostrata  are  prepared  by  Messrs.  Wyeth  Bros.,  Philadelphia. 
These  are  strongly  astringent. 

Euclyptus  oil  .sprayed  once  or  twice  a  day  in  a  sick 
room  takes  off  the  stuffy  or  sick  room  smell  and  has  the 
effect  of  making  the  air  feel  brighter  and  more  stimulating. 
When  to  these  good  qualities  we  add  the  authenticated 
antiseptic  effects  of  P^ucalyptus  oil,  we  may  well  be  sur- 
prised that  it  or  some  similar  agent  is  not  universally  used 
in  sick  rooms,  hospitals  and  maternity  wards.  The  spray 
is  used  in  diphtheria. 


Ef'CAL  YPTUS. 

(  From    Pharmacology    of    the    Materia    Medica.) 

EUCALYPTU6  (iLOBULUS,  6abil. 


Synonyms. — Australian  Gum  Tree.  Blue  Gum  Tree,  Fever  Tree,    Iron 
Bark,  Woolly  Butt. 

(Iron  Bark  and    Woolly  Butt  are  not  synonyms   of   Eucalyptus 

globulus. — ED.) 
Part  Employed. — The  leaves. 
Natural  Order. — Myrtaceae. 
Habitat.— Australia. 

Properties. — Stimulant,  aphrdoisiac,  antispasmodic  and  eminently  anti- 
septic in  its  action  ;  recommended  in  the  treatment  of  intermittents, 
especially  in  those  chronic  varieties  in  which  quinine  has  failed;  also 
in  septic  fevers,  diphtheria,  etc.  As  an  antispasmodic  it  is  useful  in 
asthma,  but  its  chief  uses  depend  upon  its  antiseptic  character. 
Thus  it  is  employed  in  the  treatment  of  foetid  breath,  ulcers  (syphi- 
litic and  otherwise),  purulent  catarrhal  affections. of  the  bladder, 
urethra  and  vagina,  spongy  and  bleeding  gums,  etc.;  externally, 
suitably  diluted,  the  fruit  extract  is  employed  also  as  a  disinfectant 
lotion  in  gangrenous  or  foetid  suppuration,  foul  ulcers  and  offensive 
discharges  of  the  skin. 
Preparations. — Eucalyptus  Oil;  dose,  5  to  30  minims  (0.3  to  2  C.  c.). 

Capsules.  Oil  Eucalyptus,  in  soft  gelatin;  Oil  Eucalyptus, 
true,  5  minims;  Oil  Sweet  Almond,  5  minims;  also 
in  hard  gelatin,  substituting  olive  for  the  almond 
oil;  a  favorite  method  of  Prof.  H.  C.  Wood  of  exhi- 
biting this  remedy  as  a  stimulating  expectorant;  he 
recommends  that  it  be  given  4  times  daily  in  10- 
minim  doses. 
Fluid  Extract  Eucalyptus.  I?.  S.  P.;  not  miscible  with 

water;  dose,  15  to  60  minims  (i  to  4  C.  c.). 
Powdered  Extract  Eucalyptus;  of  the  same  strength  as 
the  solid  extract,  prepared  by  evaporating,  at  a  low 
temperature,   the  solid  extract,  and   replacing  the 
moisture  with  powdered  Eucalyptus  leaves;  dose,  3 
to  10  grains  (02  to  0.65  Gm.). 
Solid    Extract   Eucalyptus;    one   part   equals   5   leaves; 

dose,  3  to  10  grains  (0.2  to  0.65  Gm.). 
Elixir  Eucalyptus  Compound  ;  each  fluid  ounce  repre- 
sents ingredients  specified;  Eucalyptus  Globulus,  15 
grs. ;  Wild  Cherry,  i6grs.;  Gentian,  4  grs.;  Licorice- 
15  grs.;  Dandelion,  20  grs.;  Syr.  Yerba  Santa  Arom., 
30  minims. 


!5o  ELCALYPTUS. 

Inhalant,  Eucalyptus,  No.  7  of  P.,  D.  &  Co. 's  series  of 
inhalants;  Oil  Eucalyptus,  i  fluidrachm;  Inhalant 
No.  i  (neutral  oil),  I  fluidounce;  used  with  advan- 
tage in  foetid  brochitis,  diphtheria,  etc. 

Lozenges,  Eucalyptus,  containing:  Ext.  Eucalyptus, 
true,  3  grs. ;  Ext.  Licorice,  i  gr. 

Pills,  Eucalyptus  Compound,  i  5-8 gr.;  Ext.  Eucalyptus, 
i  gr.;  Ext.  Canadian  Hemp,  y2  gr. ;  Sanguinarin, 
1-8  gr. 

Pills,  Eucalyptus  Extract,  2  grs. 

Pills,  Fever  and  Ague,  2  grs.;  Ext.  Eucalyptus,  '4  gr.; 
Chinoidin,  i  gr. ;  Iron  Ferrocyanide,  ]/->  gr.;  Powd. 
Capsicum,  %  gr. ;  Arsenious  acid,  1-200  gr. 

THE  CHEMISTRY  OF  EUCALYPTUS. 

Hartzer"'  (1870)  obtained  from  the  leaves  tannin,  eery  lie  or  an  allied 
alcohol,  a  crystallizable  fatty  acid — the  sodium  salt  of  which  is  soluble  in 
ether — and  three  resins,  one  of  which  has  acid  properties,  and  yields  with 
sulphuric  acid  a  carmine-colored  copulated  acid,  becoming  violet  with 
ether. 

E.  S.  Waynet  (1870)  likewise  isolated  an  acid  resin,  which  he  found 
to  be  crystalizable,  and  to  give  a  brown-red  reaction  with  ferric  chloride. 
The  most  important  constituent,  however,  is  the  volatile  oil,  of  which  the 
leaves  yield  about  6  per  cent. 

The  United  States  Pharmacopteia  recognizes  the  oil  obtained  from 
Eucalyptus  globulus,  Eucalyptus  amagdalina  and  some  other  species  of 
Eucalyptus.]: 

These  volatile  oils  are  colorless  or  pale  yellow,  thin  liquids,  becoming 
thicker  and  somewhat  darker  by  age.  They  are  neutral  to  test-paper, 
are  highly  and  more  or  less  pungently  aromatic  in  odor  and  taste,  that  of 
Eucalyptus  globulus  being  camphoraceous,  that  of  Eucalyplus  aniygda- 
lina  somewhat  resembling  peppermint,  while  others  have  a  more  terebin- 
thinate  or  lemon-like  odor,  and  that  of  Eucalyptus  persicifolia,  or  peach 
gum,  like  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  with  which  it  agrees  in  containing  hydro- 
cyanic acid.  The  specific  gravity  of  these  oils  varies  between  .88  and  .94, 
and  their  boiling  points  between  about  130°  and  200°  C.  (266°  and  392°  F.) 

The  dextrogyre  oil  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  was  examined  by  Cloez 
(1870)  and  by  Faust  and  Homeyer  (1874).  Cloez  regarded  the  oil  as  be- 
ing chiefly  composed  of  Eucalyptol,  Ci2H2oQ,  boiling  at  178°  C.  (3524°  F.) 
and  yielding  with  phosphoric  anhydride  two  compounds.  C12Hl8,  of 

*  American  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  1876,  p.  329. 
t  American  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  1876,  p.  23. 

j  This  error  I  have  referred  to,  Eucalyptus   gohulus  oil   containing  eucalyptol  and 
Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  Phellandrene. 


EUCALYPTUS.  /5r 

which  Eucalyptene  boils  at  165°  C.  (320°  F.),and  Eucalyptolene  at  about 
300°  C.  (572°  F.)  Faust  and  Homeyer,  however,  obtained  from  the  oil 
about  60  per  cent,  of  a  terpene,  CIOHi6,  boiling  between  172°  and  175°  C, 
(342.6°  and  447°  F.),  30  per  cent,  of  cymol,  CIOHi4,  the  remainder  being 
a  terpene  boiling  at  150-  C.  I  302°  F.),  and  an  oxygenated  compound, 
probably  C'°Hi9O,  which  they  named  eucalyptol,  Cloez's  compound  of 
the  same  name,  being  a  mixture  of  the  first  two  hydrocarbons,  which 
rapidly  combine  with  oxygen.  The  oil  of  Eucalyptus  ainygdtilina  does 
not  appear  to  contain  eucalyptol. 

OX    THE    PHYSIOLOGICAL    AND    THERAPEUTIC    ACTION    OF 
EUCALYPTUS  GLOBULUS. 

If  extensive  applicability  and  promptness  of  action  are  the  criterion 
of  a  standard  remedy,  the  preparations  of  Eucalyptus  globulus,  have  an 
unquestionable  claim  to  be  included  in  this  category.  Still,  looking  over 
an  apothecary's  prescription  file,  we  would  be  surprised  to  find  how 
rarely  this  drug  is  exhibited.  To  those,  however,  familiar  with  the  clini- 
cal employment  of  the  remedies  in  question,  it  must  be  clear  that  the 
practitioner's  lack  of  practical  acquaintance  with,  and  confidence  in,  the 
drug,  rather  than  any  want  of  therapeutic  energy  on  the  part  of  the 
plant,  have  caused  the  condition.  There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  medi- 
cinal virtues  of  the  various  preparations  of  Eucalyptus,  when  we  con- 
sider that  the  tree  itself,  in  its  natural  state,  medicates  by  its  powerful 
antiseptic  properties  a  wide  zone  encircling  its  habitation. 

We  have  noticed*  a  series  of  interesting  articles  on  the  medicinal 
virtues  of  this  justly  prized  tree,  from  which  we  extract  some  practically 
important  matters. 

According  to  Chipier,  the  author  of  the  papers  quoted,  the  well- 
known  disinfectant  properties  of  the  tree  depend  upon  an  essential  oil 
contained  in  the  leaves.  The  aromatic  oil  found  in  the  other  portions  of 
the  tree  is  credited  with  the  other  therapeutic  effects  of  Eucalyptus.  The 
action  of  eucalyptol  and  eucalyptene.  two  other  components  of  the  Euca- 
lyptus tree,  have  hitherto  been  but  little  studied. 

In  France  five  different  preparations  of  Eucalyptus  are  in  use,  viz.: 
i,  a  tincture  made  by  an  alcoholic  maceration  of  the  fresh  leaves  ;  2,  a 
tincture  obtained  from  the  dry  leaves  by  the  same  process  ;  3,  an  alco- 
holic extract  ;  4.  a  wine  ;  5,  a  liniment  prepared  from  the  essence.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  preparations  used  in  Italy  against  the  marsh 
fevers  in  Rome  and  its  vicinity  all  come  from  a  place  called  Trois  Fon- 
taines,  and  have  the  form  of  a  highly  concentrated  ethereal  extract  and 
an  alcoholic  elixir.  The  physiological  action  of  Eucalyptus  is  suffi- 
ciently interesting  to  repay  us  for  briefly  reviewing  it. 

*  La  France  Medicale  (Xos.  4.;,  44,  45,  1885.) 


i52  EUCALYPTUS. 

All  preparations  are  marked  by  a  peculiar  strong  odor,  suggesting 
the  essence.  If  a  few  drops  of  any  Kucalyptus  preparation  are  placed  on 
the  tongue,  a  sensation  of  pungent  freshness,  soon  followed  by  one  of 
warmth,  is  experienced,  the  latter  being  due  to  an  hypersecretion  of  the 
salivary  and  buccal  glands.  Its  ingestion  into  the  stomach  creates  a 
similar  sensation  of  warmth,  and  besides,  an  emission  of  its  characteristic 
odor  by  the  mouth.  The  urine  reveals  a  faintly  violet  coloration,  indi- 
cating the  passage  of  the  drug  through  the  system. 

The  fact  that  Kucalyptus,  like  balsams  and  essences,  impregnates  the 
•mucous  membranes  in  particular,  suggests  at  once  the  utility  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  drug  in  in  flammatory  conditions  of  the  respiratory  and 
urinary  mucous  passages. 

Larger  doses  of  the  drug  produce  headache,  malaise,  general  fatigue 
and  prostration,  and,  even,  as  shawn  by  Gimbert,  fatal  results  in  animals 
b}T  paralyzing  the  reflex  motor  centres  of  the  spinal  cord. 

From  the  manifold  therapeutic  applications  which  Kucalyptus  has 
found  in  the  course  of  time,  we  will  only  review  such  as  have  earned  a 
claim  to  our  confidence. 

Rumel  is  to  be  credited  with  having  first  suggested  the  idea  of  plant- 
ing the  tree  with  the  view  of  thus  ridding  a  territory  from  the  baneful 
marsh  and  malarial  fevers.  The  same  object  led  to  its  cultivation  in  the 
Knglish  Cape  colonies  and  the  western  shores  of  Middle  Italy.  It  was 
this  ingenious  transplantation  of  the  Australian  tree  to  the  vicinity  of 
Rome  that  enabled  the  Trappist  of  Trois-Fontaines  to  recover  and  render 
inhabitable  a  vast  area  formerly  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  malaria.  It  is 
highly  probable  that  the  disinfectant  power  of  the  tree  depends  upon  its 
capacity  to  absorb  large  quantities  of  water  from  the  surrounding  soil, 
and  to  thus  dessiccate  the  germs  of  malaria.  The  success  of  this  soil 
medication  in  Italy,  Algiers,  Cuba  and  South  America  naturally  sug- 
gested the  employment  of  Kucalyptus  in  intermittant  fever.  Of  an  in- 
fusion of  8  grammes  (2  drachms)  of  the  leaves  in  120  grammes  (5  oz.)  of 
water,  a  cupful  is  usually  given  twice  daily.  It  is  well  to  remember  the 
antiperiodic  virtues  of  Kucalyptus  in  cases  in  w7hich  quinine  has  either 
failed  or  is  contraindicated.  In  fact,  Kucalyptus  is  better  borne  by  the 
digestive  system  that  quinine,  fatigues  the  stomach  less  and  is  far  less  ex- 
pensive. Still  it  wrould  be  wholly  erroneous  to  think  of  any  possible 
therapeutic  equivalence  of  Kucalyptus  and  quinine.  An  honorable  and 
noteworthy  rank  as  an  auxiliary  remedy  in  miasmatic  fevers  is  all  that 
can  with  propriety  be  claimed  for  the  preparations  of  Kucalyptus. 

This  statement  that  Kucalyptus  asserts  its  antipyretic  character 
also  in  the  thermal  elevations  of  tuberculosis  and  cancer  appears,  if 
true,  to  us  all  the  more  noteworthy,  as  its  virtues  in  this  direction  have 
been  almost  generally  overlooked. 

Important  as  the  antimiasmatic  and  general  antipyretic  properties  of 


EUCALYPTI'S.  I53 

Eucalyptus  unquestionably  are,  it  is  in  the  laryngeal  and  bronchial  in- 
flammatory affections  that  the  drug  renders  its  most  signal  services.  Its 
action  in  this  respect  rivals  that  of  turpentine  and  tar,  and  even  offers 
advantages  in  being  better  borne  by  the  digestive  organs,  and  being 
earlier  administrable.  When  in  the  course  of  bronchitis  the  febrile  ele- 
vation has  fallen  and  the  so-called  catarrhal  stage  has  been  reached,  Eu- 
calyptus positively  diminishes  the  expectoration,  and  renders  it  less  pur- 
ulent. This  peculiar  effect  of 'Eucalyptus  on  the  bronchial  expectoration 
can  be  relied  upon,  especially  in  the  fetid  form  of  bronchitis,  in  bronchial 
dilatation,  and  emphysema.  Chipier  quotes  several  cases  of  pulmonary 
gangrene  and  tuberculosis  in  which  this  modification  of  the  expectoration 
wrought  by  Eucalyptus  was  very  obvious. 

A  few  more  words  on  the  special  value  of  the  drug  in  pulmonary 
consumption  will  not  be  out  of  place.  Though  no  rational  physician 
will  look  for  any  specific  or  even  curative  virtues  regarding  consumption 
in  Eucalyptus  more  than  in  any  other  drug,  it  must  be  confessed  that  the 
peculiar  combination  of  antiseptic  and  anticatarrhal  properties  places 
Eucalyptus  at  the  head  of  all  remedies  from  which  any  amelioration  of 
the  local  tissue-decomposition  can  be  expected.  In  Italy  the  drug  enjoys 
the  enviable  reputation  of  positively  benefiting  tubercular  patients.  Dr. 
Gimpert,  of  Cannes,  a  well-known  specialist  of  that  famous  tubercular 
sanitarium,  expresses  himself  in  terms  of  highest  praise  of  Eucalyptus 
in  the  various  tubercular  processes.  He  warns,  however,  against  exhib- 
iting the  drug  in  too  large  doses,  lest  haemoptysis  should  set  in. 

Without  wishing  to  contradict  the  assertion  of  those  physicians  who 
succeeded  in  obtaining  definite  advantages  from  Eucalyptus  in  tubercular 
affections,  we  must  express  our  astonishment  that,  provided  the  drug  did 
possess  the  alleged  capacity,  such  effects  should  have  been  wholly  un- 
known in  this  country.  At  all  events  it  appears  advisable  to  exhibit  the 
various  preparations  of  Eucalyptus  in  the  manifold  affections  in  which 
its  reputation  is  either  firmly  established  or  merely  alleged.  It  will  do 
no  harm  in  either  case,  and  might  be  conducive  to  valuable  results 
in  both. 

The  value  of  Eucalyptus  in  the  various  catarrhal  affections  of  the 
nrino-genital  apparatus  is  likewise  great. 

THE  MEDICINAL  PROPERTIES  OF  EUCALYPTUS.* 

The  leaves  are  of  a  bluish-green  color,  and  have  an  aromatic,  bal- 
samic, and  somewhat  persistent  bitter  taste,  increasing  the  flow  of  saliva. 
The  swallowed  juice  imparts  a  pleasant  feeling  of  warmth  to  the  stomach, 
increasing  the  appetite  and  facilitating  digestion.  In  health,  full  doses 
are  said  to  cause  sleeplessness,  but  in  the  weak  and  amemic,  drowsiness 
and  sleep  are  said  to  follow. 

*  Therapeutic  Gazette,  iS«o,  p.  446. 


i54  EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus  is  powerfully  antiseptic  and  anti-malarial.  Mixed  with 
albumen  and  fresh  fibrine,  its  essential  oil,  Eucalyptol,  prevents  decom- 
position, and  animal  tissue  treated  with  it  ma}7  be  dried  and  mummified 
by  simple  exposure  to'  the  air.  The  tree  has  wonderful  anti-miasmatic 
properties.  Planted  in  marshy  districts,  it  absorbs  the  excessive  humidity 
of  the  soil,  and  with  the  drying  of  the  morass  there  is  a  disappearance  ot 
the  malaria.  Gimbert  estimates  that  the  tree  extracts  from  the  soil  ten 
times  its  own  weight  of  water  during  the  twenty-four  hours.  Outside  of 
its  native  habitat,  this  property  of  the  tree  has  been  successfully  tested 
in  Algeria,  in  the  notorious  Campagna  di  Roma,  in  the  delta  of  the  Var, 
near  Nice,  and  in  California.  Districts  which  were  uninhabitable  have 
been  made  healthful  and  entirely  free  from  malaria. by  the  planting  of 
these  trees. 

Therapy. — Locally:  Applied  in  the  form  of  a  mixture  of  an  ounce 
or  more  to  a  pint  of  tepid  water,  it  is  an  admirable  stimulating  disinfec- 
tant to  chronic,  ill-conditioned  ulcers,  removing  the  foetor  of  the  dis- 
charge and  improving  the  character  of  the  secretion.  A  mixture  of  half 
this  strength  may  be  used  with  excellent  results  in  vaginal  leucorrhcea, 
and  particularly  when  there  is  erosion  and  ulceration  of  the  os.  As  an 
antiseptic  and  a  corrective  of  the  foetor  from  decomposition  of  retained 
placenta,  a  similar  injection  is  useful.  A  drachm  or  two  of  the  fluid 
extract  rubbed  on  the  hands  will  remove  the  persistent  odor  caused  by 
vaginal  examination,  in  such  cases  as  the  above.  Pencilling  of  the 
fauces  and  pharynx  with  the  fluid  extract  in  diphtheria,  both  gives  relief 
to  the  patient  and  is  an  efficient  deodorant.  The  inhalation  of  the  spray 
from  the  steam  atomizer  is  a  valuable  adjunct  to  the  treatment  of  diph- 
theria, and  also  as  a  palliative  in  purulent  bronchitis  and  phthisis. 

Internally.  In  intermittent  fever.  The  marked  influence  of  the 
tree  in  ridding  districts  of  malaria,  suggested  the  internal  administration 
of  Eucalyptus  globulus  in  malarial  disorders.  The  trial  to  which  it  has 
been  submitted  has  established  it  as  an  anti-malarial  remedy  of  much 
power,  and  even  as  a  formidable  rival  to  quinine  in  certain  cases.  While 
in  more  recent  and  pronounced  attacks  of  the  disease,  its  action  is  not  so 
prompt  or  certain  as  that  of  quinine,  it  is  more  effectual  in  the  chronic 
forms.  Especially  in  districts  in  which  the  patient  is  continuously  ex- 
posed to  the  malarial  influence,  and  in  cases  in  which  quinine  has  appar- 
ently lost  its  power  to  avert  or  abort  the  paroxysm,  is  the  superiority  of 
Eucalyptus  globulus  demonstrated.  The  following  combination  is  a 
most  admirable  one  in  the  debility  of  cachexia  ensuing  on  the  prolonged 
effects  of  the  malarial  infection: 

R     Kxt.  eucalypfi  globuli  fluidi ^j 

Kxt.  berberis  aquifolii  fluidi ^j 

Ext.  taraxaci  fluidi 5ss 

Glycerinae ^jss. 

M.     Sig\  -A  teaspoonful  every  four  hours. 


EUCALYPTUS.  155 

In  diphtheria.  A  number  of  cases  of  diphtheria  have  been  reported 
by  reliable  physicians,  in  which  the  exhibition  of  Eucalyptus  globulus 
exerted  a  very  beneficial  effect.  Its  local  application  is  certainly  attended 
with  good  results,  but  its  internal  use  in  this  disease  has  been  too  limited 
to  justify  any  very  pronounced  opinion  regarding  it.  As  an  adjuvant  to 
other  remedies,  it  would  seem  from  its  antiseptic  properties,  and  from 
the  fact  that  it  is  largely  eliminated  through  the  mucous  membranes,  to 
be  worthy  of  a  more  extended  trial. 

In  atonic  dyspepsia  and  in  chronic  gastric  catarrh,  Eucalyptus  is  a 
very  useful  article.  It  may  be  combined  in  such  cases  with  coluinbo.  It 
should  not  be  given  in  inflammatory  conditions  of  the  stomach. 

In  chronic  cystitis  there  is  probably  no  remedy  of  equal  efficacy  with 
Eucalyptus  globulus.  It  evidently  acts  in  such  cases  through  contact 
with  the  membrane,  it  being  largel)'  eliminated  through  the  urine,  to 
which  it  communicates  its  characteristic  odor.  In  such  cases,  attended 
as  they  are  by  profuse  secretion  of  the  mucus  with  the  urine,  and  by  ina- 
bility to  retain  the  urine  for  any  length  of  time,  the  following  combi- 
nation has  been  found  to  be  followed  with  very  happy  results: 

R     Ext.  eucalypti  glolmli  fluidi ^vj. 

Ext.  belladonna;  fluidi ^ss. 

Ext.  Imchu  fluidi ^ss. 

Muc.  acaciae ^ij. 

Ol.  cinnaniuni gtt.  vj 

Ft.  emulsionem. 
M.     Sig.— A  teaspoiiful  every  three  hours. 

As  an  antiseptic  in  surgery.  This  application  of  Eucalyptus  globu- 
lus is  somewhat  new,  but  its  results  have  been  of  such  a  nature  as  to  war- 
rant a  more  extended  trial.  Dr.  Floyd,  of  Sedgwick,  Kansas  (See  Report 
9,  page  668)  has  made  experiments,  therapeutical  and  otherwise,  which 
certainly  indicate  it  to  be  possessed  of  properties  which  give  promise  of 
valuable  results  in  the  surgical  treatment  of  wounds.  As  an  illustration 
of  its  value,  he  reports  among  others  a  case  of  compound  comminuted 
fracture  of  the  forearm,  necessitating  amputation.  The  sponges  and 
bandages  employed  during  the  operation,  were  soaked  in  a  20  per  cent, 
solution  of  carbolic  acid,  and  the  stump  was  enveloped  in  several  thick- 
nesses of  cheese  cloth,  which  were  kept  constantly  saturated  in  fluid 
extract  eucalyptus  one  part  to  seven  of  water.  This  was  the  only  dress- 
ing, and  10  days  after  the  operation,  the  stump  had  healed  without  pain 
or  suppuration,  and  the  patient  was  discharged.  Dr.  Floyd  has  found  no 
dressing  equal  to  it  in  the  treatment  of  lacerated  wounds.  His  experi- 
ments with  different  preparations  of  eucalyptus,  on  hay  infusion,  have 
fixed  the  antiseptic  properties  of  the  drug  in  its  resinous  constituent, 
preparations  from  which  this  principle  had  been  removed,  having  had  no 
preventive  influence  against  putrefaction. 


'j6  EUCALYPTUS. 

Administration.  —  The  fluid  extract  is  the  most  eligible  form,  and 
contains  most  largely  the  medicinal  principles.  The  dose  is  from  10  to 
30  drops,  and  may  be  given  in  form  of  an  emulsion,  with  syrup  of  acaciae. 

MATERIA  MEDICA  OF  THE  EUCALYPTUS  OILS.* 
The  first  effect  of  the  oil  when  taken  internally  to  the  extent  of  10 
to  20  minims,  is  to  stimulate  the  cerebro-spinal  nervous  system,  large 
doses  produce  genuine  intoxication  which  passes  into  unconsciousness 
and  heavy  sleep  ;  the  reasonable  antidote  for  an  overdose  is  therefore  a 
eup  of  strong  coffee.  The  oil  possesses  more  powerful  antiseptic  proper- 
ties than  phenol  (carbolic  acid),  and  is  accordingly  used  in  an  antiseptic 
spray,  and  for  antiseptic  dressings  ;  it  is  not  so  irritating  as  phenol,  but 
possesses  sufficient  inflammatory  power  to  render  it  a  good  rubefacient  if 
applied  with  friction.  Considering  its  powerful  antiseptic  effect,  its 
poisonous  action  when  taken  internally  is  remarkably  mild,  so  that  there 
is  no  danger  from  its  absorption  by  even  a  large  wound  surface  ;  when  it 
is  carefully  purified  as  much  as  ^4  oz.  can  be  taken  diluted  with  no  more 
serious  results  than  considerable  depression.  An  idea  of  its  antiseptic 
powers  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  il/2  parts  in  1000  arrest  the 
development  of  bacteria  in  a  vegetable  infusion.  Its  effect  on  the  blood 
is  powerful,  it  diminishes  the  power  of  the  red  corpuscles  to  absorb 
oxygen,  as  can  be  shown  by  the  darkening  of  red  blood  when  even  very 
dilute  eucalyptus  oil  is  added  to  it  ;  it  also  destroys  the  contractility  of 
the  white  blood  corpuscles.  Many  small  animals  are  paralyzed  by  the 
mere  vapor,  so  that  the  value  of  the  eucalyptus  oil  as  an  anthelmintic  or 
vermifuge  can  be  understood.  The  following  formulae  were  given  by 
Mr.  Bosisto  in  a  paper  on  the  "  Materia  Medica  of  the  Kucalyptus,"  pub- 
lished in  the  Australian  Medical  Journal,  1885,  p.  441  : 

For  rheumatism,  sciatica,  lumbago,  asthma  and  sprains  requiring  a 
strong  liniment  : 


R     Ol.  eucalypti 
Vaseline  ". 


Mi  see. 

For  the  throat  when  it  requires  a  mild  liniment  : 
R     Ol.  eucalypti 


Ol.  olivic 
Misce. 

The  addition  of  the  olive  oil  prevents  irritation  of  the  skin.  The 
vaseline  is  to  be  warmed  before  mixing. 

In  its  internal  use  for  coughs,  asthmatic  difficulty  of  breathing  or 
sore  throat,  5-drop  doses  on  loaf  sugar  are  recommended  to  be  taken 
occasionally.  For  stronger  doses  : 

R     01.  eucalypti  ...................................................................    ^j. 

Pulv.  gum  acaciae  ............................................................    5iij. 

Saccharum  .....................................................................    %ss. 

Aq.  cinnamon  ............................................................  ad.    5iv. 

Misce.     Dose,  one-halt  ounce  for  an  adult  every  four  or  six  hours. 
*  Win.  Sutherland,  M.  A.,  B.  S.,  in  the  Chemist  and  Druggist,  March,  1887. 


l.l'CALYPTUS.  757 


Or  the  foil  wing  may  be  used  : 


K     Ol.  eucalypti  ....................................................................  ^j- 

Infus.  lini  ........................................................................  ^iiss. 

Syrupus  ..........................................................................  tss- 

Misce.     Dose  as  above. 

As  an  anthelmic  30  to  60  minims  ot  the  oil  in  mucilage  of  starch  are 
to  be  administered  by  enema. 

On  the  continent  a  eucalyptic  tincture  is  the  commonest  fortn  in 
which  eucalyptus  oil  is  used,  but  besides  the  oil  this  contains  a  bitter 
febrifugal  principal,  and  traces  of  resins  and  acids  which  in  the  ordinary 
process  of  distilling  eucalyptus  oil  are  kept  back  in  the  mother  liquor  of 
the  stills.  The  tincture  is  prepared  by  bruising  three  ounces  of  fresh 
leaves,  and  covering  them  with  six  ounces  of  absolute  alcohol,  in  which 
they  are  digested  at  a  moderate  temperature,  in  a  well-closed  vessel,  for 
fourteen  days  at  the  end  of  which  the  leaves  are  well  pressed  and  the 
liquid  filtered.  This  preparation  has  decided  antipyretic  properties,  a 
fact  which  along  with  its  bitter  taste  led  its  first  investigators  to  believe 
that  eucalyptus  leaves  contain  an  alkaloid  like  those  of  the  cinchona 
bark,  but  this  idea  was  soon  dispelled.  However,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
this  tincture  possesses  some  of  the  properties  of  quinine  ;  thus  by  actual 
experiment  it  has  been  found  to  exercise  a  contracting  effect  on  a  dog's 
spleen,  which  is  the  action  of  quinine.  In  cases  of  malarial  fever  euca- 
lyptic tincture  is  considered  to  rank  next  to  quinine  as  a  remedy  ;  in 
many  cases  where  quinine  fails  it  proves  successful,  and  it  possesses  the 
decided  advantage  of  being  much  cheaper  and  less  troublesome  in  its 
after-effects.  In  the  continental  preparations  of  the  above  tincture  the 
leaves  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  are  always  used,  but  there  is  no  informa- 
tion to  be  had  as  to  the  tinctures  to  be  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  other 
oil-yielding  species.  As  has  been  said  before  the  name  globulus  carries 
a  glamour  with  it  which  there  is  no  proper  experimental  evidence  to 
justify.  Until  the  systematic  details  of  comparative  experiment  are 
given,  the  preference  given  to  globulus  preparations  must  be  regarded  as 
arbitrary  and  accidental.  There  is  certainly  room  here  for  an  interest- 
ing piece  of  pure  pharmaceutical  research  which  ought  to  occupy  the 
attention  of  some  of  our  more  scientific  Australian  pharmacists. 

CLINICAL     REPORTS     OF     THERAPEUTIC     PROPERTIES     OF 
EUCALYPTUS. 

REPORTS  OF  A  GENERAL  CHARACTER. 

REPORT  i.*  —  As  to  the  therapeutics  of  Eucalyptus.  Quite  a  volume 
could  be  collected  of  the  reports  of  successful  cases.  We  spare  you  most 
of  this,  and  give  only  some  of  the  more  important  and  practical  tests,  or 
new  uses  of  the  drug. 

O.  Henri  Leonard,  M.  D.,  in  Xew  Preparations,  1877,  p.  6. 


j5S  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Dr.  VVooster,  of  San  Francisco,  California,  in  a  report  of  136  cases  of 
various  diseases  treated  exclusively  with  fluid  extract  of  Eucalyptus 
globulus,  gives  the  following  results  : 

Treated.        Cured.      Improved. 

Remittent  fever .5  5 

Intermittent  fever 19  19 

Typhoid  fever 9  9 

Nephritis 4  i 

Diuresis   10  7  3 

Incontinence  of  urine 3  3 

Vesical  catarrh 27  25  2 

Blennorrhagia 13  10  3 

Valvular  disease  of  heart 7  °  7 

Dysentery 4  3  3 

Chronic  diarrhoea 13  9  4 

Gonorrhoea  (syphilitic) 15  10  5 

Dropsy 6  3 

Of  the  whole  number  of  cases,  106  were  cured  and  29  improved. 

Dr.  Keller,  physician-in-chief  of  the  Australian  Railway  Company, 
reports  the  following  cases,  with  results,  as  treated  with  Eucalyptus:  The 
total  number  of  malarial  cases  was  432.  Of  them,  310,  or  7 [.76  per  cent, 
were  cured;  122  required  a  supplementary  course  of  quinine.  Of  those 
cured  (310),  202  needed  but  a  single  dose  of  the  remedy  (the  tincture); 
the  remaining  108  cases  had  one  or  more  subsequent  paroxysms.  Qui- 
nine had  been  given  previous  to  the  Eucalyptus  in  no  out  of  the  432 
cases.  Of  the  122  cases  in  which  the  remedy  failed,  58  were  cured  with 
quinine,  10  were  sent  home.  16  remained  under  treatment,  and  38  re- 
mained in  statu  quo.  Out  of  the  118  cases  in  which  quinine  had  been 
previously  given  but  failed  in  arresting  the  disease,  91  recovered  under 
the  influence  of  Eucalyptus,  the  remaining  27  were  not  benefitted.  The 
several  types  of  fever  were  as  follows: 

Complicated.  Simple.  Total. 

Ouotidian 117                   73  190 

Tert  an 126                   95  221 

yuartan 16                     4  20 

Quintan i                    ....  i 

The  complications  were  splenic  and  hepatic  engorgements,  anteum, 
chronic  gastric  catarrh,  paludal  cachexia,  etc.  The  remedy  proved  itself 
successful  in  161  (61.9  per  cent.)  of  the  complicated  cases,  and  in  149 
(86.6  per  cent.)  of  the  simple  cases.  Cures  classified  according  to  the 
types,  we  find  successes  in  the  tertian  to  have  been  75.57  per  cent.,  in  the 
quartan  70  per  cent.  The  remedy  in  a  single  dose  arrested  the  disease  in 
107  simple  and  95  complicated  cases.  The  treatment  was  generally  com- 
menced on  the  fifth  day  after  the  paroxysm,  and  the  average  duration 
was  but  9^2  days,  whereas  in  previous  years  when  quinine  was  employed 
12^2  days  was  the  average  time  of  treatment.  The  tincture  was  made  by 
macerating  the  leaves  in  alcohol  for  three  months.  Ten  pounds  of  the 
leaves  yielded  25  quarts  of  the  tincture.  The  average  dose  was  two 
drachms,  and  the  average  quantity  used  per  patient  was  seven  drachms. 
Dr.  Burdel  has  employed  it  in  50  cases  of  quotidian,  39  of  tertian, 
and  34  of  quartan  ague.  The  powder,  tincture  and  solid  extract  were 


EUCALYPTUS.  i59 

made  use  of.  In  57  cases  he  derived  no  benefit.  The  treatment  extended 
from  five  to  ten  days.  The  extract  in  10  to  12  grains,  daily,  was  found 
most  beneficial  in  preventing  relapses;  this  was  given  for  five  or  six  days 
after  the  arrest  of  the  paroxysm. 

Castan  reports  33  successful  cases  out  of  a  total  of  44  cases  treated 
with  the  drug.  'Mees,  out  of  35  cases  had  13  cured,  10  greatly  benefitted, 
and  1 2  partially  relieved. 

Lorinsen  cured  43  cases  out  of  51  to  whom  he  administered  the  tinc- 
ture as  an  anti-periodic.  In  one  case  of  failure,  both  it  and  quinine  were 
unavailing.  Bohn  reports  a  case  of  a  child  with  a  masked  intermittent, 
with  cerebral  complications,  where  the  tincture  in  drachm  doses  proved 
successful  in  relieving  the  symptoms  for  four  hours,  and  he  recommends 
it  in  puerperal  fevers.  Boyce  details  a  case  of  ague  that  had  resisted  qui- 
nine and  arsenic,  and  was  cured  by  the  Eucalyptus  in  four  days.  He  has 
used  with  great  success  in  catarrhal  affection?  of  the  urethra.  The  oil 
he  recommends  as  of  use  in  odontalgia.  Curuow,  of  London,  speaks  of 
a  Norwegian  that  had  been  five  weeks  with  an  attack  of  ague,  tertian 
type.  The  temperature  was  from  104  to  105.6°  F.  at  the  acme  of  the 
fever  before  the  administration  of  the  tincture  of  the  drug.  The  admin- 
istration was  commenced  on  a  day  preceding  an  attack,  and  given  in 
drachm  doses  ter  in  die;  it  modified  the  attack  on  the  following  day  so 
that  the  highest  temperature  of  the  paroxysm  was  but  100°  F.,  instead  of 
the  customary  105°.  No  further  return  of  the  paroxysm  was  noticed.  In 
another  case,  a  Dane,  was  admitted  to  the  hospital  after  an  attack  of  five 
days  duration,  with  severe  paroxysms,  lasting  some  twelve  hours  each 
time.  The  highest  point  of  temperature  reached  at  each  attack  was 
106.4°.  One  was  tertian  type,  and  just  before  the  next  attack  was  due, 
the  administration  of  Eucalyptus  was  begun,  in  the  same  dose,  etc.,  as 
before.  The  next  two  attacks  were  modified  in  their  severity,  and  were 
much  shorter;  the  dose  was  then  doubled,  and  he  had  but  a  single  attack 
following  this  date. 

In  the  external  application  of  the  Eucalyptus,  equally  good  reports 
have  been  universally  given,  and  it  is  more  especially  to  this  use  of  it 
that  we  would  now  call  your  attention.  In  the  United  States  this  has 
not  been  so  much  dwelt  upon  as  on  the  continent,  probably  through  lack 
of  its  employment  as  an  external  remedy.  As  a  stimulant  to  foul,  or 
gangrenous  ulcers,  bedsores,  and  in  cases  ot  vaginitis,  offensive  leucorr- 
hoea,  chronic  bronchitis  and  the  like  it  is  one  of  our  best  vegetable  pre- 
parations. Dupuytren  (Pigne)  details  a  few  of  the  cases  in  which  he  has 
made  use  of  it  in  his  hospital  practice.  A  man  had  arteritis  of  the  leg, 
succeeded  by  gangrene,  which  extended  so  high  up  as  to  render  amputa- 
tion impossible.  In  two  weeks  a  large  ulcer  resulted,  whose  odor  was 
horribly  fetid.  Everything  in  turn  was  employed  to  destroy  this  odor, 
to  no  offect.  At  last  a  decoction  of  Eucalyptus  was  resorted  to,  and,  with- 


160  EUCALYPTUS. 

out  exaggeration,  he  states,  in  five  minutes  all  fetor  had  disappeared. 
The  decoction  continued  to  be  used  with  the  same  effect  until  death  oc- 
curred, two  or  three  weeks  subsequently. 

Another  man,  who  had  been  under  treatment  in  the  hospital  for  two 
months  with  extensive,  deep  ulcer  from  varix,  of  a  year's  duration,  had 
the  decoction  applied  to  the  ulcer  three  times  a  day,  with  remarkable 
effect.  In  five  or  six  days  the  ulcer  was  entirely  'covered  over  with 
healthy  granulations,  and  in  a  month  it  was  entirely  well. 

A  woman  had  been  troubled  for  many  months  with  an  ulcer  around 
the  orifice  of  the  urethra.  It  was  cauterized  five  times  with  no  result. 
After  twelve  days'  use  of  the  decoction  of  Eucalyptus,  washing  thrice 
daily,  it  was  well. 

Four  cases  of  syphilitic  chancres  healed  under  the  Eucalyptus  dress- 
ing in  five  or  six  days,  without  other  treatment.  These  were  very  recent 
cases,  or  constitutional  treatment  would  have  been  resorted  to. 

A  man  that  had  au  intermittent  fever  that  had  proved  rebellious  to 
quinia,  and  also  to  arsenic,  which  latter  had  been  administered  for  two 
weeks,  after  a  three  weeks'  course  of  the  Eucalyptus  was  cured  entirely. 

So  numerous  are  the  cases  of  bronchitis  cured  with  the  drug,  he 
states,  that  it  is  hardly  worth  while  to  mention  them. 

Woodward  has  used  the  tincture  as  a  disinfecting  and  antiseptic 
enema  in  case  of  retained  and  decomposed  placenta  with  marked  suc- 
cess. Also  in  a  case  of  putrid  dysenteric  passages,  the  Eucalyptus  given 
internally  changes  the  offensiveness  of  the  stools,  besides  checking  their 
frequency.  In  a  case  of  diphtheria  where  death  was  supposed  to  be  in- 
evitable, the  local  application  relieved  the  fetor,  and  assisted  in  checking 
the  further  spread  of  the  disease.  He  has  also  employed  it  in  a  single 
case  of  neuralgia  dependent  upon  the  malarial  taint.  Other  remedies 
were  fruitlessly  tried  before  resorting  to  the  Eucalyptus.  In  twenty-four 
hours  the  relief  was  permanent.  He  gave  it  in  fifteen-drop  doses. 

Leary,  in  a  recent  discussion  before  the  "  King's  County  Medical 
Society,"  says  that  for  four  years  he  has  used  it  as  nearly  a  specific  in 
gonorrhoea.  He  noticed  then  its  great  diuretic  powers,  and  so  has  since 
given  it,  in  ten-minim  doses  of  the  fluid  extract,  in  cases  of  dropsy.  He 
briefly  reports  four,  one  due  to  Morbus  Brightii,  another  to  cardiac 
hypertrophy  with  dilation,  the  third  to  cardiac  disease,  and  the  fourth  to 
cardiac  hypertrophy,  where  remarkable  success  followed  its  administra- 
tion. He  has  also  made  frequent  use  of  the  remedy  in  passive  conges- 
tions of  the  kidneys,  and  always  with  benefit.  He  noticed  that  some- 
times his  patients  would  complain  of  tinnitus  aurium,  and  headache 
from  the  passive  cerebral  congestion. 

Wooster  states  that  he  has  used  gallons  of  the  fluid  extract  in  the  U. 
S.  Marine  Hospital,  and  was  surprised  at  its  uniform  and  reliable  effect 
in  the  diseases  for  which  it  is  recommended.  He  certifies  that  it  is  a 


EUCALYPTUS.  161 

diuretic,  and  may  be  administered  when  others  are  admissible.  It  is  an 
aromatic  tonic,  and  as  such  specially  indicated  in  low  states  of  the  sys- 
tem as  we  see  in  typhoid  fever,  diarrhoea  and  dysentery.  In  vesical 
catarrh  it  has  proven  a  reliable  remedy  in  his  hands,  and  many  cases  of 
gonorrhoea,  he  says,  he  has  quickly  cured  by  the  use  of  this  remedy  alone.- 
Indeed,  in  all  affections  of  the  mucous  membranes  its  beneficial  action  is 
noticed.  As  an  external  application  to  foul  ulcers  he  avers,  it  is  of  great 
value. 

Limbert  has  successfully  treated  wounds  by  the  application  of  the 
fresh  leaves  to  the  parts.  After  a  few  hours  all  the  unpleasant  odor  em- 
anating therefrom  is  counteracted  and  a  healthy  state  of  healing  goes  on* 
to  complete  cicatrization. 

Bucquoy  (of  Cochin  Hospital,  Paris)  asserts  that  of  all  the  drugs  he 
has  made  use  of  in  pulmonary  gangrene,  none  have  given  him  the  satis- 
faction that  Eucalyptus  has.  Out  of  the  various  cases  treated,  five  were 
complete  cures,  while  the  symptoms  of  all  the  others  were  favorably 
modified.  The  cough  modified,  the  sputa  was  less  abundant,  and  the 
offensive  odor  was  entirely  absent,  and  this  after  carbolic  acid  had  failed. 
He  uses  it  in  the  form  of  an  alcoholate,  half  a  drachm  in  a  mixture  of 
syrup,  gum  and  orange-flower  water. 

These  anti-septic  properties  of  Eucalyptus  are  due,  mostly,  to  the  oil 
(eucalypto)  contained  in  the  various  preparations  made  use  of.  It  (the 
oil)  has  been  known  to  preserve  blood  for  over  five  months  from  decom- 
position (as  long  as  carbolic  acid  will  do  the  same),  which  is  longer  than 
turpentine  will  keep  it  unchanged.  L,imbert  and  Birch  have  both  made 
experiments  to  this  effect,  and  both  confirm  the  statement.  The  action 
of  the  remedy  upon  the  white  blood-corpuscles  is  analagous  to  that  of 
quinine,  as  it  restrains  their  amoeboid  movements,  and  hence  its  useful- 
ness in  the  class  of  troubles,  congestive  in  their  nature,  where  it  may  be 
locally  applied. 

As  an  item  of  agricultural  interest  it  may  be  noted  that  it  has  been 
asserted  by  the  French  writers  to  be  a  remedy  for  phylloxera;  that  trees 
growing  near  the  grape-vines  protect  the  vines  from  the  ravages  of  this 
parasite.  Experiments  have  also  been  made  with  the  essence  of  the  drug 
upon  the  diseased  vines,  by  Abbe  Holland,  in  the  manner  of  innovula- 
tions,  and  with  such  success  that  he  has  pronounced,  after  a  trial  of  two 
years  of  its  virtues,  "  an  infallible  remedy."  He  makes  a  broad  incision 
through  the  bark  at  the  neck  of  the  vine,  and  into  this  drops  a  few  drops 
of  the  essence,  or  rubs  it  over  the  cut  surface  with  a  camel's  hair  brush. 
The  result  is,  as  he  says,  that  in  three  or  four  days  the  parasites  are  de- 
stroyed, but  the  vine  remains  uninjured.  The  incision  may  be  made  in 
any  part  of  the  bark,  but  the  desirable  result  is  most  speedily  obtained 
by  making  it  as  near  the  roots  as  possible. 

11 


j62  EUCALYPTUS. 

REPORT  2.* — In  the  the  internal  administration  of  eucalyptus  as  a 
remedy  for  malarial  fever,  we  do  not  have  one  uniform  and  universal 
application  ;  still  it  compares  favorably  with  other  remedies  in  general 
use.  If  I  had  written  this  article  after  the  first  six  months'  experience  in 
its  use,  I  might  have  said  that  it  absolutely  cured  all  forms  and  conditions 
of  active  malarial  poisoning,  for  it  did  so  in  every  instance  in  scores  of 
cases  and  in  all  forms,  from  simple  intermittent  to  "  dumb  ague,"  and  in 
several  cases  by  a  single  dose.  So  uniform  was  its  action  that  I  felt  con- 
fident we  had  at  last  an  unfailing  remedy,  but  since  the  first  year  I  have 
failed  in  many  instances  with  the  same  preparation — the  tincture. 

Hence  it  seems  to  me  that  it  partakes  of  the  nature  of  other  remedies 
in  respect  to  particular  seasons  and  localities  for  its  better  action.  Euca- 
lyptus, however,  has  acted  promptly  when  quinine  has  failed.  I  first 
employed  it  in  a  case  of  masked  intermittent,  in  which  the  poison  had 
had  pretty  much  its  own  way  for  three  months,  and  in  which  quinine 
and  arsenic  only  produced  temporary  mitigation,  while  gelsemium,  nux 
voniica,  ipecac,  and  nitric  acid  seemed  powerless  to  touch  the  slightest 
symptoms,  and  where  the  first  dose  of  eucalyptus  wrought  an  entire 
change.  The  remedy  was  taken  at  the  time  of  the  chill,  and  the  fever 
did  not  follow.  The  patient  soon  recovered  her  strength,  and  has  since 
had  no  return  of  ague  symptoms — now  over  three  years.  This  is  con- 
trary to  the  opinion  of  some  that  it  has  no  effect  on  chronic  forms  of 
malarial  fever. 

Bucalyptus  is  also  recommended  in  all  catarrhal  affections  of  the  air 
^passages,  from  the  common  coryza  to  chronic  bronchitis,  and  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal,  ulcers  in  the  stomach,  chronic  diarrhoea,  and  in  the  dis- 
eases of  the  urinary  tract,  such  as  inflammation  and  irritation  of  the 
bladder,  gonorrhoea  and  gleet.  I  have  found  it  of  special  benefit  in  irri- 
table bladder.  One  case  that  lately  came  to  me  from  Fountain  county, 
Indiana,  in  which  belladonna  and  camphor  relieved  her  perfectly,  while 
in  this  city,  but  on  her  return  home  the  irritability  came  on  with  double 
force,  eucalyptus  gave  immediate  relief.  She  being  a  very  intelligent 
lady,  I  will  copy  a  portion  of  her  letter,  dated  Dec.  4th,  1880  : 

"  I  am  quite  free  from  distress  and  able  to  work  the  early  part  of  the 
day,  but  about  3  in  the  afternoon  the  '  ache  '  begins  ;  there  is  a  constant 
desire  to  pass  water  and  a  strained,  protruding  feeling  at  the  neck  of  the 
bladder  ;  then  follows  a  fearful  itching,  scalding,  aching  sensation,  which 
well-nigh  drives  me  frantic. 

'  After  a  time  of  suffering  which  is  exhausting,  the  distress  subsides. 
I  eat  heartily  but  so  bruised  and  beaten  do  I  fell  that  I  can  only  take  the 
edge  of  a  chair  for  rest.  I  have  such  a  time,  also,  every  night,  being 
obliged  to  get  up  every  few  minutes  to  pass  a  few  drops  of  water,  and  the 


*  Dr.  H.  A.  Foster  in  the  Phys.  and  Surg.  Inv.  (Therapeutic  Gazette,  1880,  p.  223). 


EUCALYPTUS.  163 

passage  is  often  agonizing.     There  seems  to  be  about  the  same  quantity, 
though  at  times  it  is  strong  and  high-colored." 

We  have  here  pure  irratibility,  and  half-drachm  doses  of  fluid  extract 
of  Eucalyptus  quickly  controlled  the  trouble,  as  she  states  in  a  letter 
dated  december  23d  : 

"  I  have  found  out  the  benefits  of  Eucalyptus  in  my  case.  Its  relief 
came  most  opportunely,  for  I  don't  know  how  I  could  much  longer  have 
endured  the  terrible  strain  of  the  bladder  difficulty,  and  I  am  so  happy 
to  find  a  balm  for  that,"  etc.,  etc. 

I  have  obtained  good  results,  also,  in  several  cases  of  incontinence  of 
urine,  and  in  some  cases  of  gonorrhoea  I  consider  it  superior  to  copabia 
and  the  oil  of  sandalwood.  It  seems  to  relieve  the  pain  and  scalding 
more  promptly,  and  reduce  the  discharge  sooner  than  they. 

I  have  seen  good  results  in  chronic  bronchitis  from  its  use.  I  usu- 
ally use  the  fluid  extract  for  urinary  troubles,  and  the  tincture  for  malar- 
ial fevers  and  bronchitis.  Dose  of  each,  about  half  a  drachm. 

REPORT  3.  | — I  have  given  Eucalyptus  with  much  satisfaction  as  a 
gargle  in  ulcerated  sore  throat ;  also  as  a  gargle,  and  combined  with  jab- 
orandia  internally  in  a  number  of  cases  of  scarlatina,  with  results  so  good 
as  to  justify  '"great  expectations." 

In  two  very  severe  cases  of  typho-malarial  fever,  the  first  of  which  was 
a  lad  of  fourteen  years,  quite  feeble  from  hereditary  phthisis;  the  second  a 
boy  of  four  years,  who  had  suffered  so  long  from  chronic  malarial  poison- 
ing that  his  nervous  system  was  completely  prostrated,  and  he  would 
scream  with  terror  at  the  approach  of  any  person,  even  his  mother  ;  I  re- 
sorted to  the  fluid  extract  of  Eucalyptus  after  having  pursued  the  ordi- 
nary anti-periodic  treatment  with  no  apparent  benefit,  and  I  had  really 
lost  all  hope  of  their  recovery.  The  first  twenty-four  hours  showed  a 
marked  improvement,  which  continued  under  its  use  without  interrup- 
tion to  complete  recovery  ;  during  this  time  no  other  medicine  was  given. 

I  have  also  used  the  fluid  extract  as  a  vaginal  injection  in  blenor- 
rhoea,  leucorrhcea,  and  kindred  affections  ;  also  in  gonorrhoea  in  both 
male  and  female,  of  the  strength  of  one  part  of  fluid  extract  to  seven  of 
water  ;  the  addition  of  a  little  glycerine  is  usually  desirable. 

I  much  prefer  this  wash  in  these  affections  to  any  dilution  of  carbolic 
acid,  the  indiscriminate  use  of  which  is  accountable  for  much  mischief. 
In  erosions  of  the  cervix  uteri,  without  ulceratious,  I  used  the  fluid  ex- 
tract undiluted  as  a  local  application  with  benefit. 

REPORT  4.* — Have  used  Eucalyptus  Globulus  in  connection  with 
sulph.  cinchonidia,  in  malarial  fevers  ;  also  when  indicated  in  typhoid  ; 
have  also  used  it  with  marked  success  in  uterine  diseases,  as  an  injection, 
and  in  nasal  catarrh  for  a  douche. 


t  T.  S.  Floyd,  M.  D.,  in  Kansas  Medical  Index  (Therapeutic  Gazette,  1890,  p.  309). 
*  H.  J.  Hilton,  M.  D.,  of  Ann  Arbor,  in  New  Preparations,  1878,  p.  64. 


1 64  EUCALYPTUS. 

The  following  telegram  appeared  in  the  papers  too  late 
for  verification: 

FOR  YELLOW  FEVER. 
BRAZILIAN  PHYSICIANS  SAID  TO  HAVE  DISCOVERED  A  CURE. 

(Scripps-McRea  League  Special  Service.) 

Buenos  Ayres,  January  29. — Rio  Janeiro  advices  state  that  a  physician 
of  that  city  declares  that  he  has  found  a  cure  which  is  almost  certain  in 
its  effects  in  yellow  fever.  The  physician's  new  remedy  consists  of  the 
internal  use  of  doses  of  the  extract  of  eucalyptus.  The  extract  has  been 
tried  in  the  hospitals  in  Rio  Janeiro  with  astonishing  results  in  favor  of 
the  patient. 

Besides  these  general  reports  there  are  a  number  of  re- 
ports on  special  uses  of  Eucalyptus  preparations  favorable 
to  their  value. 


EUCALYPTUS  KINO, 


Prof.  J.  H.  Maiden  divides  the  Eucalyptus  kinos  into 
three  classses,  viz.,  the  Ruby,  Gummy  and  Turbid. 

The  members  of  the  first  of  these  are  soluble  both  in 
alcohol  and  water,  giving  a  ruby  colored  solution  ;  those  of 
the  second  are  practically  insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  the 
third,  when  treated  with  hot  water  and  allowed  to  cool, 
contains  a  body  or  bodies  which  render  the  liquid  turbid." 

The  only  analysis  I  have  seen  of  these  kinos  is  by 
Prof.  Maiden  and  of  his  turbid  group.  This  is  the  largest 
of  the  groups  and  includes,  amongst  others  the  following 
species  well  known  here:  Eucalyptus  melliodora,  Eucalyptus 
leucoxylon,  Eucalyptus  cornuta,  Eucalyptus  rostrata,  Euca- 
lyptus viminalis,  Eucalyptus  Stuartiana,  Eucalyptus  Gunnii, 
Eucalyptus  longifolia,  Eucalyptus  calophylla,  Eucalyptus 
globulus.  I  give  the  following  analysis  from  Prof.  Maiden. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  165 

EUCALYPTUS   CORYNOCALYX. 

It  does  not  entirely  dissolve  in  cold  water;  the  super- 
natant liquid  is  pale  yellowish,  and  it  does  not  entirely 
dissolve  in  alcohol ;  the  liquid  becomes  clear  on  standing, 
but  on  agitation  has  a  very  turbid  appearance.  Its  compo- 
sition (determined  August,  1891)  is: 

Catechin  and  tannic  acid 82.473 

Ligneous  matter,  etc 3.827 

Moisture 13 .370 

Ash 332 

lOO.OOO 

Tannic  acid  determination  (Loweuthal),  26.2  per  cent. 

EUCALYPTUS  LEUCOXYLON. 

Behaviour  and  appearance  in  water  similar  to  Euca- 
lyptus corynocalyx  sample.  In  alcohol  it  does  not  entirely 
dissolve;  the  supernatant  liquid  is  bright,  clear,  and  of  a 
reddish-brown  color;  the  liquid  is  very  turbid  when  agi- 
tated. Its  composition  (determined  August,  1891)  is: 

Catechin  and  tannic  acid 79 .279 

Ligneous  matter,  etc 4.9 

Moisture 14-95 

Ash 871 

100.000 

Tannic  acid  determination  (Lowenthal)  21.5  per  cent. 

EUCALYPTUS   ROSTRATA. 

The  well  known  "Red  Gum"  of  Victoria  and  the  Mur- 
ray and  Edwards  Rivers,  N.  S.  W. 

The  kino  of  this  species  is  perhaps  the  best  known  of 
all  Eucalyptus  kinos,  chiefly  through  the  enterprise  of  Mr. 
Joseph  Bosisto,  of  Melbourne. 

It  is  a  useful  astringent,  and  it  seems  to  be  increasing 
in  favor  with  medical  men  in  England,  America  and 
Australia. 


166  EbCAL  YPTUS. 

The  official  kino  (Pterocarpus)  contains,  I  believe,  no 
substance  which  is  not  contained  in  this  and  some  allied 
kinos,  for  which  they  appear  to  be  a  perfect  substitute. 
See  Pharm.  Journal  [3],  xx.  221,  321. 

The  kino  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  will,  be  found  men- 
tioned in  all  modern  works  on  Materia  Medica.  In  Mar- 
tindale  and  Westcott's  Extra  Pharmacopoeia,  for  instance, 
we  have  the  following:  "Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  Euca- 
lyptus corymbosa,  and  probably  other  species  imported 
from  Australia.  It  is  semi-translucent  and  garnet-colored, 
not  so  dark  as,  but  resembling  kino  in  appearance,  soluble 
in  water,  tough,  difficult  to  powder  [not  correct  as  applied 
to  these  two  kinos,  J.  H.  M.],  it  adheres  to  the  teeth  when 
chewed,  is  intensely  astringent  to  the  mucous  membrane, 
useful  in  diarrhoea,  relaxed  throats,  and  given  with  success 
to  check  the  purging  of  mercurial  pills." 

But  the  following  statements  pertaining  to  the  percent- 
age of  tannic  acid,  and  the  solubility,  are  somewhat  mis- 
leading, since  I  have  shown  the  enormous  variation  in  the 
properties  of  kinos  caused  by  age. 

"Of  100  parts  90  are  dissolved  in  cold  water,  the  solu- 
tion being  clear.  Twenty-seven  parts  of  isinglass  precipi- 
tate all  the  astringent  matter." — Squires'  Companion  to 
the  B.  P. 

Dr.  Weisner  says  of  a  sample:  "Easily  soluble  in  water 
and  alcohol;  solution  neutral,  free  from  gum-resin.  Broken 
masses  of  a  zircon-red,  sometimes  light  brown,  mixed  with 
bits  of  dark." 

47.  "Red  Gum;"  purchased  in  Sydney,  22nd  Novem- 
ber, 1888.  Of  Victorian  origin. 

In  lumps  up  to  the  size  of  peas,  though  angular.  Pre- 
vailing color  purplish  brown.  Is  readily  powdered  between 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  167 

the  fingers,  forming  an  ochrey-brown  powder.  The  mass 
of  kino  has  not  the  brilliant  appearance  ot  the  kinos  of 
the  ruby  group,  owing  to  this  friability. 

In  cold  water  it  dissolves  fairly  readily  and  almost 
entirely  to  a  reddish-brown  liquid.  Its  composition  (deter- 
mined November,  1888)  is: 

Catechin  and  tannic  acid 84  3 

Ligneous  matter,  etc 3 

Moisture 15  .2 

Ash 2 

IOO.OO 

Tannic  acid  determination  (Lowenthal)  46  22  per  cent. 


HOW  TO  PLANT  EUCALYPTUS. 


The  first  thing  to  consider  in  planting  Eucalyptus  trees 
is  the  seed.  With  the  exception  of  only  four  or  five  spe- 
cies seeds  true  to  name  are  difficult  to  obtain.  Conse- 
quently when  species  are  desired  that  are  outside  of  the 
ordinary  demand  it  is  best  to  have  the  seed  collected  here 
from  identified  trees  whenever  the  tree  is  locally  repre- 
sented. In  this  connection  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
the  seeds  in  the  top  of  the  ovary  are  nearly  all  fertile 
while,  as  you  go  down,  the  ratio  of  fertile  to  sterile  seeds 
diminishes:  The  top  seeds  are  first  dropped,  so  in  collect- 
ing seed  the  fruit  should  be  gathered  just  before  it  opens 
and  allowed  to  ripen  up  in  sacks  or  boxes. 

The  seed  germinate  most  uniformly  when  soaked  in 
warm  water  for  24  hours.  All  the  species  from  which 
seed  have  been  locally  gathered  in  California  have,  as  far 
as  reported  to  me,  proved  fertile.  In  Algiers,  Eucalyptus 
tetraptera,  is  the  only  one  reported  sterile.  While  the  seed 


1 68  EUCALYPTUS. 

planting  method  is  the  only  practical  way  to  rear  Eucalyp- 
tus trees  in  my  opinion,  still  a  large  number  of  Eucalyptus 
species  have  been  propagated  from  cuttings.  In  fact  in  the 
report  I  have  on  this  subject  no  species  tried  proved  abso- 
lutely recalcitrant. 

When  the  seed  have  been  obtained  I  would  advise -the 
intending  planter  to  place  the  rearing  of  the  plants  for  the 
field  in  the  hands  of  a  competent  nurseryman.  In  Southern 
California  we  are  very  fortunate  in  having  a  number  of 
careful  and  competent  nurserymen.  Amongst  these  I  can 
mention  Mr.  W.  S.  L,yon,  a  botanist  and  former  Forester 
to  the  State,  and  J.  L.  Stengle,  both  of  Los  Angeles,  the 
Park  Nursery  and  the  Paradise  Nursery,  Pasadena,  and  Dr. 
Francischi,  a  plant  lover,  of  Santa  Barbara. 

In  case  however  the  planter  desires  to  overlook  or  under- 
take the  whole  planting  I  present  some  notes  from  the  dis- 
tinguished forest  conservator,  W.  S.  Gill,  and  a  paper  from 
Mr.  Byron  O.  Clark.  Mr.  F.  M.  Gallagher  of  the  Mentecito, 
plants  his  seed  in  coal  oil  cans  cut  in  half  and  trans- 
planted to  the  field  from  these  direct  without  a  prelimi- 
nary picking  out. 

The  grower,  as  a  check,  might  well  refer  to  the  accom- 
panying illustration  of  the  seedlings  of  a  number  of  the 
species. 

My  own  experience  with  Eucalyptus  tree  planting  is 
that  the  land  should  be  plowed  and  the  cultivation  con- 
tinued to  the  second  season.  The  planting  of  Eucalyptus 
trees  amongst  our  native  Californian  brush  has  proved,  in 
general,  a  failure.  The  Eucalyptus  trees  planted  without 
clearing  usually  live,  but  remain  stunted  or  for  a  number 
of  years  grow  very  slowly.  I  have  some  Eucalyptus 
globulus  planted  amongst  oaks,  sycamores  and  willows 


. 


From  Von  Mueller 

KEY  TO  PLATE  OF  SEEDLINGS. 

Young  seedlings  of  Eucalyptus,  to  exhibit  mainly  the  cotyledonar  leaves. 


i — E.  diversicolor 
2— E.  leucoxylon 
3— E.  rostrata 
4— E.  botryoides 
5— E.  cebra 


6 — E.  cornuta 
7 — E-  Gunnii 
S — E.  corymbosa 
9— E.  marginal* 

10— E.  obliqua 
[All  figures  of  natural  size]. 


ii  — E.  gamophylla 
rt-  E,  pilularis 
13— E.  saligua 
14— E.  siderophloia 
15— E.  goniocalyx 


From  Von  Mueller 

KEY  TO  PLATE  OF  SEEDLINGS 

Young  seedlings  of  Eucalyptus  to  exhibit  mainly  the  cotyledonar  leaves. 


16— E,  calophylla 
17— E.  melliodora 
18— E.  alpina 
19— E.  piperita 


20— E    amygdalina 
21 — E.  macrocarpa 
22 — K    Stuartiana 
23  -  E.  Sieberiana 

[All  figures  of  natural  size]. 


24—  E.  hemipholia 
25 — E    globulus 
26— E.  stricta 
27 — E.  cosmophylla 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  169 

near  a  spring  in  the  Sierra  Madre  mountains,  that  have 
grown  in  seven  years  what  trees  in  adjacent  open  plowed 
land  grew  in  one.  M.  Cordier  reports-  from  Algiers  the 
satisfactory  growth  of  nearly  all  species  of  Eucalyptus  in 
ground  prepared  and  cared  for  to  the  second  year,  and  the 
failure  to  do  anything  of  those  set  out  amongst  the  native 
brush.  Most  species  of  Eucalyptus  grow  very  rapidly 
when  they  are  in  the  soil  possession  for  the  first  two 
years.  In  that  time  they  obtain  a  hold  which  subsequent 
native  growths  are  unable  to  compete  with,  and  the  Euca- 
lyptus trees  continue  their  rapid  growth  which  does  not 
commence  when  these  trees  are  set  out  amongst  the  native 
brush. 

Eucalyptus  trees  should  not,  as  a  rule,  be  set  out  when 
over  eight  or  ten  inches  high.  In  properly  prepared 
ground  six  inches  is  the  best  size.  This  need  of  planting 
small  trees  fresh  from  the  seed  is  one  of  the  great  advan- 
tages and  economies  of  the  genus  Eucalyptus. 


PASADENA,  CAL.,  April  24,  1895. 
ABBOT  KINNEY  ESQ., 

L,amanda  Park  : 

Dear  Sir: — Replying  to  your  request  for  my  treatment 
of  Eucalyptus  seed  for  propogating  the  young  plants,  will 
say  :  Nature's  own  seed  bed  is  the  best  for  all  young 
plants,  especially  for  small  seeded  plants  and  trees.  I  sow 
in  flats,  that  is,  boxes  about  three  inches  deep,  and  of  con- 
venient size  for  handling.  I  prefer  18  in.  x  18  in.  in  size, 
with  sufficient  openings  in  the  bottom  to  permit  good 
drainage.  Secure  from  the  woods  well  decomposed  leaf 


//o  EUCALYPTUS. 

mold  and  mix  with  one-third  to  one-half  sharp  sand  such 
as  would  be  used  for  mortar  by  the  mason ;  fill  your  boxes 
level  full  and  firm  down  with  a  board  which  will  leave  the 
surface  about  one-half  inch  lower  than  the  edge  of  the  box. 
Scatter  the  seed  evenly  and  not  too  thick  over  the  surface 
and  cover  about  one-eighth  inch  with  finely  sifted  soil  same 
as  used  for  the  seed  bed,  press  down  firmly  with  a  board 
and  water  lightly.  Place  boxes  after  sowing  in  a  cold 
frame  covered  with  cheese  cloth,  or  in  a  lath  house,  and 
water  lightly,  daily,  and  not  allow  the  surface  to  become 
dry.  The  seed  of  most  varieties  will  germinate  in  ten  to 
fourteen  days,  and  in  warm  weather  often  the  first  plant 
will  be  out  above  the  soil  in  six  days.  Water  lightly 
when  plants  begin  to  show  ;  great  care  will  be  necessary 
not  to  get  soil  too  wet,  or  fungus  will  attack  them  and 
produce  what  is  termed  "damping  off"  by  the  gardener, 
which  will  often  carry  off  seventy- five  per  cent,  of  the 
young  plants  before  the  second  and  third  set  of  leaves 
appear,  after  which  there  is  not  much  danger  from  this 
cause.  I  have  found  only  one  remedy  of  much  use  in 
preventing  "damping,"  that  is,  to  use  the  finest  road  dust, 
sprinkling  it  over  the  plants  lightly  on  the  first  appearance 
of  the  trouble,  which  will  often  check  its  progress.  Some 
varieties  may  be  more  subject  to  this  trouble  than  others, 
but  I  think  that  conditions  of  weather  favorable  to  produc- 
ing succulent  growth,  the  leading  cause.  Varieties  showing 
least  tendency  one  season,  might  suffer  the  greatest,  under 
different  conditions  of  temperature  and  humidity,  another. 
Before  transplanting,  the  young  plants  should  be  hardened 
off,  when  about  three  inches  high,  by  giving  only  sufficient 
water  to  prevent  wilting  in  heat  of  day.  After  they  have 
become  sufficiently  "ripened,"  or  woody,  apply  water 


EUCALYPTUS.  i7i 

freely,  for  three  or  four  days,  when  on  taking  up  the 
plants  they  will  be  found  to  be  making  a  new  root  growth, 
shown  by  the  young  white  rootlets.  When  in  this  condi- 
tion they  will  nearly  all  grow  when  transplanted  if  care- 
fully done  and  roots  not  exposed  to  the  air  and  placed  in 
shade  for  a  few  da}^s  till  over  waiting.  I  use  the  same 
sized  box  for  transplanting  into  as  for  seed  boxes,  putting 
the  young  plants  in  with  a  dibble  about  two  inches  apart 
each  way,  but  I  use  heavier  soil  for  this  purpose, — good 
clay  loam,  with  a  little  well  rolled  manure,  and  enough 
sand  or  light  soil  to  make  it  pliable  is  best,  as  it  enables 
the  planter  remove  the  young  plant  with  a  squen  of  soil 
adhering  to  the  roots,  when  transplanting  to  the  field,  which 
should  be  done  when  the  plants  are  from  six  to  twelve  or 
fifteen  inches  high. 

Yours  Respectfully, 

BYRON  O.  CLARK. 


The  better  the  soil  is  worked  the  better  the  tree  will 
grow.  General  plowing  is  the  best  preparation  of  land  for 
tree  planting.  Dug  holes  cost  more  and  are  not  so  good 
as  a  general  breaking  up  of  the  soil. 

We  find  Eucalyptus  trees  succeed  well  when  planted 
from  nursery  boxes  when  the  trees  are  6  to  12  inches 
high.  This  is  specially  true  of  the  blue  gum.  Trees  cost 
more  in  cans  or  pots  and  do  little  if  any  better.  They 
should  be  turned  out  of  the  pot,  but  may  be  left  in  the 
cans,  which  must  then  be  cut  down  one  side.  Mr.  Walter 
Gill  recommends  planting  the  seedlings  in  nursery  in  bam- 
boo canes  and  setting  the  tree  in  the  field  with  the  bamboo 
intact.  The  bamboo  soon  rots  and  leaves  the  tree  free  and 


i72  EUCALYPTUS. 

the  transplanting  is  practically  without  any  exposure  for 
the  young  tree.  This  method,  however,  is  more  costly  in 
the  nursery  handling  than  our  open  boxes.  From  these 
the  trees  are  taken  and  put  into  the  ground  as  the  planting 
progresses.  At  this  time  the  boxes  should  be  frequently 
sprinkled. 

With  care  the  percentage  of  failure  is  almost  nil.  A 
watering  cart  should  accompany  the  planting  and  each  tree 
be  given  water  as  it  is  set  out.  If  this  is  inconvenient,  or 
from  circumstances  too  costly,  a  showery  spring  day  should 
be  selected  for  the  planting,  or  days  after  the  soil  has  been 
freshly  rained  on. 

I  have  found  it  pay  well  to  cultivate  newly  planted 
trees  the  first  and  second  years  of  the  planting.  The  vigor 
of  the  tree  is  thus  increased  and  it  obtains  rapid  and  com- 
plete possession  of  the  soil.  I  have  seen  plantations  side 
by  side,  the  one  with  two  years  cultivating  and  the  other 
with  none.  Many  trees  were  missing  in  the  uncultivated 
piece,  many  were  stunted  in  appearance,  and  the  planting 
looked  three  or  four  }^ears  behind  the  cultivated  one.  The 
cost  of  cultivating  should  not  exceed  $5  per  acre  the  first 
year  and  $2.50  the  second  and  need  not  be  so  much. 

March  is  as  early  as  Eucalyptus  should  be  planted  in 
California, — May  and  June  are  better.  The  best  time  to 
set  any  evergreen  tree  is  just  as  it  is  about  to  start  a  new 
growth.  Large  Eucalyptus  trees  are  very  difficult  to  trans- 
plant. A  small  tree  is  always  safer  and  will  quickly  pass 
a  large  one. that  has  been  successfully  moved. 

The 'smaller  the  tree  is  when  first  set  the  less  likely  it 
is  to  blow  over  in  after  years. 

Eucalyptus  trees  are  generally  surface  rooters  and  when 
making  rapid  growth  the  first  three  or  four  years  are  some- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  f?3 

what  subject  to  blow  over  in  high  winds  after  soaking 
rains.  Trees  must  be  protected  from  stock.  Ground  squir- 
rels and  rabbits  must  ^e  cleared  from  tree  plantations. 
This  should  be  done  before  trees  are  set  out. 

In  setting  out  streets  or  roadways  where  there  are 
many  foot  passengers.  Eucalyptus  trees  in  large  cans  or 
boxes,  say  trees  two  to  three  feet  high,  may  suit  the  con- 
ditions better  than  very  small  trees.  Of  course  the  cost  is 
much  greater  both  for  trees  and  for  planting,  but  it  prob- 
ably pays.  In  setting  such  large  trees  great  care  should  be 
taken  to  see  that  the  trees  are  not  pot  bound. 

Mr.  Walter  Gill,  in  his  pamphlet  on  tree  planting  in 
South  Australia,  speaks  only  of  the  following  trees,  all 
Eucalyptus.  Eucalyptus  globulus  he  reports  short  lived, 
and  not  suited  to  the  prolonged  dry  heat  of  that  colony. 
It  grows  there,  however,  with  great  rapidity  for  a  few 
years,  and  is  useful  as  a  temporary  windbrake  or  protec- 
tion for  better  trees. 

Eucalyptus  corynocalyx  sugar  gum  is  a  fine  timber  tree 
and  hardy  against  everything  but  frost — sensitive  to  this. 
Makes  good  telegraph  poles  and  stands  well  in  the  ground. 
Resists  dry  heat  of  interior  better  than  'other  good  trees. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata,  best  timber  for  lasting  underground 
when  of  good  quality — that  growing  on  hilly  lands  more 
lasting  than  the  bottom  land  trees,  but  subject  to  defects 
as  gum  veins  and  shakes.  Not  of  extra  good  growth  on 
dry  plains  in  Australia. 

Eucalyptus  cornuta  succeeds  well  in  South  Australia. 
Timber  tough,  useful  similar  to  ash. 

Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  (S.  A.  blue  gum),  valuable  tree 
of  timber  utility,  similar  to  sugar  gum.  Especially  suited 
to  limestone  country  which  other  trees  do  not  like. 


174  EUCALYPTUS. 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon  (Victorian  ironbark)  suited  to 
wheelwrights'  work.  Does  well  in  South  Australia.  Mr. 
Gill  speaks  of  the  bark  of  sideroxylon  as  persistent  on  all 
the  branches  as  well  as  on  the  main  stem.  (This  does 
not  seem  to  be  the  case  in  California).  Little  tree  planting 
seems  to  have  been  done  in  Australia  outside  of  this 
colony. 

In  Algiers  the  very  considerable  tree  planting  under  the 
French  Forest  officers,  notably  "Cordier,''  has  been  largely 
of  Eucalyptus.  This  is  also  the  case  in  the  Argentine 
plantations.  In  fact  where  the  Eucalyptus  will  grow  there 
is  no  tree  to  compare  with  it  in  cheapness  of  handling  and 
rapidity  of  growth.  Besides  these  advantages  trees  of  this 
genus  are  generally  resistent  to  all  forms  of  insect  pests, 
more  so  indeed  in  foreign  lands  than  in  their  own  native 
haunts.  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  variety  angustifolia  is 
often  subject  in  California  to  willow  scale.  This  scale  is 
sometimes  found  on  the  fruits  of  other  species  but  not  on 
the  trees  themselves.  Where  the  temperature  is  not  too 
cold  the  Eucalyptus  will  always  be  the  most  popular  and 
the  most  advantageous  tree  for  grove  or  forest  plantings. 


HOW  TO  MEASURE  THE  HEIGHT  OF  A  TREE, 


Start  from  the  trunk  of  the  tree  at  a  point  about  as 
high  as  the  eye  of  the  observer  and  measure  out  a  distance 
according  to  convenience,  which  should  preferably  be 
greater  than  the  supposed  height  of  the  tree.  At  this 
point  a  stake  should  be  set,  the  top  of  which  must  be  at 
the  same  elevation  from  the  ground  as  the  point  on  the 


EUCALYPTUS. 


tree  from  which  the  measure  was  made.  Then  at  about  a 
quarter  of  the  distance  between  the  stake  and  the  tree  a 
pole  must  be  raised  until  its  top  comes  into  the  line  be- 
tween the  stake  and  the  top  of  the  tree.  This  can  be 
seen,  of  course,  by  the  observer  looking  over  the  top  of 
the  stake. 

The  accompanying  diagram  explains  the  rest. 


r 


To  calculate  the  height  of  a  tree,  AB:BF  =  AD:DE. 
Suppose    A  B  =  10  feet,  B  F  =  8  feet  and  A  D  =  100  feet, 

then  10  :  8  =  100  =  D  E. 
Hence  D  E  =  80  feet  and  the  height  of  the  tree  =  80  —  D  C 

the  height  of  the  man  from  the  ground. 


ij6  EUCAL  YPTUS. 


THE  EUCALYPTUS  BOTANICALLY, 


The  Eucalypti  have  been  classified  in  various  ways, 
viz.,  by  the  leaves,  by  the  barks,  by  the  kino-gums,  by 
the  anthers  and  in  a  composite  way  by  Bentham.  The 
anthereal  system  seems  to  me  to  be  the  -best  for  the  general 
student ;  I  have  therefore  adopted  it.  By  means  of  the 
editing  done  by  Prof.  A.  T.  McClatchie,  the  plate  of  typical 
anthers  of  each  series,  the  key  and  the  glossary,  moderate 
attention  will  enable  a  person  of  intelligence  to  identify  the 
leading  species  of  the  genus.  I  have  described  three  species 
which  are  growing  at  Santa  Monica.  Some  of  the  speci- 
mens of  Eucalyptus  sent  to  Von  Mueller  arrived  in  bad 
condition.  Of  the  three  species  named  by  me  the  Baron 
thought  one  might  be  a  form  of  Eucalyptus  globulus,  and 
another  he  called  Eucalyptus  occidentalis.  A  reference  to 
the  chapter  on  Eucalyptus  oil  will  show  that  it  would  be 
justifiable  to  found  new  species  on  these  trees  from  the  oils 
alone.  The  oils  are  widely  different  in  both  yield  and 
character  from  Eucalyptus  globulus  in  the  one  case  and 
Eucalyptus  occidentalis  in  the  other. 

The  genus  is  spoken  of  by  all  observers  as  an  extremely 
difficult  one  botanically.  The  difficulty  lies  in  the  strong 
tendency  to  vary  in  the  species  and  of  a  consequent  merg- 
ing of  species  into  each  other.  The  present  arrangement 
of  species  is  far  from  being  satisfactory.  The  trees  which 
we  now  call  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  var.  angustifolia  and 
var.  regnans  are  surely  worthy  of  specific  rank.  This 
would  give  us  three  species  and  three  varieties  out  of  the 


EUCALYPTUS.  j77 

present  amygdalina  in  California.  Leucoxylon  and  sider- 
oxylon  I  have  accepted  as  separate  species.  The  variety 
pallida  of  sideroxylon  is  almost  worthy  of  specific  rank. 
Eucalyptus  viminalis  has  a  considerable  range  of  variation 
here  and  one  of  these  forms  is  persistent  and  specific. 

Baron  Von  Mueller  writes  me  that  the  specimen  of  our 
Eucalyptus  robusta  sent  him  is  robusta.  Yet  it  is  very 
different  in  its  bud  form  from  the  plate  of  this  species  in 
the  Eucalyptographia.  What  I  have  called  Eucalyptus 
Californica  is  by  Von  Mueller  called  occidentalis.  It  is 
quite  different  in  bark,  flowers,  fruits  and  foliage  from  the 
typical  occidentalis  and  has  varieties  of  its  own.  I  have 
never  seen  a  typical  Eucalyptus  maculata.  We  have  only 
the  variety  citriodora,  but  I  think  that  this  tree  as  well  as 
the  lemon-scented  ironbark  are  separate  species;  many  other 
similar  instances  exist  in  the  genus.  In  a  general  way  I 
believe  that  a  considerable  number  of  additional  species 
should  be  recognized  in  the  Eucalyptus. 

This  work  of  complete  classification  could  best  be  done 
in  Australia  where  the  old  trees  could  be  often  definitively 
placed  by  their  seedlings  alone. 

The  beautiful  botanical  garden  at  Sydney  or  the  very 
interesting  one  at  Melbourne  would  make  good  seedling 
headquarters.  Such  local  work  supplemented  by  experi- 
ments in  the  widely  distributed  stations  under  Mr.  Walter 
Gill  in  South  Australia  together  with  examination  and  com- 
parison of  mature  forms,  would  soon  clear  up  the  confusion 
that  now  troubles  us.  The  classification  of  Bentham  is 
added  as  an  aid  to  students  and  I  have  also  put  in  those 
descriptions  of  his  which  are  not  clearly  synonyms  of 
those  in  the  regular  system.  Thus  where  a  specimen  of 

Eucalyptus    can    not    be   run   out    on    the  key  and    anthrial 
12 


1 78  EVCAL  YPTUS. 

classification  it  may  still  be  looked  for  in  Bentham's  sys- 
tem and  descriptions.  The  following  partial  list  of  synon- 
yms and  varieties,  together  with  the  native  habitat  and 
range  and  vernacular  names  of  the  species  may  help  some- 
what in  identifications. 


SYSTEMATIC  POSITION  AND  CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE 
EUCALYPTI. 

The  Eucalypti  belong  to  the  order  Myrtacetz,  which  is  characterized 
as  follows: 

Trees  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite  or  alternate,  usually  dotted;  flowers 
regular  or  nearly  so.  Calyx-tube  grown  to  the  ovary  at  the  base  or  up  to 
the  insertion  of  the  stamens.  Petals  usually  as  many  as  calyx-lobes, 
very  much  imbricate  in  the  bud,  the  external  one  sometimes  larger  than 
the  others,  but  usually  all  nearly  equal  when  expanded,  sometimes  all 
concrete  and  falling  off  in  a  single  operculum,  or  rarely  entirely  want- 
ing. Stamens  indefinite,  usually  numerous,  inserted  in  one  or  several 
rows  on  a  disk;  filaments  free  or  rarely  united  into  a  ring  or  tube  at  the 
base,  or  into  as  many  bundles  as  there  are  calyx-lobes;  anthers  2-celled, 
versatile  or  attached  by  the  base,  the  cells  opening  in  longitudinal  slits, 
or  rarely  in  terminal  pores.  Ovary  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  some- 
times i-celled,  with  a  placenta  attached  to  the  base  or  adnate  to  one  side, 
more  frequently  2  or  more  celled,  with  the  placentas  in  the  inner  angle 
of  each  cell,  very  rarely  i-celled  with  2  purietal  placentas.  Style  simple, 
with  a  small,  capitate,  peltate,  or  lobed  stigma.  Ovules  2  or  more  to 
each  placenta,  in  2  or  more  rows,  or  very  rarely  solitary.  Fruit  adnate 
to  the  calyx-tube,  capsular  and  opening  at  the  summit  in  as  many  valves 
as  cells,  or  Indihescent,  dry,  and  i-seeded,or  succulent  and  indihescent. 
Perfect  seeds  usually  very  few  or  solitary  in  each  cell,  even  when  the 
ovules  are  numerous,  or  rarely  numerous  and  perfect. 

The  order  is  divided  into  four  tribes,  the  Eucalypti  falling  into  the 
tribe  Leptospermae  (meaning  "small  seeds"),  the  chief  characteristic  of 
which  is  its  2  to  5-celled  ovary  opening  at  the  summit  by  as  many  valves 
as  there  are  cells.  Of  the  genera  belonging  to  this  tribe,  the  gemis  Euca- 
lyptus is  by  far  the  largest,  about  150  species  being  known. 

CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  GENUS  EUCALYPTUS 

L'HERITIER. 

Calyx  of  firm  consistence,  separated  into  a  lower  persistent  portion 
and  a  deciduous  lid.  Petals,  none,  unless  represented  in  some  few 
species  by  an  inner  membrane.  Stamens  very  numerous,  inserted  close 
to  the  edge  of  the  calyx-tube  in  several  rows,  all  fertile  or  some  of  the 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  i79 

outer  by  absence  of  anthers  sterile,  always  finally  deciduous;  filaments 
thread-like,  pointed,  indexed  while  in  bud  or  the  outer  or  very  seldom 
all  filaments  straight  before  expansion;  anthers  dorsified,  their  two  cells 
parallel  or  divergent,  each  opening  by  a  marginal  or  anterior  slit  or  less 
commonly  by  a  pore;  pollen-grains  tetrahedrous,  smooth,  with  longitu- 
dinal apertures.  Style  long;  stigma  convex  or  almost  flat,  undivided, 
seldom  much  dilated  beyond  the  summit  of  the  style.  Ovary  2-6-celled, 
its  lower  portion  grown  to  the  calyx,  its  upper  portion  more  or  less  free. 
Ovules  in  each  cell  numerous,  the  greatest  majority  remaining  unfer- 
tilized. Cotyledons  broad,  much  compressed,  somewhat  folded,  undi- 
vided or  bi-lobed,  curved  around  the  cylindrical  straight  erect  radicle. 

Evergreen  trees,  scattered  as  well  as  gregarious,  sometimes  of  enor- 
mous height,  or  dwarfed  shrubs,  present  in  all  parts  of  Australia  even  in 
intratropic  low  lands  or  in  arid  desert  sands  or  on  alpine  elevations,  more 
scantily  occurring  in  New  Guinea,  in  Timor,  and  very  rarely  in  the 
Moluccas,  mostly  of  rapid  growth,  flowering  occasionally  at  a  very  early 
age;  stem  often  kinofluous;  bark  either  completely  persistent  or  its  outer 
layers  deciduous;  matured  wood  always  particularly  hard;  main  branches 
usually  distant;  foliage  often  not  dense;  branches  frequently  pendent, 
quite  glabrous,  or  sometimes  those  of  young  plants  (and  even  mature 
ones)  rough-hairy;  leaves  of  aged  plants  nearly  always  glabrous  and 
thick  in  texture,  never  soft-hairy,  often  scattered  and  conspicuously 
stalked  or  in  some  species  opposite  and  then  generally  sessile,  sometimes 
united;  those  of  young  plants  frequently  different  in  texture,  position  and 
shape  from  those  of  the  more  aged  plants;  these  latter  generally 
approaching  in  form  to  lanceolar-sickle-shaped,  often  of  equal  color  and 
turning  one  edge  toward  the  zenith  and  the  other  toward  the  ground; 
much  less  frequently  considerably  darker  above,  and  spreading  horizon- 
tally; oil-dots  pellucid  or  concealed;  peculiarly  and  strongly  odorous; 
primary  veins  often  copious  and  much  spreading;  inflorescence  either 
axillary  or  terminal  or  more  rarely  both  modes  united;  flowers  in  single 
or  paniculated  umbels,  rarely  in  twos,  or  solitary;  umbel-stalks  and 
flower-stalklets  commonly  present,  the  former  sometimes  much  dilated; 
umbels  while  very  young  enclosed  within  a  pair  of  fugacious  and  some- 
times diminutive  bracts;  calyces  of  different  species  very  variable  in 
size;  lid  not  rarely  provided  with  a  minute  early  dropping  accessory 
outer  layer;  filaments  gnerally  pale  with  a  slightly  yellowish  tinge,  more 
rarely  bright  yellow,  orange-colored  or  crimson;  inner  filaments  gradu- 
ally shorter;  connective  of  anthers  usually  raised  at  the  summit  or  dor- 
sally  towards  the  top  into  a  callous  gland;  slits  of  anthers  sometimes 
confluent ;  fruits  for  a  long  while  persistent,  from  very  small  in  some 
species  to  remarkably  large  in  others,  oftener  smooth  than  streaked  or 
ridged;  valves  always  glabrous,  very  rarely  by  the  persistent  base  of  the 
style  permanently  connected;  seeds  long  retained  in  the  fixed  fruit,  soon 


i  Bo  EUCALYPTUS. 

/ 

shedding  on  detachment  of  the  latter;  fertile  seeds  usually  outside,  dark 
brown;  sterile  seeds  mostly  pale  brown  and  smaller  than  the  others. 

To  classify  the  species  of  so  large  a  genus  is  no  easy  task.  The 
system  of  classification  adopted  below  is  based  on  the  structure  of  the 
anthers,  the  position  of  the  valves,  the  shape  of  the  lid,  the  style  of 
inflorescence,  and  the  similarity  or  dissimilarity  of  the  two  leaf  surfaces. 
The  first  thing  to  ascertain  about  a  Eucalyptus  that  one  wishes  to  identify 
is  the  structure  of  the  anthers.  This  can  usually  be  done  with  a  good 
lens  by  examining  anthers  from  buds  just  ready  to  open.  It  is  hoped 
that  the  accompanying  plate  and  artificial  key  preceding  each  section  of 
che  genus  will  aid  in  the  work  of  identification.  In  using  the  key  to  a 
section,  the  first  thing  to  ascertain  is  whether  the  valves  of  a  mature  seed 
vessel  are  enclosed  within  it  or  project  partly  or  wholly  from  the  mouth. 


I,  RENANTHEREAE. 


Anthers  mostly  broader  than  long,  usually  kidney-shaped,  opening 
anteriorily  by  divergent,  upward  confluent  slits.  (Umbels  generally 
solitary.  Fertile  and  sterile  seeds  mostly  of  the  same  shape.) 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY. 

A.     Valves  completely  enclosed — B. 
A.     Valves  partly  exserted — C. 
A.     Valves  completely  exserted — 1-3. 
B.     Lid  hemispheric — 4-11. 

B.  Lid  not  hemispheric — D. 

C.  Lid  hemispheric — E. 

C.     Lid  not  hemispheric — 12-13. 

D.     Leaves  equally  green — 14-15. 

D.  Leaves  unequally  green — 16-17. 

E.  Leaves  equally  green — 18-19. 
E.     Leaves  unequally  green — 20-21. 

1.  E.  Santalifolia,   F.   M.     Dwarf;    leaves  thick,  rather  narrow, 
equally  green,  shining;  umbels  solitary,  stalklets  almost  none,  lid  semi- 
ovate-conical;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud,  anthers  roundish-cordate; 
fruits  hemispheric  below,  border  broad,  convex,  emersed,  valves  very 
short,  exserted. 

2,  E.   Capitellata,   Sm.       Leaves    thick,    elongated,    rather    less 
shining  beneath,  very  inequilateral  at  the  base;   umbels  axillary,  stalk- 
lets  none,  lid  hemispheric;  fruits  semiovate  below,  border  broad,  convex, 
emersed,  valves  much  exserted. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  181 

3.  E.  nacrorrhyncha,   P.M.      Leaves  elongated,  equally  green ; 
umbels  solitary;  calyx-lid  concavely  attenuated,  sharply  pointed;    fruits 
below  hemispheric,  border  convex,  emersed,  valves  much  exserted. 

4.  E.  pauciflora,  Sieb.  Leaves  elongated,  thick,  shining,  equally 
green,  veined   longitudinally  ;  umbels  solitary,  lid  hemispheric  ;  fruits 
truncate-ovate,  border  of  orifice  depressed,  valve?  enclosed. 

5.  E.  amygdalina,  Lab.     Leaves  thin,   equally  green;  veins  not 
much  spreading,  oil-dots  copious,  transparent  ;  umbels  solitary,  flowers 
small,  lid  almost  hemispheric ;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  depressed, 
valves  enclosed. 

E.  amygdalina  regnans.  Var.  i.  Lid  hemispheric,  pointed,  fruit 
obscurely  speckled  and  cut  off  flat  on  top  as  though  shaved,  fruit  and 
flowers  small ;  bark  persistent,  rough  ;  foliage  light  green  ;  leaves  thin. 

Var.  2.  Lid  hemispheric,  pointed ;  fruit  scarcely  speckled  ;  valves 
in  slight  depression  ;  top  of  fruit  not  flat  and  uniform  ;  fruit  and  flowers 
much  larger  than  above  ;  bark  smooth,  decorticates  ;  foliage  dull  green. 

Var.  j.  Lid  hemispheric,  pointed  ;  flowers  and  fruit  larger ;  bark 
smooth,  decorticates  ;  foliage  bluish  green,  often  with  bluish  bloom. 

Var.  4.  Leaves  narrow  ;  lid  hemispheric,  flat — no  point — purple 
or  red  spot  on  center  of  lid  ;  fruit  regularly  speckled,  valves  in  well 
defined,  slight  depression  ;  fruit  and  flowers  between  the  two  sizes  ;  bark 
apparently  persistent  and  similar  to  that  of  what  we  identify  as  Eucalyp- 
tus punctata,  somewhat  suggestive  of  bark  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  ; 
foliage  dull,  dark  green  and  leaves  very  narrow. 

Var.  5.  Similar  to  above  except  fruits  and  flowers  smaller  and 
grows  like  bush. 

Var.  6.  Similar,  except  bark  smooth,  decorticates  ;  large  tree  ;  pep- 
permint odor  present  in  all — far  strongest  in  regnans. 

Leaves  in  last  three  very  narrow,  dull,  deep  green,  thickish  and  gen- 
erally slimy  on  both  sides. 

E.  ligustrina,  DC.  Prod.  iii.  219,  described  from  Sieber's  specimens 
n.  617,  which  I  have  not  seen,  is  probably  this  species. 

Var.  radiata.  Leaves  rather  broader,  3  to  4  in.  long.  Flowers 
usually  more  numerous,  sometimes  near  20  in  the  umbels.  Fruit  almost 
pear-shaped. — E.  radiata,  Sieb.  in  DC.  Prod.  iii.  218  ;  DC.  Mem.  Myrt. 
t.  7. — Chiefly  in  N.  S.  Wales,  Sieber.n.  475,  and  others  ;  Bent's  Basin  and 
Nepean  rivers,  "  White  Gum,"  with  a  smooth  bark,  Woolls;  South  of 
Argyle,  A.  Cunningham,  but  also  in  Victoria  and  Tasmania  passing  into 
the  ordinary  form. 

Var.  nitida.  Leaves  broader  and  more  rigid.  Peduncles  and  pedi- 
cels shorter.  Flowers  rather  longer. — E.  ambigua,  DC.  Prod.  iii.  219  ? 
from  the  diagnosis  taken  from  Labillardiere's  specimen.  E.  nitida. 
Hook.  f.  Fl.  Tasm.  i.  137.  t.  29. — In  the  dried  specimens  this  variety 
appears  to  pass  into  the  variety  elata  of  E.  Risdoni. 


1 82  ELCAL  YPTUS. 

Var.  f  Hyperitifolia.  Leaves  of  the  fruiting  branches  all  opposite, 
oblong-lauceolate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  and  sessile  or  nearly 
so. — Risdon  Cove,  R.  Brorvn. — E.  Hypericifolia,  R.  Br.  Herb. — The 
specimens  are  large  and  good  but  in  fruit  only.  To  this  form  may  belong 
also  some  of  the  garden  plants  described  from  the  foliage  only  under  the 
same  name. 

NOTES  ON  SYNONYMS   AND  VARIETIES. 

Names  have  in  many  cases  been  given,  first  to  one  species,  then  to 
another,  or  to  varieties  by  the  same,  or  usually  by  different  botanists. 
This  common  source  of  botanical  confusion,  requires  guarding  against  in 
the  Eucalyptus.  By  referring  to  a  list  that  follows  help  may  be  obtained 
in  correcting  name  errors  and  in  placing  varieties  correctly. 

Eucalyptus  coriacea,  see  Eucalyptus  pauciflora.  Eucalyptus  Virgata, 
see  Eucalyptus  Sieberiana. 

6.  E.  Risdoni,  Hook.     Leaves   sometimes  all,  even  on  the  flower- 
ing branches,  opposite  ovate-cordate  and  more  or  less  connate,  or  some- 
times those  of  the  flowering  branches  alternate,  broadly  lanceolate  and 
falcate,  rather  thick  with  oblique  veins  scarcely  conspicuous,  the  intra- 
marginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge.     Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral, 
terete  or  angular,  bearing  each  an  umbel  of  4  to  8,  or  even  more.  Flowers 
larger  than  those  of  Eucalyptus  amygdalina.     Fruit  subglobose  truncate. 
The  rirn  rather  broad,  flat,  the  valves  enclosed. 

7.  E.  obliqua,  L'Her.    Leaves  equally  green,  shining,  very  inequi- 
lateral at  the  base  ;  umbels   solitary,   calyces  granular-rough,  lid   hemis- 
pheric ;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed, 

8.  E.  haemastoma,  D.   C.     Leaves  equally  green,  very  shining  ; 
umbels  solitary,    stalks   somewhat   compressed;  outer   stamens   sterile  ; 
fruits  semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  very  short,  enclosed. 

9.  E.  Todtiana,    F.    M.     Leaves  thick,   shining,    almost  equally 
green;  umbels  solitary,  stalklets  none,  lid  hemispheric  ;  anthers  cordate; 
fruits  rather  large,  truncate— globular,  valves  enclosed;  fertile  seeds  mem-, 
branously  margined. 

10.  E.  euprestium,   F.  M.     Leaves  rather  small,  equally  green  ; 
umbels   mostly   solitary;    flowers  small,   lid   hemispheric;    fruits   large, 
truncate-globular,  greyish,    border  compressed,    valves  enclosed  ;  fertile 
seeds  membranously  margined. 

11.  E.  sepulcralis,  F.  fl.     Leaves  narrow,  equally  green;  umbels 
solitary;   stalks  elongated;  lid    hemispheric,    filaments   yellow,    anthers 
roundish  ;    fruits  large,    ovate  —  urnshaped,    narrowed   upwards,    valves 
deeply  enclosed. 

12.  E.  Oldfieldii,    F.   M.     Dwarf;    leaves    equally  green,    thick; 
umbels  solitary,  stalks  short,  stalklets  very  short,  lid  semiovate-hemis- 
pheric,  border  of  orifice  broad  convex,  emersed,  valves  exserted. 

13.  E.  marginata,  Sm.     Leaves  paler  beneath,  veins  spreading; 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  183 

umbels  solitary,  lid  conical;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruits  globu- 
lar-ovate, truncate,  border  compressed,  valves  very  short,  barely  enclosed. 

14.  E.  stellulata,    Sieb.      Leaves    small,    thick,    equally    green, 
veined  longitudinally  ;    umbels  solitary,   flowers  very  small,  numerous, 
lid  semiovate-conical;  fruits  truncate  globular,  border  depressed,  valves 
enclosed. 

15.  E.  eugenioides,   Sieb.     Leaves  equally  dark   green,  shining, 
very  inequilateral  at  the  base,  much  transparently  dotted;  umbels  mostly 
solitary,  lid  semiovate  ;  fruits  truncate-globular,  border  depressed,  valves 
barely  enclosed. 

16.  E.  piperita,  Sm.     Leaves  less  shining  beneath,  much  transpar- 
ently dotted  ;    umbels  solitary,  lid   semiovate-conical  ;  fruits   truncate- 
ovate,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

17.  E.  Pilularis,  D.  C.     Leaves  rather  less  shining  beneath;  um- 
bels  mostly   axillary,    their  stalks  compressed,   lid    semiovate-conical; 
fruits  truncate-ovate,  border  depressed,  valved  enclosed. 

18.  E.  Sieberiana,  F.  fl.     Leaves  elongated,  thick,  pale,  equally 
green,  shining;  veins  thin,  not  much  spreading;    umbels   solitary,    their 
stalks  compressed,  lid  hemispheric;  outer  stamens  sterile;  fruits  truncate- 
ovate,  border  depressed,  valves  very  short,  barely  enclosed. 

19.  E.  Baileyana,  F.  fl.     Leaves  thin,  equally  green,  much  trans- 
parently dotted;  umbels  mostly  solitary;  lid  hemispheric;    fruits  globu- 
lar-urnshaped,  border  compressed,  valves  barely  enclosed. 

20.  E.  acmenoides,  Sch.     Leaves  paler  beneath;    umbels  mostly 
axillary,  their  stalks  slender,  lid  hemispheric,  pointed;   fruits  truncate- 
ovate,  border  compressed,  valves  barely  enclosed. 

21.  E.  microcorys,  F.  M.     Leaves  thin,  much  paler  beneath,  much 
transparently  dotted,  veins  spreading;  umbels  partly  paniculated,  stalk- 
lets  elongated,  lid  very  small,  hemispheric;  outer  stamens  sterile;    fruits 
hemiellipsoid,  border  compressed,  valves  minute,  barely  enclosed. 

II.   PORANTHEREAE. 


Anthers  not  or  hardly  broader  than  long,  usually  roundish,  opening 
by  pores. 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY. 

Valves  barely  enclosed — 1-2. 

Valves  completely  enclosed — 3-9. 

Valves  deeply  enclosed — 10-12. 

i.  E.  uncinata,  Turcz.  Dwarf;  leaves  narrow,  equally  green; 
umbels  solitary;  flowers  small;  lid  semiovate;  stamens  sharply  inflexed 
before  expansion;  fruits  semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  pointed 
barely  enclosed. 


1 84  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

2.  E.    populifolia,  Hook.     Leaves  broad,  equally  green,  shining, 
long-stalked,  much  transparently  dotted;    stalklets  very  short;    umbels 
paniculated;  lid  hemispheric;  fruit  small,   semiovate,  border  rather  de- 
pressed, valves  close  to  the  summit,  barely  enclosed. 

3.  E.  paniculata,  Sm.     Leaves  rather  thin,  paler  beneath,  umbels 
mostly  paniculated;  lid  thin,   conical-semiovate;  outer  stamens  sterile  ; 
anthers  truncated,   opening  at  the  summit;  stigma  much  dilated;  fruit 
semiovate,  border  of  orifice  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

4.  E.  leucoxylon,  F.  M.     Leaves  equally  dull  green;  umbels  soli- 
tary, mostly  three-flowered,  stalklets  elongated,  lid  semiovate  pointed  ; 
outer  stamens  sterile,  anthers  truncated,  opening  at  the  summit;  stigma 
much  dilated;  fruits  semiovate,  border  compressed,  valves  closed. 

5.  E.   melliodora,  A.  Cunn.     Leaves  equally  dull  green;  umbels 
solitary;    flowers  small;  lid  conic-hemispherical;   outer  stamens  sterile; 
anthers  truncated,  opening  at  the  summit;  stigma  much  dilated;  fruits 
truncate-ovate;  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

6.  E.  polyanthema,  Sch.      Leaves  broad,  equally  dull  green;  um- 
bels paniculated;  lid  almost  hemispheric;  outer  stamens  sterile;  anthers 
truncated,    opening   at   the   summit;  fruit  truncate-ovate,    border    com- 
pressed, valves  enclosed. 

7.  E.  gracilis,  F.  M.     Dwarf:  leaves  narrow,  equally   green,  shin- 
ing; umbels  solitary;    calyces   angular;    lid  almost   hemispheric;   outer 
stamens  sterile;  fruits  hemiellipsoid,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

8.  E.  largiflorens,  F.  fl.     Leaves  thin,  equally  dull  green;  umbels 
paniculated;  lid  double,  the  inner  hemispheric,  less  wide  than  the  calyx- 
tube;  outer  stamens  sometimes  sterile;  fruit  small;  lid  hemispheric;  fruit 
truncate-ovate,  border  rather  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

9.  E.  Behriana,  F.  M.     Leaves  thick,  broadish  shining,   equally 
green,  umbels  paniculated;  flowers  small;  lid  hemispheric;  fruit  truncate- 
ovate,  border  rather  depressed,  valves  enclosed. 

10  E.  ochrophloia.  Leaves  elongated,  equally  green,  shining, 
veins  not  much  spreading;  umbels  partly  paniculated;  calyces  angular  ; 
lid  semiovate-conical,  pointed;  outer  stamens  sterile;  fruit  hemiellopsoid; 
border  compressed,  valves  deeply  enclosed. 

11.  E.   odorata,   Behr.     Leaves  rather  narrow,  equally  green;  oil. 
dots  numerous;  umbels  mostly  solitary;  lid  hemispheric-conical;  anthers 
truncated;  stigma  somewhat  dilated;  fruits   hemiellipsoid,    border  com- 
pressed, angular  at  the  edge,  valves  deeply  enclosed. 

12.  E.  hemiphloia,  F:  fl.     Leavts  thick,  elongated,  equally  green; 
umbels  paniculated;    calyces  somewhat  angular;  lid  semiovate-conical  ; 
fruit  hemiellopsoid,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  185 


III,  STRONGYLANTHEREAE. 


Anthers  not,  or  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  usually  roundish,  open- 
ing by  longitudinal  slits. 

ARTIFICIAL,   KEY. 

A.     Valves  completely  enclosed — B. 
A.     Valves  partly  exserted — C. 
A.     Valves  completely  exserted — D. 
B.     Umbels  solitary — E. 

B.  Umbels  paniculated — 1-6. 

C.  Umbels  solitary — 7-9. 

C.     Umbels  paniculated — 10,  n. 

D.     Umbels  solitary — 12-14. 

D.  Umbels  paniculated — 15,  16. 

E.  Leaves  equally  green — 17-19. 
E.     Leaves  unequally  green — 20-22. 

E.  gamophylla,  F.  M.  Dwarf;  leaves  mostly  opposite,  connate, 
broad,  equally  dull-green  or  ash-grey;  umbels  partly  paniculated;  lid 
patellar;  fruits  truncate-ellipsoid,  border  compressed;  fertile  seeds  mem- 
branous-margined. 

2.  E.  pruinosa,  Sch.    Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  broad,  blunt,  equally 
ash-grey;  umbels  terminal,  paniculated;  lid  hemispheric,  pointed;  slits  of 
anthers  short;   fruits   hemiellipsoid,   border   compressed,  valves   barely 
enclosed. 

3.  melanophloia,  F.  fl.     Leaves  opposite,    sessile,  broad,  equally 
ash-grey;  umbels  partly  paniculated;  lid  semiovate-conical;  fruits  small, 
semiovate,  somewhat  angular,  border  compressed,  valves  barely  enclosed. 

4.  E.    drepanophylla,    F.  M.      Leaves    elongated,    equally   dull- 
green;  umbels  mostly  paniculated;  lid  semiovate,  blunt;  fruits  semiovate, 
angular,  border  compressed,  valves  barely  enclosed. 

5.  E.  brachyandra,  F.  M.     Dwarf;  leaves  broadish,  blunt;  umbels 
paniculated;  flowers  very  small;  stamens  extremely  short;  fruits  minute, 
bellshaped-semiovate,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

6.  E,  Jlowittiana,  F.  M.      Leaves  much   paler   beneath;   umbels 
paniculated;  stalklets  none;  flowers  very  small;  lid   conical,  acute,   pale; 
fruits  minute,  truncate-globular,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

7.  E.  oleosa,  F.  fl.      Dwarf;  leaves    equally   light-green;   umbels 
solitary;  stalks  slender,  stalklets  very  short;  lid  semiovate-conical,  point-r 


iS6  EUCALYPTUS. 

ed;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  neither  large  nor  streaked,  border  compressed, 
valves  long-pointed,  half  exserted. 

8.  E.  cneorifolio,  D.C.     Leaves  very  narrow,  thick,  equally  green; 
umbels  solitary,  stalks  short,  stalklets  none;  lid  semi-ovate;  fruits  small, 
seuiiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  slightly  exserted. 

9.  E.  salmonophloia,  F.  fl.     Leaves  equally  green,  shining;  oil- 
dots  copious;  umbels  solitary;  stalks  slender,   stalklets   short;  lid  semi- 
ovate-conical;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruit  small,  semiovate,  bor- 
der compressed,  valves  long-pointed,  much  exserted. 

10.  E.  crebra,  F.  JTl.      Leaves   narrow,    thin,    equally   dull-green, 
veins  spreading;  umbels  mostly  paniculated;  flowers  small;  lid  semiovate- 
conical;  stigma  dilated;  fruits  small,  semiovate,  border  compressed,  valves 
short,  somewhat  exserted. 

11.  E.   siderophloia,   Benth.     Leaves   elongated,   equally   green; 
umbels  partly  paniculated;  lid  conical,  very  acute;  outer  stamens  straight 
in  bud;  fruits  samiovate,  border  compressed,  valves  somewhat  exsefted. 

12.  E.  alba,  Rein.     Leaves  broadish,   equally  dull-green    or   ash- 
grey;  umbels  solitary;  lid  semiglobular,   short  pointed.;  fruit    topshaped- 
hemispheric,  border  depressed,  valves  exserted. 

13.  E.  platyphylla,  F.  fl.     Leaves  often  large,  cordate  or   ovate 
roundish,  long-stalked,  equally  dull-green;  umbels  solitary;  stalks  short, 
stalklets  almost  none;  lid  blunt;  fruits  small,  semiovate,  border  depressed, 
valves  exserted. 

14.  E.  decipiens,  End.     Leaves   equally  dull-green;    umbels  soli- 
tary; stalklets  none;  lid   broad-conical;    fruit   semiglobular,    border    de- 
pressed, broadish,  valves  long-pointed,  much  exserted. 

15.  E.  Raveretiana,  F.  fl.     Leaves  thin,  somewhat  paler  beneath; 
oil-dots  pellucid;  umbels  paniculated;  lid  conical,  acute;    fruits    minute, 
semiglobular  beneath,  border  compressed,  valves  much  exserted. 

16.  E.microtheca,  F.  M.     Leaves  equally   dull,   and   pale-green; 
umbels  paniculated;  lid  semiovate;  fruits   small,  semiglobular    beneath, 
border  compressed,  valves  much  exserted. 

ly.  E.  doratoxylon,  F.  fl.  Leaves  opposite,  stalked,  narrow 
acute;  umbels  solitary,  bent  downward;  lid  much  pointed;  fruit  ovate- 
globular,  orifice  small,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

18.  E.  incrassata,  Lab.     Dwarf;  leaves  thick,  equally  light  green, 
shining;  umbels  solitary;   stalks  broadly   compressed,  stalklets    almost 
none;  lid  nearly  hemispheric,    pointed  or   blunt;    fruits   truncate-ovate, 
streaked,  border  compressed,  valves  acute,  enclosed. 

19.  E.  patens,  Benth.      Leaves   thin,   elongated,   almost  equally 
dull-green;  umbels  mostly  axillary;  lid  nearly  hemispheric;   fruits  trun- 
cate-ovate, somewhat  streaked,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

20.  E.  Planchoniana,  F.  H.     Leaves  elongated,  shining,  slightly 
paler  beneath;  umbels  solitary;  stalks  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  short; 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  187 

lid  broadish-conical,  acute;  outer  stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruits  rather 
large,  semiovate,  streaked,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

21.  E.  diversicolor,  F.  1*1.     Leaves  elongated,  much  paler  beneath; 
umbels  solitary;  lid  nearly  hemispheric;  fruits  truncate-ovate,  attenuated 
at  the  base,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

22.  E.  phoenicea,  F.  fl.    Leaves  thin,  dull-green;  umbels  solitary, 
many-flowered;  lid  nearly   hemispheric;   filaments   scarlet;   ovary   two- 
celled;    fruits    urnshaped-ellipsoid,   border    compressed,    valves    deeply 
enclosed. 


Ill,  ORTHANTHEREAt. 


Anthers  distinctly  longer  than  broad,  from  ovate  to  narrow-oblong, 
opening  by  almost  parallel  slits. 

ARTIFICIAL   KEY. 

A.     Valves  completely  enclosed — B. 

A.     Valves  partly  exserted— E. 

A.     Valves  completely  exserted — F. 

B.     Umbel  solitary — C. 

B.     Umbel  paniculated— D. 

C.     Leaves  equally  green — 1-14. 

C.  Leaves  unequally  green — 15-18-35. 

D.  Leaves  equally  green — 19-28. 

D.  Leaves  unequally  green — 29-35. 

E.  Leaves  equally  green — 36-45. 

E,  Leaves  unequally  green — 46. 

F.  Leaves  equally  green — 47-57. 
F.     Leaves  unequally  green — 58-59. 

1.  E.  cordata,  Lab.     Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  mostly  cordate,  creu- 
ulated,  equally  dull  green;  oil-glands  pellucid;  umbels  solitary ;  stalklets 
none;  fruits  semiovate,  border  compressed,  at  the  edge  annular,  valves 
barely  enclosed. 

2.  E.   urnigera,  Hook.      Leaves    scattered,   long-stalked,   almost 
lanceolar,  crenulated,  equally  dark  green;    oil-glands  pellucid;    umbels 
solitary;    stalks  elongated,  stalklets  rather  short;     fruits  ellipsoid-urn- 
shaped,  border  compressed,  at  the  edge  annular,  valves  deeply  enclosed. 

3.  E.    redunca,    Sch.       Leaves   equally   green;    umbels   solitary; 
stalks  broadly  compressed,  lid  conical,  acute;  fruit  hemiellipsoid,  border 
compressed,  valves  barely  enclosed. 

4.  E.   foecunda,    Sch.      Leaves   narrow,    equally   green;    umbels 


i88  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

mostly  solitary;  stalks  lender;  lid  hemispheric;  fruit  hemiellipsoid,  bor- 
der compressed,  valves  deeply  enclosed. 

5.  E.  goniocalyx,  F.  H.     Leaves  equally  green;    umbels  solitary, 
stalk  compressed,  stalklets  very  short;    lid  pyramidal-hemispheric;    fruit 
truncate-ovate,  angular,  border  narrow,  depressed;  valves  barely  enclosed. 

5l/2.  E.  flcClatchie,  Kinney.  Leaves  long-stalked,  scattered, 
lanceolar  or  sickle-shaped,  rather  narrow,  equally  dull  green;  umbels 
solitary,  axillary;  stalk  compressed,  about  as  long  as  calyx  tube,  stalklets 
short;  calyx  tube  truncate  with  two  edges  and  tendency  to  be  somewhat 
flattened  or  a  little  out  of  a  true  circle;  buds  very  angular,  ridges  show- 
ing almost  as  wings;  lid  hemispheric,  acuminate,  central  point  of  lid 
blunt  and  prominent,  valves  enclosed,  bark  sheds  in  long  strips;  general 
appearance  of  tree  suggests  Eucalyptus  globulus  or  Eucalyptus  gonio- 
calyx; anthers  oblong,  dorsal  gland  prominent;  stamens  all  fertile, 
inflexed  in  bud;  stigma  not  or  scarcely  broader  than  style. 

6.  E.  pachypoda,  F.  fl.     Dwarf;  leaves  thick,  equally  green;  um- 
bels solitary;    stalks  thick,   very  short;    stalklets  none;   lid  semiovate; 
fruit    hemielliopsoid,    somewhat    angular,    border    compressed,    valves 
enclosed. 

7.  E   longifolia,  Lind.     Leaves  elongated,  equally  green;  umbels 
solitary;  stalklets  elongated;  calyces  pale,  lid  broad-conical,  acute;  fruit 
rather   large,   bellshaped-semiovate,   angular,  border   ascendant,   valves 
enclosed. 

8.  E.  Preissiana,  Sch.     Dwarf;  leaves  very  thick,  broadish,  blunt, 
equally  green,  often  opposite;  umbels  solitary;  stalk  broadly  compressed, 
stalklets  none;  lid  nearly  hemispheric;  filaments  yellow;  fruit  large,  top- 
shaped-semiovate,  border  very  broad,  depressed,  valves  enclosed,  1)1  unt, 
convergent. 

p.  E.  tetraptera,  Turc.  Dwarf;  leaves  very  thick,  equally  green, 
shining;  flowers  solitary,  stalk  broadly  compressed,  bent  downward; 
stalklets  none;  calyx-tube  quadrangular,  slightly  4-toothed,  broader  than 
the  pyramidal  lid;  filaments  red,  anthers  purplish;  fruit  very  large,  bell- 
shaped-quadrangular,  border  depressed,  valves  enclosed. 

10.  E.  tetradonta,  F.  fl.    Leaves  opposite,  elongated,  equally  dull- 
green;  umbels  solitary,  stilklets  very   short;   calyx-tube   conspicuously 
4-toothed,  lid  hemispheric,   discal  expansion   raised;   fruit   bell-shaped- 
semiovatt,  angular,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

11.  E.  odontocarpa,  F.  M.     Dwarf;  leaves   mostly  opposite,  very 
narrow,  equally  green;  umbels  solitary;  stalklets  very  short;  calyx-tube 
4-toothed,  lid  patellar;   fruit  small,  hemiellopsoid,   border   compressed, 
valves  enclosed. 

^jgj^ia.  E,  eudestnioides,  F,  M,^  Dwarf;  leaves  opposite  or  scattered, 
rather  narrow,  equally  green;  umbelsjsolitary;  stalk  slender,  stalklets 
very  short;  calyx-t'ube"aln;ost~toothlessTlid  patellar;  stamens  forming 


EUCALYPTUS.  189 

four  bundles;  fruit   truncate-ovate,   border  compressed,  valves  enclosed; 
seeds  membranously  margined. 

13.  E.  tetragona,   F.   M.     Dwarf;  leaves  thick,  opposite,  broad, 
equally   whitish-grey;    umbels   solitary;    stalk   compressed;    calyx-tube 
slightly  4-toothed;    lid   patellar;    stamens   forming  four   bundles;  fruit 
rather  large,  truncate-ovate,  angular,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed; 
seeds  much  membranously  margined. 

14.  E.   erythrocorys,    F.    fl.      Dwarf;    leaves  thick,   elongated, 
mostly  opposite,  equally  green;  umbels  solitary  or  flowers  single;  stalk 
compressed,  stalklets  none;  calyx-tube  quadrangular,  slightly  4-toothed; 
lid  depressed,  red;  stamens  forming  four  bundles,  filaments  yellow;  fruit 
very  large,  bellshaped-hemispheric,   border  very  broad,  somewhat  ascen- 
dant, valves  barely  enclosed. 

15.  E.  miniata,  A.  Cunn.     Leaves  dull  green,  slightly  paler  be- 
neath ;    veins    feathery-spreading ;   umbels    usually    solitary  ;    stalklets 
almost  none;  Hi  conic-hemispheric;  filaments  crimson;  fruits  very  large, 
urnshaped-ovate,  bluntly  ridged,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

16.  E.  corynocalyx,  F.  M.     Leaves  shining,  somewhat  p'aler  be- 
neath; umbels  mostly  solitary;  Hd  almost  hemispheric,    slightly   over- 
reaching the   orifice   ol  the   calyx:  fruits  urnshaped-ellipsoid,  streaked, 
border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

17.  E.  botryoides,  Sm.     Leaves  much  paler  bepeath;  veins  feath- 
ery-spreading; umbels  solitary;  stalk  broadly  compressed,  salklets  almost 
none;    lid  hemispheric;  fruit   hemiellipsoid,   border  compressed,  valves 
barely  enclosed. 

18.  E.    robusta,   Sm.     Leaves   thick,    broadish,   somewhat   paler 
beneath;  umbels   solitary,   stalk  broadly   compressed;  calyces   pale,   lid 
semiglobular-conical,  broader  than  the  calyx  tube;  fruit  truncate-ovate, 
border  compressed,  valves  coherent,  barely  enclosed. 

Local  robusta  has  conical  lid  not  broader  than  calyx  tube. 

19.  E.  Foelscheana,  F.  M.     Dwarf;   leaves    large,    very    broad, 
thick,  greyish-green,  hardly   paler  beneath  ;  flowers  paniculated  ;  stalk- 
lets  upward  thickened  ;  lid  patellar.  tearing  off  along  an  irregular  suture, 
not  so   wide   as   the   tube   of  the   calyx  ;    fruits   large,    smooth,    ovate- 
urnshaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed  ;  fertile  seeds  large,  ter- 
minating in  a  long  membrane. 

20.  E.  latifolia,  F.  M.  Leaves  long-stalked,  broad,  equally  green  ; 
umbels  paniculated ;    stalklets   slender ;  fruit  rather   small,    semiovate, 
somewhat  bell-shaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed  ;  fertile  seeds 
terminating  in  a  membrane. 

21.  E.  terminalis,  F.  M.     Leaves  thick,  dull  green,  hardly  paler 
beneath  ;  umbels  paniculated  ;  stalklets  elongated  ;  lid  tearing  off  along 
an  irregular  suture  ;  fruits    somewhat   large,    smooth,   urnshaped-ovate, 


i go  t  EUCALYPTUS. 

border  compressed,  valves  enclosed  ;  fertile  seeds  terminating  in  a  long 
membrane. 

22.  E.    clavigera,    A.    Cunn.      Branchlets   hairy-rough;    leaves 
partly   opposite,    broad,    equally    greyish-green;  .umbels  paniculated  ; 
stalklets  thin,  much  elongated  ;  lid   patellar,  shining ;  fruits  hemiellip- 
soid-urnshaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

23.  E.    tessellaris,   F.    fl.      Leaves  narrow,    elongated,    equally 
green  ;  umbels  mostly  paniculated  ;  stalklets  very   short ;   lid  patellar, 
shining ;  fruits   truncate-ovate,    slightly    urceolar,     border    compressed, 
valves  enclosed  ;  fertile  seeds  almost  flat,  membranous-margined. 

24.  E.     maculata,     Hook.    '  Leaves    elongated,     equally    green  ; 
veins   feathery-spreading ;     umbels     paniculated  ;    stalklets    short  ;    lid 
double,  hemispheric,  the  inner  thin,  shining  ;  fruit  truncate-ovate,  some- 
what urnshaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

25.  E.  eximia,    Sch.       Leaves   thick,    elongated,    equally   green  ; 
umbels  paniculated ;    stalklets   none  ;    lid   thin,    hemispheric,   shining, 
imperfectly  double  ;  fruit   rather  large,    truncate   ovate,  somewhat  urn- 
shaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed  ;  fertile  seeds  large. 

•26.  E.  Watsoniana,  F.  fl.  Leaves  broadish,  equally  green  ; 
umbels  paniculated  ;  lid  thick,  depressed-hemispheric,  wider  than  the 
calyx-tube,  shining  ;  fruits  large,  urnshaped-semiovate,  border  broad, 
descendingly  depressed,  raised  above  the  calyx-tube,  valves  enclosed  ; 
fertile  seeds  large.' 

27.  E.  peltata,  Benth.     Branchlets  hairy- rough;  leaves  broadish, 
mostly  inserted  above  their  base,  equally  pale-green;  umbels  paniculated; 
stalklets  very  short;  lid  double,  almost  hemispheric,  the  inner  shining; 
fruits   rather  small,   truncate-ovate,  somewhat  urnshaped,    border  com- 
pressed, valves  enclosed. 

28.  E.  setosa,  Sch.     Leaves  opposite,  broad,  sessile,  equally  dull- 
and  pale-green;  umbels  mostly  paniculated,  as  well  as   the   branchlets 
bristly-rough;  stalklets  elongated;  lid  tearing  off  along  an  irregular  su- 
ture, not  so  wide  as  the  calyx-tube;  fruits  large,  truncate-ovate,  somewhat 
urnshaped,  smooth,  border  compressed,    valves   enclosed;    fertile   seeds 
terminating  in  a  long  membrane. 

29.  E.  pt>  chocarpa,  F.  H.      Leaves  large,  broadish,  acute,  much 
paler   beneath;  veins  feathery-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets 
elongated;  lid  hemispheric;  filaments  crimson;  fruits  very  large,  truncate- 
ellipsoid,  prominently  ridged,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed;  fertile 
seeds  terminating  in  a  long  membrane. 

30.  E.  ficifolia,  F.  n.    Leaves  broadish,  much  paler  beneath;  veins 
feathery-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  elongated;  lid  patellar, 
less  wide  than  the  calyx-tube,  tearing  off  along  an  irregular  suture;  fila- 
ments crimson;  fruits  large,  smooth,  urnshaped-ovate,  border  compressed 
valves  enclosed;  fertile  seeds  pale,  terminating  in  a  long  membrane. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  i9i 

31.  E.  calophylla,  R.  Br.     Leaves  broad,  acute,  much  paler  be- 
neath; veins  feather-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  elongated; 
lid  patellar,  less  wide  than  the  calyx-tube,  tearing  off  along  an  irregular 
suture;  fruits  large,  smooth,  ovate-urnshaped;  border  compressed,  valves 
enclosed;  fertile  seeds  terminating  in  a  large  membrane. 

32.  E.  Abergiana,  F.  fl.     Leaves  thick,  broadish,   acute,   much 
paler  beneath  ;  veins  feathery-spreading  ;  umbels  paniculated ;  stalklets 
almost  none  ;   lid   hemispheric,   tearing   off  along   an   irregular  suture  ; 
fruits  large,  smooth,  ovate-urnshaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed; 
fertile  seeds  terminating  in  a  large  membrane. 

33.  E.   corymbosa,    Sm.      Leaves    much    paler    beneath;    veins 
feathery-spreading;  umbels  paniculated;  stalklets  elongated;  lid  short, 
tearing  off  along  an  irregular  suture;  fruits  rather  large,  smooth,  ovate- 
shaped,  border  compressed,  valves  enclosed;  fertile  seeds  terminating  in 
a  very  short  membrane. 

34.  trachyphloia,  F  M.    Leaves  rather  narrow,  elongated,  slightly 
paler  beneath;  umbels  paniculated;   lid  very  small,  patellar,  tearing  off 
along  an  irregular  suture;  fruits  rather  small,  urnshaped-ovate,   border 
compressed,  valves  enclosed. 

35.  E.  punctata,  D.  C.     Leaves  paler  beneath;  veins  very  spread- 
ing,  oil-dots  pellucid;  umbels   partly  paniculated;  stalks  broadly  com- 
pressed; lid  semiovate-conical;  fruit  semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves 
small,  barely  exserted. 

36.  E.  pulverulenta,  Sims.     Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  mostly  cor- 
date, equally  whitish-grey;  oil-glands  pellucid;  umbels  solitary,  three-or 
few-flowered;  stalklets  almost  none;  fruits  small,  semiovate-to^shaped; 
border  narrow,  depressed,  valves  small,  exserted. 

37.  E.  Gunnii,  Hook.     Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  thick,  broadish- 
lanceolar,   equally   dark   green,  shining;  umbels   solitary,    with  several 
flowers;  stalklets  vory  short;  lid  shining,  hemispheric,  short-pointed;  fruits 
topshaped-semiovate,  border  depressed,  valves  small,  slightly  exserted. 

38.  E.  salubris,  F.  fl.     Leaves  thin,  equally  dark-green;  oil-dots 
copious,  pellucid;  umbels  solitary,  stalks  compressed  ;  lid  hemiellipsoid; 
fruits  semiovate,  border  depressed,  very  narrow,  valves  small,  exserted. 

39.  E.  occidentalis,  End.     Leaves  thick,  equally  green;  umbels 
solitary;  stalks  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  short;  lid  cylindric-conical, 
stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruits  bellshaped-semiovate,  border  depressed, 
valves  exserted,  pointed. 

39>z.  E.  Californica,  Kinney  Leaves  thick,  shining  on  both 
sides,  dark  green,  often  irregular,  one  sided  or  crenulated  in  form;  um- 
bels solitary;  stalks  very  broadly  compressed,  bent;  stalklets  well  defined; 
lid  cylindrical  conical,  narrower  than  tube  of  calyx;  stamens  straight  in 
bud,  yellow,  greenish-yellow  or  crimson;  fruits  truncate,  somewhat 
ridged,  valves  barely  enclosed,  generally  coherent,  bark  sheds.  Fruit, 
flowers  and  stems  larger  than  in  occidentalis;  leaves  broader,  thicker  and 
darker  green. 

40.  E.  obcordata,  Turc.      Leaves  thkk,  broad,  blunt,   shining; 
umbels  solitary;  stalk  very  broadly  compressed,  bent  downwards,  stalk 


192  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

lets  none;  lid  cylindric-conical,  narrower  than  the  tube  of  the  calyx; 
stamens  straight  in  bud;  fruit  truncate-ovate,  very  angular,  border  com- 
pressed, valves  slightly  exserted. 

41.  E.  erythronema,  Turc.      Leaves  narrow,  equally  green;  oil- 
dots  pellucid;  umbels  solitary;    stalklets  much    elongated;  lid   conical 
filaments  red;  fruit  topshaped,  border  depressed,  valves  slightly  exserted. 

42.  E.  cosmophylla,  F.   fl.     Dwarf;   leaves  thick,  equally  dull- 
green;  umbels  solitary;  stalk  very  short,  stalklets  almost  none;  lid  semi- 
globular,    short-pointed  ;     fruits    semiovate,    border    depressed,    valves 
exserted. 

43.  E.  globulus,  Lab.     Leaves  thick,   elongated,   equally   green; 
flowers  mostly  solitary,  stalks  and  stalklets  almost  none;  lid  double,  the 
inner  crownshaped;  fruit  large,  hemispheric,  warty-rough,  angular,  bor- 
der broad,  depressed,  valves  exserted,  convergent. 

44.  E.  pachyphylla,  F.  M.     Dwarf;   leaves  very  thick,  broadish, 
acute,  equally  green;  umbels  solitary;  stalk  and  stalklets  very  short  or 
none;  lid  setniovate-pyramidal,  pointed;  filaments  yellow;  fruit  topshaped- 
hemispheric  below,  very  angular,  border  broad,  ascending,  valves  slight- 
ly exserted;  fertile  seeds  meuibranously  margined. 

45.  E.  pyriformis,  Turc.      Dwarf;   leaves  thick,   equally  green; 
umbels  solitary;  flowers  very  large,  calyces  wrinkled,   lid  hemispheric, 
pointed;  filaments  red  or  yellow;  fruit  very  large,  topshaped-hemispheric, 
angular,  border  very  broad,   ascending,  valve  slightly  exserted;  fertile 
seeds  membraneously  margined. 

46.  E.  resinifera,  Sm.     Leaves  much  paler  beneath;  veins  very 
spreading;  umbels  solitary;  stalk  compressed;   lid  conical,    acute;    fruit 
semiovate,  border  depressed,  narrow,  valves  exserted,  pointed. 

47.  E.  Stuartiana,  F.  M.    Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  equally  dark- 
green,  shining;  umbels  solitary,  few-flowered,  stalklets  almost  none;  lid 
nearly  hemispheric;  fruits  small,  semiovate-topshaped,  border  narrow, 
rather  convex,  valves  verv  small,  exserted. 

48.  E.  viminalis,  Hook.     Leaves  scattered,   stalked,    falcate-Jan- 
ceolar,  equally  green;  umbels  solitary,  mostly  three-flowered;  stalklets 
almost  none  or  very  short;   lid  semiovate,   mostly  short-pointed;   fruit 
semiovate,  border  somewhat  convex,  valves  exserted. 

49.  E.  rostrata,  Schl.    Leaves  scattered,  stalked,  falcate-lanceolar- 
equally  green;  umbels  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalks  rather  elongat- 
ed, stalklets  conspicuous;  lid  from  an  hemispheric  base  sharp-pointed; 
fruit  below  semiglobular,  border  convex,  valves  exserted. 

50.  E.  teritcornis,    Sm.     Leaves  scattered,    stalked,   falcate-lan- 
ceolar,  equally  green;  umbels  solitary,  with  several  flowers;  stalks  rather 
elongated,  stalklets  conspicuous;  lid  mostly  elongate-conical;   outer  sta- 
mens straight  in  bud;  fruits,  below  semiglobular,   border  convex,  valves 
exserted. 


EUCALYPTUS.  /pj 

E.  mortoniana.  Leaves  long-stalked,  scattered,  lanceolar 
or  sickle-shaped,  long  and  rather  broad;  equally  dull  green;  stalk  com- 
pressed;  about  length  of  calyx  tube;  stalklet  distinct;  calyx-tube  rough, 
often  slightly  ridged,  topshaped  or  truncate  ovate;  border  of  tube  has 
appearance  of  a  pot  of  some  thick  fluid  boiling  over:  lid  hemispheric- 
acuminate,  the  point  or  beak  of  the  lid  is  thick  and  long;  buds  flattened 
and  angular;  valves  exserted,  generally  four  or  rarely  three;  bark  sheds 
in  long  strips.  General  appearance  suggests  Eucalyptus  globulus;  anth- 
ers oblong,  opening  by  parallel  slits,  dorsal  gland  prominent,  style  spot- 
ted somewhat  dilated  toward  top,  stigma  not  dilated. 

51.  E.  vernicosa,  Hook.     Dwarf;  leaves  often  very  small,  mostly 
ovate,  equally  dark-green,  very  shining;  flowers  i  to  3;  stalks  and  stalk-- 
lets very  short;  lid  shining,  short- pointed;  fruits  semiovate,  border  de^ 
pressed,  valves  exsertecl. 

52.  E.  rudis,  End.     Leaves  thin,  falcate-lanceolar,  equally  dull- 
green;  oil-dots  pellucid;  umbels  solitary;  stalklets  short;  lid  broad-coni- 
cal, transverse  edge  of  the  calyx  prominent  in  bud;  fruits  semiglobular 
topshaped,  border  rather  convex,  valves  exserted. 

53.  E.  cornuta,    Lab.     Leaves  equally  green  ;    umbels  solitary; 
stalklets  almost  none,  lid  very  long,  unwards  cylindrical;  filaments  yel- 
low, long,  straight  in  bud;  fruit  bellshaped-semiovate,  border  depressed, 
valves  very  long,  awlshaped,  coherent. 

54.  E.  Lehmanni,  Preiss.     Leaves  from  ovate  to  oblong  or  almost 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  thick,  the  veins  very  oblique  and  rather  distant ; 
flowers  several,  often  20  or  more  together  in  dense  heads  upon  thick  re- 
curved pecuncles  i  to  3  inches  long,  and  sometimes  much  flattened,  the 
receptacle  forming  a  globose  of  ^  inch  or  more  in  diameter,  in  which 
the  calyx  tubes  are  more  or  less  immersed;  fruits  half  immersed  in  the 
receptacle;  the  exserted  valves  connivent  into  a  cone. 

55.  E.  megacarpa,  L.  H.     Leaves  equally  green;  umbels  solitary; 
stalks  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  none;  lid  semiglobular,  short  pointed ; 
fruit  large,  almost  hemispheric,  warty-rough,  angular,  border  broad,  de- 
pressed, valves  exserted,  blunt,  convergent. 

56.  E.   alpina,    Lind.      Leaves  very  thick,  broad,  blunt,  equally 
green,  shining;    umbels  solitary  or  flowers  single;    stalks  and  stalklets- 
none;     lid    crownshaped,    anthers    cordate;    fruit  hemispheric,    border 
depressed,  valves  exserted. 

57.  E.  macrocarpa,  Hook.     Dwarf;  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  ovate- 
cordate,  equally  whitish-grey;  flowers  solitary,  very  large;  stalk  and  stalk- 
lets  almost  none;   lid  semiovate-conical;    filitnents  red;  fruit  very  large, 
topshaped-hemispheric;   border  broad,  convex;   valves  exserted;    fertile 
seeds  membranously  margined. 

58.  E.  saligna,  Sm.     Leaves  much  paler  beneath;  veins  feathery- 
spreading;    urrbels  solitary;    stalk  compressed,  stalklets  very  short;    lid 

13 


'94  EUCALYPTUS. 

hemispheric,  short-pointed;  fruit  semiovate,  border  depressed,  very  nar- 
j-ow,  valves  small,  exserted. 

59  E.  gomphocephala,  D.  C.  Leaves  thick,  shining,  slightly 
paler  beneath;  umbels  solitary;  stalk  broadly  compressed,  stalklets  none; 
lid  broader  than  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  almost  hemispheric;  fruit  large, 
topshaped,  border  broad,  convex,  valves  exserted,  convergent. 

The  characters  of  unusual  forms  of  any  species  are  not  covered  by 
this  synopsis. 


RENANTHEREAE, 


Descriptions  from  Bentham  not  classified  by  me: 

6.  E.  coccifera,  Hook.  f.  in  Hook.  Lond.  Journ.  vi.  477,  and  Fl. 
Tasm.  i.  133.  t.  25.  A  small  tree  generally  very  glaucous.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate  or  obtuse,  mostly  2  to  3  in.  long,  thick  and  shining, 
the  veins  oblique,  not  numerous  nor  very  conspicuous.  Peduncles 
axillary  or  lateral,  short,  thick  and  much  flattened  upwards,  each  with  3 
to  6  flowers,  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Calyx-tube  narrow-turbinate,  tapering 
at  the  base,  prominently  angled,  fully  3  lines  long  and  not  above  2  diam- 
ter.  Operculum  exceedingly  short,  broad,  flat  or  depressed  and  rugose. 
Stamens  about  3  lines  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  reniform  with 
diverging  or  divaricate  cells,  confluent  at  the  apex.  Ovary  short,  flat- 
topped.  Fruit  obovoidtruncate,  scarcely  contracted  at  the*  orifice  and 
often  losing  the  angles  of  the  calyx,  4  to  5  or  even  6  lines  diameter,  the 
rim  flat  and  rather  broad,  the  capsule  scarcely  depressed,  with  short 
valves. — Bot.  Mag.  t.  4637;  E.  daphnoides,  Miq.  in  Ned.  Kruidk.  Arch, 
iv.  133. 

Tasmania.  Summits  of  the  mountains  at  an  elevation  of  3000  to 
4000  ft.,  J.  D.  Hooker. 

Var,  parviflora.  Flowers  much  smaller,  the  peduncles  exceedingly 
short. — Mount  Fatigue,  Gunn. 

The  species  has  much  the  aspect  of  some  thick-leaved  forms  of  E. 
amygdalina,  but  is  readily  known  by  the  depressed  operculum  and 
longer  calyx. 

8.  E.  dives,  Schau.  in  Walp.  Rep.  ii.  926.  A  small  tree  of  12  ft. 
Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  cordate  or  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rather 
large,  on  one  branch  the  upper  ones  tending  to  become  alternate  and  ob- 
lique. Peduncles  mostly  on  the  stem  below  the  leaves,  bearing  each  a 
dense  umbel  of  8  to  12  or  even  more  flowers.  Buds  clavate.  Calyx- tube 
short  and  broad,  about  2  lines  diameter,  tapering  into  a  rather  thick 
pedicel  longer  than  the  calyx.  Operculum  short  obtuse  and  hemispher- 
ical. Anther-cells  divergent  and  confluent  at  the  apex.  Fruit  unknown. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  i95 

N.  S.  Wales.  Forest  land  north  of  Bathurst,  A.  Cunningham. 
Probably  an  opposite  leaved  state  of  some  species  very  nearly  allied  to 
or  even  identical  with  E.  obliqua,  of  which  it  has  the  flowers.  I  have, 
however,  seen  no  specimen  of  the  true  E.  obliqua  from  so  far  north. 

9.  E.  obtusiflora,  DC.  Prod.  iii.  220,  and  Mem.  Myrt.  1. 10.  Leaves 
mostly  straight,  oblong  elliptical  or  almost  lanceolate,  acuminate,  often 
all  under  3  in.  long,  but  in  some  luxuriant  specimens  more  falcate,  acu- 
minate and  attaining  5  in.,  very  thick  and  rigid,  the  veins  oblique  and 
parallel,  but  not  close,  the  intramarginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge. 
Peduncles  lateral  or  axillary,  somewhat  compressed,  rigid,  with  an  um- 
bel of  4  to  8  rather  large  flowers.  Buds  clavate.  Pedicels  much  thick- 
ened upwards.  Calyx-tube  short  and  broad,  fully  three  lines  diameter. 
Operculum  broadly  hemispherical,  obtuse  or  umbonate,  thick,  shorter 
than  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  2  to  3  lines  long,  all  perfect;  anthers 
reniform,  with  divergent  cells.usually  confluent  at  the  apex.  Fruit  very 
hard  and  woody,  ovoid-truncate,  above  ^  in.  long,  the  orifice  scarcely 
contracted,  the  rim  rather  broad  and  concave,  the  capsule  depressed. — 
E.  rigida,  Sieb.  PI.  Exs. 

N.  S.  Wales.  Port  Jackson,  Sieber,  n.  473;  F.  Mueller;  Bargo 
Brush,  Backhouse. — Allied  to  E.  obliqua,  but  with  much  more  rigid 
straighter  leaves,  the  flowers  larger,  and  the  fruit  much  larger  and  dif- 
ferently shaped.  I  have  not  seen  De  Candolle's  specimens,  and  his  fig- 
ure represents  parallel  celled  anthers,  but  that  is  probably  the  fault  of 
the  artist.  In  other  respects  it  agrees  well  with  our  plant. 


STRONGYLANTHEREAE. 


24.  E.  oligantha,  Schaii.  in  Walp.  Rep.  ii.  926.  Leaves  all  petio- 
late  but  very  broad,  orbicular  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  shortly  acuminate,  3  to 
4  in.  long,  rigidly  coriaceous  with  prominent  diverging  veins,  parallel 
but  rather  distant.  Umbels  3  to  6-flowered,  collected  in  a  short  terminal 
panicle.  Peduncles  terete.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  about  three  lines 
long  and  as  much  in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  pedicel.  Operculum 
rather  thick,  conical,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  Stamens  2  to  3  lines  long, 
all  perfect,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  very  small  and  globular,  with 
distinct  parallel  cells  opening  in  circular  pores  or  very  short  slits.  Fruit 
unknown. 

N.  Australia.  Copeland  Island,  N.  coast,  A.  Cunningham.  Until 
the  fruit  is  known,  the  precise  affinities  of  this  species  cannot  be  deter- 
mined. It  is  very  unlike  any  other  one  I  have  seen. 

36.  E.  albens,  Miq.  in  Ned.  Kruidk.  Arch.  iv.  138.  A  tree,  attain- 
ing 60  to  80  ft.,  with  a  dull  green  persistent  bark  (F.  Mueller],  separating 


196  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

in  smooth  laminae  or  strips  (C.  Stuart),  the  foliage  usually  very  glaucous 
or  almost  mealy-white.  Leaves  usually  large,  broad,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
lanceolate,  often  6  in.  long  or  more,  rigid,  with  oblique  veins,  the  intra- 
margitial  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge.  Peduncles  lateral,  rigid, 
scarcely  flattened,  sometimes  ^  in.  long,  but  often  much  shorter,  bearing 
4  to  8  rather  large  flowers.  Buds  long  and  acuminate,  apparently  sessile, 
but  really  tapering  into  short  thick  angular  pedicels.  Calyx-tube  3  to  4 
lines  long  and  scarcely  2  lines  diameter,  2-angled  or  nearly  terete.  Oper- 
culum  conical,  acuminate,  as  long  as  or  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx- tube. 
Stamens  3  to  4  lines  long,  all  perfect,  inflected;  anthers  very  small  and 
globular,  with  distinct  parallel  cells,  opening  at  length  to  the  base  or 
nearly  so.  Ovary  short,  slightly  conical  in  the  centre.  Fruit  obovoid- 
oblong,  truncate,  nearly  y2  in.  long,  the  rim  narrow,  the  capsule  deeply 
sunk. 

N.  S.  Wales.  Macquarrie  river,  A.  Cunningham;  New  England, 
"White  Gum,"  C,  Stuart;  between  Alford's  and  the  Range,  "Box," 
Leichhardt. 

Victoria.  Poor  plains,  between  Ten-mile  Creek  and  Broken  River, 
"  White  Box,"  F.  Mueller. 

A  very  distinct  species  with  something  of  the  habit  of  the  Robust^, 
but  with  the  anthers  of  the  Micranthera.  F.  Mueller  refers  it  to  E.  pal- 
lens,  DC.,  which  I  have  not  seen.  De  Candolle's  character  agrees  rather 
better  with  E.  dealbata  than  with  E.  albens,  but  the  short  hemispherical 
operculum  he  describes  occurs  in  neither. 

37.  E.  Bowmani,  F.  Muell.  Herb.  Stature  and  bark  unknown. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  broadly  lanceolate,  mostly  4  to  6  in.  long, 
straight  or  falcate,  obtuse  or  acuminate,  rigid,  with  oblique  veins,  the 
marginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge,  like  those  of  E.  albens,  but  not 
glaucous.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  more  or  less  flattened,  bearing 
4  to  8  rather  large  flowers.  Buds  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  short  very  thick 
pedicel  or  nearly  sessile.  Calyx-tube  obovoid  or  turbinate,  thick,  about 
2  lines  long  and  as  much  diameter.  Operculum  thick,  obtuse,  longer 
than  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  3  to  4  lines  long,  the  filaments  slender, 
inflected  in  the  bud,  but  not  showing  the  acute  angle  of  E.  corynocalyx; 
anthers  very  small  and  globular,  but  with  distinct  parallel  cells,  opening 
longitudinally.  Ovary  conical  in  the  centre.  Fruit  unknown. 

Queensland,  Bowman.  I  have  some  hesitation  in  describing  the 
species  without  having  seen  the  fruit,  but  it  appears  quite  distinct  from 
any  other  one  known  to  me.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  E.  albens  and  E. 
corynocalyx,  but  differs  from  both  in  the  shape  of  the  flowers. 

Specimens  of  two  other  trees  or  shrubs,  in  F.  Mueller's  collection, 
are  probably  closely  allied  to,  if  not  varieties  of  the  same;  one  from  the 
head  of  the  Gwydir,  Leichhardt,  in  bud  only,  is  glaucous  like  E.  albens, 
and  has  the  calyx-tube  shorter  and  the  operculum  longer  than  in  E. 
Bowmani,  which  it  agrees  with  in  other  respects.  The  other  from  Mount 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  /97 

Elliot,  Fitzalan.  in  flower,  only  differs  from  E.  Bowmani  in  the  upper 
umbels  almost  paniculate,  in  the^more  distinct  pedicels  and  in  the  oper- 
culum  rather  shorter  and  broader. 

44.  E.  brachypoda,  Turcz.  in  Bull.  Mosc.  1849,  ii.  21.  A  tall  shrub, 
or  small   or   moderate  sized   tree,  the  bark   varying  from  smooth   and 
whitish  to  dark  and  rugged,  persistent  or  shed  in  large  patches  (Oldfield] 
dark   and   rough   on   the  trunk,  smooth  whitish  and  deciduous  on  the 
branches  (F.  Mueller).     Leaves  from  ovate   obtuse  and  under  2  in.  to 
long-lanceolate  obtuse  acute  or  acuminate  and  attaining  6  to  8  in.,  more 
or  less  pale  or  glaucous,  with  numerous  very  fine  parallel  almost  trans- 
verse veins,  scarcely  conspicuous  when  the  leaf  is  thick,  the  marginal 
one  near  or  close  to  the  edge.     Peduncles  short  terete  or  nearly  so,  each 
with  about  3  to  6  or  sometimes  more  small  flowers;  umbels  usually  3  or  4 
together  in  short  panicles  either  terminal  or  in  the  upper  axils,  or  rarely 
the  lower  ones  solitary  and  axillary.     Calyx  short,  broad  and  open,  I  to 
\]^  lines  diameter.     Operculum  conical  or  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the 
calyx-tube.     Stamens  I  to  2  lines  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  very 
small,  globular,  with  distinct  parallel  cells.     Ovary  convex  in  the  centre. 
Fruit  almost  hemispherical,  rarely  2  lines  diameter,  the  orifice  open  or 
almost  dilated,  the  rim  narrow,  the  capsule  slightly  sunk,  but  very  con- 
vex in  the  centre,  the  valves  protruding  when  open. — E.  brevifolia,  F. 
Muell.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  84;   E.  microtheca,  F.  Muell.  in  Journ. 
Linn.  Soc.  iii.  87. 

N.  Australia.  JJ.  W.  coast,  A.  Cunningham;  table  land  of  the 
upper  Victoria  river,  "  Box-tree,"  also  in  the  scrub  between  Flinders  and 
Albert  rivers,  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  F.  Mueller.  Macdonnell  Ranges, 
M'Douall  Stuart's  Expedition. 

N.  S.  Wales.  Between  the  Darling  river  and  Barrier  Range,  Victo- 
rian Expedition. 

S.  Australia.     Cooper's  Creek,  HowiWs  Expedition. 

W.  Australia,  Dnimmond,  4th  Coll.  n.  73.  Wet  places  near  the 
Murchison  river,  among  flooded  gums,  called  "Colaille,"  Oldfield,  who 
remarks  on  the  variability  of  the  bark,  but  there  appears  to  be  some  con- 
fusion in  his  notes. 

With  the  habit  and  inflorescence  of  E.  crebra,  this  species  differs 
from  all  others  of  the  group  in  the  very  open  fruit  with  exserted  valves. 

45.  E.  brachjandra,  F.  Muell.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  97.   A  tall 
shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  on  long  petioles,  very  ob- 
tuse, 2  to  4  in.  long,  thick  with  numerous  parallel  very  diverging  veins, 
fine  but  not  very  close.     Flowers  not  seen.     Umbels  several  together  in 
a  short  panicle.     Calyx  after  flowering  very  small,  ovoid-globose,  with  a 
few  very  short  stamens  with  minute  globose  anthers  remaining  about  the 
orifice.     Fruit  urceolate-globose,  scarcely  more  than  i  line  long,  the  rim 
thin,  the  capsule  sunk. 


I98  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

N.  Australia.  Rocky  declivities  of  the  Upper  Victoria  river,  F. 
Mueller.  The  specimens  preserved  are  very  fragmentary. 

100.  E.  concolor,  Schau.  in  PL  Preiss.  i.   129.     A  tree  of  30  to  40 
ft.,  with  a  smooth  bark  (Oldfield],  a  small  tree  of  8  to  12  ft.  (Preiss},  with 
much  of  the  aspect  of  E.  decipiens,  but  larger  and  more  rigid  in  all  its 
parts.     Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  to  lanceolate-acuminate,  often  4  to  5  in. 
long,  thick  and  rigid,  the  fine  diverging  veins  numerous  and  parallel  but 
scarcely  conspicuous,  the  intramarginal  one  nearer  the  edge  than  in  E. 
decipiens.     Peduncles  short,  axillary,  broad  and  flat  but  thick,  each  with 
a  head  of  6  to  12  or  more  sessile  flowers.     Calyx-tube  turbinate,  thick 
and  often  angled,  but  otherwise  smooth,  about  3  lines  long.     Oparculum 
conical  or  acuminate,  rather  longer  than  the  calyx-tube.     Stamens  in- 
flected; anthers  globular,  small,  but  not  so  small  as  in  E.  decipiens,  with 
distinct  parallel  cells.     Ovary  conical  or  convex  in  the  centre.     Fruit 
globose-truncate,  about  4  lines  diameter,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  the 
rim  broad,  flat  or  slightly  convex,  the  capsule  sunk,  but  the  points  of  the 
valves  usually  protruding. 

W.  Australia.  Doubtful-Island  Bay  and  shady  ravines,  Point  Irwin, 
Oldfield ;  near  Freemantle,  Preiss,  n.  225 ;  also  Drummond,  ^th 
Coll.  n.  77. 

101.  E.  goniantha,    Turcz.  in  Bull.  Mosc.  1847,  i-  J63-     Leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate-acuminate,  mostly  falcate,  rarely  under  3 
in.  and  sometimes  above  4  in.  long,  thick  and  rigid,  the  very  fine  rather 
oblique  veins  numerous  and  parallel  but  scarcely  conspicuous,  the  intra- 
marginal one  close  to  or  very  near  the  edge.     Peduncles  axillary  or  lat- 
eral, short,  rather  thick  and  flattened,  mostly  recurved,  each   with  4  to  8 
flowers  on  short  thick  angular  pedicels.     Calyx-tube  very  broadly  turbi- 
nate, thick  and  very  prominently  ribbed,  3  to  4  lines  diameter.     Oper- 
culum  strongly  ribbed,  nearly  hemispherical  at  the  base,  with  a  thick  ob- 
tuse beak  as  long  as  or  rather  longer  than  the  calyx-tube.    Stamens  4  to  5 
lines  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;    anthers  small,  ovate,  with  parallel  dis- 
tinct cells.     Fruit  depressed-globular  or  subglobular.  truncate,  hard,  more 
or  less  ribbed,  or  sometimes  almost  smooth,  4  to  5  lines  diameter,  some- 
what contracted  at  the  orifice,  the  rim  rather  broad  and  nearly  flat,  the 
capsule  somewhat  sunk,  but  the  valves  occasionally  protruding. 

W.  Australia.  King  George's  Sound  or  to  the  eastward,  Collie; 
Baxler;  Drummond,  jrd  Coll.  n.  71;  Franklin  river,  Maxwell  (in  fruit 
only  with  rather  broad  leaves). 

104.  E.  decurva,  F.  Muell.  Fragm.  iii.  130.  A  large  shrub  of  10 
to  12  ft,  or  a  small  tree  of  10  to  30  ft.,  with  a  smooth  bark  (Oldfield, 
Maxwell}.  Leaves  lanceolate,  usually  narrow,  rarely  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  rarely  exceeding  4  in.  and  often  under  3  in.  long,  thick  or 
rather  thin,  the  veins  diverging,  but  not  close  and  scarcely  visible,  the 
intramarginal  one  more  or  less  distant  from  the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  799 

or  lateral,  terete,  or  somewhat  flattened,  each  bearing  an  umbel  of  3  to  7 
flowers  usually  recurved  and  on  rather  long  pedicels,  but  sometimes 
erect.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  almost  cylindrical,  2  to  2^  lines  long  and 
nearly  2  lines  diameter,  abruptly  contracted  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  not 
ribbed.  Operculum  hemispherical  and  broad  at  the  base,  with  a  central 
beak  sometimes  very  short,  sometimes  above  2  lines  long.  Stamens  about 
3  lines  long,  the  filaments  slender  and  acutely  inflected  as  in  E.  undnata 
and  E.  corynocalyx;  anthers  very  small,  globular,  with  distinct  parallel 
cells.  Ovary  short,  convex  or  conical  in  the  centre.  Fruit  ovoid,  con- 
tracted at  the  orifice,  3  to  4  lines  long  and  rather  less  in  diameter,  the 
rim  narrow,  the  capsule  deeply  sunk. 

W.  Australia.  Low  flats  and  rich  soil  to  the  east  of  Kojonerup- 
from  the  Stirling  Range  to  East  Mount  Barren,  Maxwell,  also  Drum- 
mond,  ^th  Coll.  n.  186,  all  with  narrow  not  very  thick  leaves  ;  from  Kal- 
gan  river  and  King  George's  Sound  to  the  eastward,  Harvey,  Oldfieldr 
Maxwell,  with  broader  and  thicker  leaves  ;  Vasse  river,  Gilbert,  n.  266, 
with  thick  but  narrow  leaves. 

A  specimen  in  fruit  only  from  Murchison  river,  Oldfield,  looks  like 
the  same  species.  The  E.  doratoxylon,  which  in  many  respects  resem- 
bles this  species,  differs  in  the  leaves  mostly  opposite  as  well  as  in  the 
stamens.  The  E.  decun>a  itself  is  very  closely  allied  to  E.  oleosa,  but 
the  shape  of  the  calyx  and  fruit  and  the  arrangement  of  the  stamens  are 
somewhat  different. 


ORTHANTHEREAE, 


33.  E.  micranthera,  F.  Muell.  Herb.  A  shrub,  of  6  to  10  ft.,  with 
a  smooth  bark  (Maxwell}.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  or 
almost  obtuse,  2  to  nearly  4  in.  long,  very  thick  and  smooth  so  as  wholly 
to  conceal  the  veins.  Peduncles  very  short,  often  flattened,  with  3  to  6 
flowers  like  those  of  E.  undnata  or  E.  oleosa,  but  larger.  Calyx-tube 
turbinate,  2  to  nearly  3  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  very  short  thick  pedi- 
cel or  almost  sessile.  Operculum  very  obtuse  and  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
tube.  Stamens  inflected,  sometimes  almost  as  acutely  so  as  in  E.  cory- 
nocalyx  and  E.  undnata,  but  the  filaments  not  so  fine  and  the  anthers 
very  minute,  with  parallel  contiguous  cells.  Ovary  flat-topped.  Fruit 
globose-truncate,  4  to  5  lines  diameter,  somewhat  contracted  at  the  ori- 
fice, the  rim  broad,  flat  or  slightly  concave,  the  capsule  very  slightly  sunk. 

W.  Australia.  Sandy  hummocks,  from  Israelite  Bay  to  Eyre's  Re- 
lief, Maxwell. 

Possibly  a  form  of  E.  undnata,  but  both  the  operculum  and  the  sta- 
mens appear  different. 


200  EbCAL  YPTUS. 

54.  E.  conoidea,  Benth.  Leaves  narrow-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  obtuse  and  under  3  in.  long,  thick  and  shining,  the  very  oblique 
veins  scarcely  conspicuous,  the  intramarginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the 
edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  usually  recurved,  terete  or  slightly 
angular,  each  with  3  to  5  rather  large  pedicellate  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
obconical,  more  or  less  distinctly  ribbed,  3  lines  long  or  rather  more, 
tapering  into  the  pedicel.  Operculum  broad  and  conical,  smooth  or 
-ribbed,  not  thick,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens 
nearly  y2  in.  long,  inflected  in  the  bud,  raised  by  the  thick  disk  ^  to  i 
line  above  the  border  of  the  calyx;  anthers  oblong,  with  parallel  distinct 
cells.  Fruit  turbinate-truncate,  4  to  6  lines  long  and  as  much  in  diame- 
ter on  the  top,  the  rim  raised  above  the  calyx-border,  broad  and  flat  or 
concave,  the  capsule  level  with  it  or  more  or  less  depressed,  the  short 
.broad  valves  often  protruding  when  open. 

W.  Australia,  Drummond,  sth  Coll.  n.  37. 

Var.  marginata.     Border  of  the  calyx  expanded  into  a  prominent 
'horizontal  or  reflexed  ring. — Drmnmond,  $rd  Coll.  n.  56. 

65.  E.  grossa,  F.  Muell.  Herb.  A  stunted  shrub  (Maxwell}. 
Leaves  from  ovate  and  obtuse  to  lanceolate  and  acute,  very  thick  and 
shining,  under  3  in.  long,  the  veins  oblique,  rarely  conspicuous,  the 
intramarginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or 
lateral,  often  recurved,  thick  and  much  flattened,  with  usually  3  large 
sessile  flowers.  Calyx-tube  turbinate,  prominently  ribbed,  4  to  5  lines 
long.  Operculum  oblong,  very  obtuse,  thin  and  smooth,  as  long  as  or 
rather  shorter,  perhaps  sometimes  longer  than  the  calyx- tube.  Stamens 
about  yz  in.  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  ovate-oblong,  with  par- 
allel distinct  cells.  Ovary  short,  convex  in  the  centre..  Fruit  not  seen. 
W.  Australia  Phillips  river  and  its  tributaries,  Maxwell.  I  feel 
uncertain  as  to  the  affinities  of  this  species,  the  smooth  cylindrical  obtuse 
Operculum  is  like  that  of  some  of  the  Cormilcc,  but  the  stamens  are  much 
inflected  in  the  bud,  and  the  flowers  are  otherwise  quite  those  of  the 
larger  forms  of  E.  incrassala. 

%7i.  E.  annulata,  Benth.  A  tall  shrub  with  a  smooth  bark  (Max- 
well}.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mostly  under  4  in.  long, 
thick  and  smooth  with  oblique  veins  usually  very  indistinct,  the  intra- 
marginal one  near  the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  short,  thick, 
flat,  and  almost  as  broad  as  long,  each  with  about  6  to  12  sessile  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  turbinate- campanulate,  about  3  lines  diameter.  Operculum  6 
to  8  lines  long,  usually  incurved  and  very  obtuse  or  almost  clavate  at  the 
end.  Stamens  straight  as  in  E.  cornuta,  but  apparently  of  a  yellowish- 
white  colour  as  in  E.  macrandra,  the  margin  of  the  disk  that  bears  them 
forming  a  raised  in  flexed  ring  about  #  line  broad;  anthers  oblong  with 
parallel  cells.  Ovary  conical  at  the  top,  tapering  into  the  style.  Fruit 
«depressed-globose,  4  to  5  lines  diameter,  the  convex  rim  protruding  into 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  201 

a  thick  ring,  quite  distinct  from  the  valves,  which  project  much,  taper- 
ing into  long  erect  or  connivent  points  formed  by  the  persistent  base  of 
the  style. 

W.  Australia.     Salt  River,  Maxwell. 

73.  E.  macrandra,  F.  Muell.  Herb.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  with  a 
smooth  bark  {Maxwell}.  Leaves  from  ovate-lanceolate  to  narrow-lance- 
olate, rarely  exceeding  4  in  ,  very  thick  and  smooth,  the  veins  more 
numerous  and  more  diverging  than  in  E.  cornuta,  and  the  intramarginal 
one  usually  nearer  the  edge,  but  generally  scarcely  visible.  Peduncles 
rigid  and  flattened,  mostly  ^  to  i  in.  long,  with  8  to  16  or  even  more 
flowers,  sessile  or  on  very  short  pedicels.  Calyx-tube  obovoid-campanu- 
late,  usually  2>^  to  3  lines  long  and  rather  less  in  diameter,  but  in  some 
specimens  smaller.  Operculum  usually  above  i  in.  long.  Stamens  when 
dry  yellowish,  erect  in  the  bud  as  in  E.  cornuta^  the  edge  of  the  disk 
inflected;  anthers  oblong,  with  parallel  cells.  Ovary  flat- topped,  the 
style  not  thickened  at  the  base.  Fruit  semiovoid,  truncate.  3  to  4  lines 
diameter,  or  in  some  specimens  rather  smaller,  the  rim  narrow,  on  a  level 
with  the  calyx  as  well  as  the  flat-topped  capsule,  the  small  valves  not 
protruding. 

W.  Australia.  From  the  valleys  S.  of  Stirling  range  to  Salt  River 
and  Phillips  range,  Maxwell. 

75.  E.  spathulata,  Hook.  Ic.  PI.  t.  6n.     A  shrub  of  6  to  8  ft.  or 
rather  more.     Leaves  linear,  linear-lanceolate  or  rarely  oblong-lanceo- 
late, straight  or  slightly  falcate,  under  3  in.  long,  thick  and  rigid  so  as 
wholly  to  conceal  the  veins.     Peduncles  short,  axillary  or  lateral,  flat- 
tened but  usually  not  very  broad,  each  with  about  4  to  6  flowers.     Calyx- 
tube  obovoid,  thick,  about  2  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  short  thick  ped- 
icel.    Operculum  cylindrical,  obtuse,  often  narrower  than  the  calyx  and 
about  twice  as  long.     Stamens  erect,  slightly  flexuose,  about  4  lines  long, 
the  border  of  the  staminal  disk  inflected  over  the  sunk  ovary;    anthers 
oblong,  parallel-celled.     Style  slightly  thickened  at  the  base.     Fruit  obo- 
void, 3  lines  or  rather  more  in  length  and  nearly  as  much  in  diameter, 
contracted  at  the  orifice,  which  is  further  closed  by  the  rather  broad  flat 
rim;  capsule  sunk,  but  the  points  of  the  valves  sometimes  slightly  pro- 
truding. 

W.  Australia.  Between  Perth  and  King  George's  Sound,  Harvey; 
Drumniond ' t  jrd  Coll.  n.  68. 

Var.  grandiflora.  Leaves  rather  broader.  Flowers  and  fruits  larger. 
— Phillips  range,  Maxwell. 

The  species  has  much  of  the  aspect  of  the  narrow-leaved  forms  of 
E.  redunca,  but  in  that  the  Operculum  is  acuminate,  and  the  stamens 
more  or  less  inflected  in  the  bud. 

76.  E.  pallidifolia,  F.  Muell.  Fragm.  iii.  131.     A  small  tree  with 
an  ash-coloured  smooth  bark  (F.  Mueller}.     Leaves  ovate-oblong  or  Ian- 


202  EUCALYPTUS. 

ceolate,  very  obtuse  and  rarely  3  in.  long,  thick  and  smooth,  the  fine  par- 
allel very  diverging  veins  scarcely  visible,  the  intramarginal  one  close  to 
the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  short,  nearly  terete,  with  4  to  6 
nearly  sessile  or  shortly  pedicellate  flowers.  Calyx-tube  short,  about  2 
lines  diameter.  Operculum  hemispherical  or  obtusely  conical,  shorter 
than  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  about  2  lines  long,  inflected  in  the  bud ; 
anthers  ovate  with  parallel  distinct  cells.  Ovary  flat -topped.  Fruit  obo- 
void-globose,  3  to  4  lines  diameter,  slightly  contracted  at  the  orifice,  the 
rim  broad,  convex,  and  prominent,  the  capsule  not  sunk,  the  valves  pro- 
truding and  sometimes  acuminate  by  the  persistent  split  base  of  the  style. 
N.  Australia.  Sandstone  table-land  on  the  Upper  Victoria  river  and 
Sturt's  Creek,  F.  Mueller. — As  observed  by  F.  Mueller,  this  resembles  in 
some  respects  E.  oleosa,  but  the  venation  of  the  leaves  and  the  fruit  are 
different. 

79.  E.  pachyloma,  Benth.     A  shrub  of  5  ft.  (Maxwell}.     Leaves 
mostly  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  under  3  in.  long,  thick 
and  rigid,  the  very  oblique  veins  scarcely  conspicuous,  the  intramarginal 
one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge.     Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  short  and 
thick,  terete  or  slightly  angular,  each  with  2  to  4  rather  large  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  broadly  turbinate  or  almost  hemispherical,  about  4  lines  diam- 
eter, smooth  and  tapering  into  the  very  short  thick  pedicel.     Stamens 
pale-coloured,  >^  in.  long  or  more,  slender  and  inflected  in  the  bud;   an- 
thers ovate  with  distinct  parallel  cells.     Disk  concave.     Fruit  sessile,  de- 
pressed-globose, 7  to  8  lines  diameter,  with  the  very  thick  broad  convex 
and  raised  rim  of  E.  Oldfieldii,  but  without  any  depressed  centre,  the 
capsule  not  sunk,  and  the  small  valves  profruding  as  in  E.  rostrata. 

W.  Australia.     Drummond,  4th  Coll.  n.  64;    sand  plains,   Kalgan 
river,  Oldfield ;  valleys  of  the  Stirling  range,  Maxwell. 

80.  E.  Drummondii,  Benth.     Leaves  from  ovate-oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, obtuse  or  acuminate,  under  3  in.  long,  very  thick,  with  very  fine 
close  parallel  veins,  very  diverging  or  almost  tranverse,  but  scarcely  con- 
spicuous, the  intramarginal  one  close  to  the  edge.     Peduncles  axillary  or 
lateral    /4  to  1)4  in.  long,  terete  or  nearly  so,  each  bearing  an  umble  of  3 
to  6  rather  large  flowers  on  terete  pedicels  often  l/2  in.  long.     Calyx-tube 
broadly  hemispherical,  hard  and  smooth,  4  to  5  lines  diameter.     Oper- 
culum conical,  rather  broader  and  considerably  longer  than  the  calyx- 
tube.     Stamens  about  ^  in.  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  rather 
small,  ovate,  with  distinct  parallel  cells.     Disk  very  broad,  nearly  flat, 
forming  a  prominent  ring  round  the  ovary,  of  which  the  obtusely  conical 
centre  protrudes  about  i  or  i^  lines  above  the  disk  at  the  time  of  flow- 
ering.    Fruit  unknown. 

W.  Australia.     Between  Swan  River  and  King  George's  Sound, 
Drummond ',  2nd  Coll.  n.  86  ;  also  $th  Coll. 

81.  E.  orbifolia,  F.  Muell.  Fragm.  v.  50.     A  shrub  of  5  ft.   (C> 


EUCALYPTUS.  203 

Hat  per) ,  the  foliage  nearly  white  or  yellowish  in  the  single  small  speci- 
men seen.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  very  obtuse,  under  2  in.  diameter, 
very  thick  and  smooth,  the  veins  irregular  and  distant  but  scarcely  con- 
spicuous. Peduncle  axillary,  terete,  not  ]/*  in.  long,  with  the  scars  of  5 
flowers.  Pedicels  short  and  terete.  Calyx-tube  broadly  hemispherical, 
smooth,  about  y2  in.  diameter.  Operculum  thick,  conical,  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  very  numerous,  inflected  in  the  bud; 
anthers  ovate,  with  distinct  parallel  cells.  Disk  narrow  round  the  coni- 
cal summit  of  the  ovary,  which  protrudes  3  or  4  lines  above  the  border 
of  the  calyx,  tapering  into  the  short  thick  style.  Fruit  unknown. 

W.  Australia.  Granite  hills  in  the  interior  to  the  north  of  Swan 
river,  C.  Harper.  Although  evidently  allied  to  E.  Drummondi,  this  ap- 
pears to  be  specifically  distinct  both  in  the  leaves  and  the  parts  of  the 
flowers. 

83.  E.  leptopoda,  Benth.     Branchlets  slender.     Leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  often  above  4  in.  long,  not  very  thick  but  the  veins 
inconspicuous.     Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  slender,  terete  or  slightly 
flattened,  bearing  each  a  loose  umbel  of  10  to  15  small  flowers  on  slender 
pedicels  much  longer  than  the  buds.     Calyx-tube  broadly  turbinate  or 
almost  hemispherical,  about    il/2    lines   diameter.     Operculum   conical, 
from  a  little  shorter  to  a  litttle  longer  than  the  calyx  tube  and  not  so 
broad.     Stamens  inflected  in  the  bud,  flexuose,  not  2  lines  long;   anthers 
ovate  or  almost  globose,   with  parallel  distinct  cells.     Fruit  depressed- 
globular,  nearly  3  lines  diameter,  the  rim  broad,  flat  or  slightly  convex^ 
the  capsule  not  sunk,  the  valves  protruding  when  open. 

W.  Australia,  Drummond,  5th  Coll.  Suppl.  n.  jj  and 36,  also  n.  151 
and  1 88  of  other  sets. 

In  the  specimens  n.  188  the  buds  are  rather  larger  than  in  the  others, 
the  peduncles  and  pedicels  shorter  and  the  fruits  smaller,  scarcely  2  lines 
diameter,  with  long  prominent  points  to  the  valves. 

84.  E.  cinerea,  F.  Muell.  Herb.     A  moderate-sized  tree,  with  a 
whitish-brown  persistent  bark,  somewhat  fibrous,  the  foliage  more  or  less 
glaucous  or  mealy  white.      Leaves   opposite,  sessile,  cordate,  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,   obtuse  or  acute,  mostly  2  to  4  in.  long.      Peduncles 
axillary  or  in  short  terminal  corymbs,  terete  or  nearly  so,  each  with  3  to 
7  pedicellate  flowers.     Calyx  broadly  turbinate,  about  2  lines  diameter, 
or  rather  more.     Operculum  conical,  shorter  than  the  calyx- tube.     Sta- 
mens 2  to  3  lines  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  small  but  ovate,  with 
distinct  parallel  cells.     Ovary  convex  in  the  centre.     Fruit  semiglobose 
or  subglobose-truncate,  about  3  lines  diameter,  often  slightly  contracted 
at  the  orifice,  the  rim  thin,  the  capsule  very  slightly  sunk  but  the  valves 
protruding. 

N.  S.  Wales.  Lachlan  river,  near  Bathurst,  A.  Cunningham  ;  also 
Lake  George,  Herb.  F.  Mueller. 


204  EUCALYPTUS. 

F.  Mueller  (Fragni.  ii.  70)  unites  with  this.fi'.  pulverulenta,  of  which 
it  may  be  a  variety,  but,  as  far  as  the  specimens  go,  the  differences  in  the 
leaf,  in  the  size  of  the  flower,  and  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit  appear  to  be 
constant.  It  may,  however,  be  an  opposite-leaved  state  of  E,  dealbata, 
and  possibly,  as  well  as  that  species,  a  form  of  E.  viminalis. 

85.  E.  dealbata,  A.  Cunn.;  Schau.  in  Walp.  Rep.  ii.  924.  A  small 
stunted  tree,  the  foliage  often  glaucous -white,  the  bark  rugose  or  sepa- 
rating in  scales,  leaving  the  inner  bark  white  and  smooth  (C.  Stuart}. 
Leaves  from  ovate  to  ovate -lanceolate  and  under  4  in.  long  or  sometimes 
lanceolate  and  longer,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  veins  oblique  and  irregular, 
the  intramarginal  one  at  a  distance  from  the  edge,  all  usually  conspicu- 
ous. Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  very  short  and  scarcely  flattened, 
bearing  each  3  to  6  flowers  on  short  pedicels.  Calyx-tube  very  open, 
about  2  lines  diameter  and  not  so  long.  Operculum  broad,  rather  thin, 
hemispherical  or  conical,  longer  than  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  about  3 
lines  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  anthers  ovate,  with  parallel  distinct 
cells.  Ovary  more  or  less  conical  in  the  centre,  tapering  into  the  style. 
Fruit  almost  hemispherical,  about  3  lines  diameter,  the  rim  flat,  the  valves 
protruding  even  before  they  open. 

Queensland.     In  the  interior,  Mitchell. 

N.  S.  Wales.  Rocky  situations  in  the  interior,  A.  Cunningham; 
New  England,  C.  Stuart,  also  probably  a  specimen  in  young  bud  of  a 
"Box,"  Leichhardt;  Mudgee,  "River  Gum,"  C.  Moore.  It  is  possible 
that  this  may  prove  to  be  the  true  E.  pallens,  DC.  F.  Mueller  thinks  it 
may  be  reducible  to  a  variety  of  E.  viminalis. 

88.  ?  E.  exserta,  F.  Muell.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  85.  A  moder- 
ate-sized or  small  tree,  the  bark  ash-brown,  rough  and  fissured  outside 
and  falling  in  fragments,  somewhat  fibrous  inside  {F.  Mueller},  dark 
iron-grey  and  roughish  (Oldfield}.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  falcate  and 
acuminate,  3  to  6  in.  long  or  sometimes  much  more,  the  lower  ones  often 
ovate,  rather  thick,  the  veins  rather  regular,  numerous  and  oblique,  the 
intramarginal  one  not  close  to  the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral, 
terete  or  scarcely  compressed,  bearing  each  3  to  8  flowers  on  distinct 
often  rather  long  pedicels.  Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  about  2  lines 
diameter  (or  sometimes  nearly  3  ?).  Operculum  hemispherical  or  broadly 
conical,  more  or  less  beaked,  acuminate  and  rather  longer  than  the  calyx- 
tube.  Stamens  about  2  lines  long  or  rather  more,  inflected  in  the  bud; 
anthers  ovate  with  parallel  distinct  cells.  Fruit  nearly  globular,  3  to  4  lines 
diameter,  the  rim  broad  and  very  prominent,  almost  conical,  the  capsule 
not  sunk,  and  the  valves  entirely  protruding  even  before  they  open. 

Queensland.     Burnett  river,  F.  Mueller: 

W.  Australia.     Murchison  river,  Oldjield. 

This  is  probaly  the  same  as  E.  rostrata,  notwithstanding  the  differ- 
ences described  in  the  bark.  There  may  be  also  some  confusion  in  Old- 


EUCALYPTUS.  205 

field's  specimens,  the  larger-flowered  ones  may  belong  to  E.  rudis,  which 
differs  in  its  large  flowers,  shorter  pedicels,  and  in  the  much  larger  fruit 
with  a  flat  rim. 

97.  E.  pellita,  F.  MuelL  Fragm.  iv.  159.  A  tree  of  40  to  50  ft., 
with  a  rough  dark  grey  bark  (Dallachy}.  Leaves  ovate  lanceolate  or 
almost  ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  straight,  5  to  6  in.  long  or  more,  rigid, 
with  numerous  parallel  almost  transverse  veins,  the  intramarginal  one 
near  the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  stout  and  much  flattened, 
often  i  in.  long,  each  with  about  4  to  8  rather  large  flowers  on  thick 
angular  pedicels  often  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube.  Calyx- tube  much 
broader  and  shorter  than  in  E.  botryoides,  5  to  nearly  6  lines  diameter 
and  more  or  less  angular.  Operculum  thick,  hemispherical,  broader  than 
the  calyx-tube,  with  a  short  obtuse  beak.  Stamens  about  l/2  in.  long, 
somewhat  raised  above  the  calyx-border  by  the  disk,  inflected  in  the  bud.; 
anthers  ovate-oblong,  with  parallel  distinct  cells.  Ovary  very  conical  in 
the  centre.  Fruit  subglobose-truncate  or  nearly  hemispherical,  6  to  8 
lines  diameter,  not  contracted  at  the  orifice,  the  rim  raised  above  the 
calyx-border,  slightly  convex  and  rather  broad,  the  capsule  scarcely  sunk, 
the  valves  much  projecting. — E.  spectabilis,  F.  MuelL  Fragm.  v.  45. 

Queensland.  Rockhampton,  Dallachy.  The  species,  as  observed 
by  F.  Mueller,  resembles  E.  botryoides,  but  differs  in  the  larger  especially 
broader  flowers,  in  the  conical  ovary,  and  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit.  It  is, 
however,  very  closely  allied  to  E.  saligna  and  E.  resinifera,  differing 
chiefly  in  the  size  of  its  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit,  and  should  perhaps  in- 
clude the  var.  grandiflora,  which  I  have  referred  to  the  latter. 

102.  E.  falcata,  Turcz.  in  Bull.  Mosc.  1847,  i.  163.  A  shrub  of  10 
to  12  ft.  (Maxwell}.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  often  falcate,  mostly 
under  4  in.  long,  thick  and  smooth,  the  very  fine  oblique  veins  scarcely 
visible.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  terete  or  slightly  angular,  each 
with  about  6  to  12  flowers  on  slender  pedicels  of  3  to  4  lines.  Calyx-tube 
short,  depressed,  about  2  lines  diameter,  thick,  and  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly furrowed,  but  not  so  much  so  as  in  E.  goniantha.  Operculum 
conical,  acuminate,  fully  twice  as  long  as  and  much  narrower  than  the 
calyx-tube.  Stamens  2  to  3  lines  long,  or  rather  more,  inflected  in  the 
bud;  anthers  ovate,  with  parallel  distinct  cells.  Fruit  depressed-globu- 
lar, 3  to  4  lines  diameter,  much  contracted  at  the  orifice,  the  rim  narrow 
and  flat,  but  the  disk  within  the  staminal  margin  forming  a  protruding 
ring  over  the  capsule,  which  is  sunk,  but  the  long  points  of  the  valves, 
formed  by  the  split  base  of  the  style,  usually  protrude. 

W.  Australia.  Drummond,  $rd  Coll-  n.  70;  plains  to  the  north  and 
south  of  Stirling  range,  Maxwell. 

107.  E.  grandifolia,  R.  Br.  Herb.  A  small  tree,  with  the  outer 
bark  brown  and  deciduous,  the  inner  whitish  and  very  smooth  (R, 
Brown}.  Leaves  opposite  or  nearly  so,  petiolate,  from  ovate  to  ovate- 


206  EUCALYPTUS. 

lanceolate,  4  to  6  in.  long  in  the  specimens,  but  probably  often  larger, 
rigid,  with  rather  fine  diverging  veins,  the  intramarginal  one  remote 
from  the  edge.  Flowers  rather  large,  on  pedicels  of  l/2  to  #"  in.,  3  to  10 
together,  rather  clustered  than  umbellate  on  a  very  short  lateral  peduncle, 
reduced  sometimes  to  a  tubercle  (probably  the  inflorescence  consists  of 
several  umbels  reduced  to  i  or  2  flowers  each).  Calyx-tube  very  short, 
broad,  and  open,  4  to  nearly  5  lines  diameter.  Operculum  convex  or 
almost  hemispherical,  obtuse  or  umbonate,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx- 
tube.  Stamens  4  to  5  lines  long  or  rather  more,  inflected  in  the  bud;  an- 
ther oblong,  with  parallel  distinct  cells.  Ovary  flat  topped.  Fruit  un- 
known. 

N.  Australia.  Islands  of  the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria,  R.  Brown  (Hetb. 
R.  Brown}. 

112  ?  E.  loxophleba,  Benth.  A  tree  from  10  to  30  ft.  high,  with  a 
rough  ash-grey  fibrous  bark  (Oldfield},  40  to  45  ft.,  the  bark  separable  in 
layers  (Preiss}.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrow  and  often  4  to  5 
in.  long  or  the  lower  one  shorter  and  broader,  all  rather  rigid  with  very 
oblique  rather  distant  and  prominent  veins,  the  intramarginal  one  distant 
from  the  edge.  Peduncles  axillary  or  lateral,  terete  or  slightly  flattened, 
each  with  a  dense  umbel  of  6  to  12  flowers.  Calyx-tube  obconical,  2  to 
2^  or  rarely  nearly  3  lines  long,  tapering  into  a  short  pedicel.  Opercu- 
lum hemispherical  or  obtusely  conical,  shorter  than  the  calyx-tube.  Sta- 
mens scarcely  exceeding  2  lines,  inflected  in  the  bud,  the  filaments  usually 
dark-coloured  in  the  dry  specimens;  anthers  small,  with  parallel  distinct 
cells.  Fruit  narrow-obovoid,  truncate,  straight  or  slightly  contracted  at 
the  orifice,  rarely  above  3  lines  long  and  2  lines  diameter,  the  rim  narrow, 
the  capsule  deeply  sunk. — E.  amygdalina,  Schau.  in  PI.  Preiss.  i.  130 
(from  the  description  given),  not  of  Labill.;  E.  fruticetorum,  F.  Muell. 
Fragm.  ii.  57  fas  to  the  W.  Australian  specimens). 

W.Australia.  Swan  River  and  Darling  range,  Collie;  Drummond, 
2nd  Coll.  n-  82;  York  district,  Preiss.  n.  246  (and  248?);  Murchison  river 
and  Champion  Bay,  "  York  Gum,"  Oldfield. 

The  "  Yandee,"  a  tree  of  40  to  45  ft.,  with  a  nearly  black  persistent 
furrowed  bark  consisting  of  strap-like  pieces,  from  the  Murchison  river, 
Oldfield,  appears  to  be  otherwise  precisely  the  same. 

Var.  fruficosa.  A  shrub  branching  from  the  ground,  the  leaves 
rather  broader,  the  flowers  rather  larger,  the  peduncles  more  flattened. — 
Murchison  river,  Oldfield;  Salt  river,  Maxwell. 

115.  E.  perfoliata,  R.  Brown,  Herb.  A  large  shrub  of  10  ft.  or 
more  (A.  Cunningham}.  Leaves  opposite,  connate,  6  to  8  in.  long  and 
3  to  4  in.  broad,  very  obtuse,  glaucous  with  numerous  parallel  transverse 
veins.  Flowers  large,  sessile  in  heads  of  4  to  6,  on  terete  peduncles  form- 
ing a  corymbose  terminal  panicle.  Calyx-tube  thick,  broadly  turbinate, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  7  to  8  lines  long  and  as  much  in  diameter.  Oper- 


EUCALYPTUS.  207 

culum  not  seen.  Stamens  above  ^  in.  long,  inflected  in  the  bud;  an- 
thers small,  ovate-oblong,  with  parallel  distinct  cells.  Fruit  urceolate,  ij^ 
in.  long  and  above  i  in.  diameter,  smooth,  the  rim  concave,  the  capsule 
sunk.  Seeds  not  seen. 

127.  E.  dichromophloia,  F.  Muell.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  89.    A 
moderate-sized  or  large  tree,  the  bark  smooth,  ash-grey,  at 'length  sepa- 
rating from  the  inner  reddish  bark  (F.  Mueller).     Leaves  in  the  imper- 
fect specimens  very  long,  lanceolate,  narrow,  thick,  with  numerous,  very 
fine,  close,  parallel  veins,  the  intramarginal  one  scarcely  distant  from  the 
edge.     Umbels  several-flowered,  forming  loose,  terminal,  corymbose  pan- 
icles.    Young  buds  obovoid,  with  a  very  short  obtuse  operculum;  perfect 
flowers  unknown.     Anthers  of  E.  corymbosa.     Fruit  urceolate-globose, 
with  a  contracted  neck,  smooth,  attaining  sometimes  )£  in.  diameter,  but 
mostly  much  smaller;    the  rim  thin,  the  capsule   sunk.     Perfect  seeds 
broadly  winged  on  one  side. 

128.  E.  pyrophora,  Benth.     Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding  four 
species,  but  apparently  to  be  distinguished,  unless  all  be  considered  as 
forms  of  E.  corymbosa.     Leaves  long,  narrow,  and  thicker  than  in  any 
of  them.     Inflorescence  the  same.     Buds  obovoid-pear-shaped,  the  very 
obtuse  operculum  undistinguishable  from  the  calyx-tube  till  it  separates, 
and  then  often  tearing  off  irregularly.     Flowers  larger  than  in  E.  tenni- 
nalisy  the  calyx-tube  very  broad  and  op^n,  varying  from  4  to  6  lines  diam- 
eter.    Stamens  of  the  allied  spec.es.     Fruit  globose  or  slighily   ovoid, 
contracted  at  the  orifice,  without  a  distinct  neck,  the  rim  thin,  the  cap- 
sule sunk.     Seeds  apparently  winged,  but  not  seen  perfect. 


UNKNOWN    ANTO5, 


93.  E.  patellaris,  F.  Muell.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  84.  A  tall 
tree  with  a  rough  furrowed  persistent  dull  whitish  bark  (F.  Mueller}. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  falcate,  acuminate,  about  4  to  6  in.  long,  the  veins 
rather  numerous  and  regular,  oblique,  the  intramarginal  one  rather  dis- 
tant from  the  edge.  Perfect  flowers  unknown.  Inflorescence  perhaps 
compound.  Calyx-tube  (only  seen  in  a  diseased  persistent  bud)  hard, 
hemispherical,  about  5  lines  diameter,  the  border  prominent.  Opercu- 
lum- much  depressed,  umbonate.  Fruit  pedicellate,  broadly  urceolate, 
about  5  lines  diameter,  the  orifice  dilated,  the  rim  broad  and  flat,  the 
valves  protruding. 

N.  Australia.  Dry  banks  of  the  Roper  river,  (F.  Mueller).  De- 
scribed from  specimens  far  too  imperfect  to  determine  the  affinities. 

116.  E.  ferruginea,  Schau.  in  Walp.  Rep.  ii.  926.  A  moderate- 
sized  tree,  with  a  rough  persistent  dark  grey  bark  (F.  Mueller),  the 


208  EUCALYPTUS. 

young  branches  and  often  the  foliage  more  or  less  rusty -pubescent,  or  the 
branches  bispid  with  a  few  stiff  hairs  or  bristles,  but  sometimes  quite 
glabrous.  Leaves  large,  often  4  to  5  in.  diameter,  sessile,  opposite,  cor- 
date orbicular  or  oblong,  mostly  obtuse  and  sometimes  undulate.  Flow- 
ers rather  large,  the  umbels  in  a  dense  terminal  corymbose  panicle,  or  in 
one  specimen  a  single  umbel  axillary.  Peduncles  and  pedicels  short, 
terete.  Calyx-tube  very  broadly  campanulate,  6  to  8  lines  diameter. 
Operculum  broadly  conical,  shorter  than  the  calyx-tube.  Fruit  ovoid, 
when  perfect  about  i  in.  long  and  ^  in.  diameter,  contracted  towards 
the  orifice,  the  rim  narrow,  the  capsule  deeply  sunk.  Seeds  winged. — 
F.  Muell.  in  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  iii.  95;  E.  confer tiftora,  F.  Muell.  1.  c.  96. 
N.  Australia.  Copeland  island,  N.  W.  coast,  A.  Cunningham;  Vic- 
toria river  and  Arnhem's  Land,  F.  Mueller. 


EUCALYPTUS.  209 


GLOSSARY 

OR 

DICTIONARY  OF  TERflS  USED  IN  DESCRIBING  PLANTS. 


A,  at  the  beginning  of  words  of  Greek  derivation,  commonly  signifies  a 

negative,  or  the  absence  of  something  ;  as  «  petalous,  without  petals  ; 

aphyllous,  leafless,  etc.     If  the  word  begins  with  a  vowel,  the  prefix 

is  an  ;  as  # //antherous,  destitute  of  anther. 
Abnormal :  contrary  to  the  usual  or  the  natural  structure. 
Aboriginal :  original  in  the  strictest  sense  ;  same  as  indigenous. 
Abortive :  imperfectly  formed,  or  rudimentary. 
Abortion :  the  imperfect  formation,  or  non-formation  of  some  part. 
Abrupt :  suddenly  terminating  ; 

Abruptly  pinnate :  pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end. 
Acaulescent  (acaulis]  :  apparently  stemless  ;  the  proper  stem  bearing  the 

leaves  and  flowers,  being  very  shorter  subterranean,  as  in  Bloodroot, 

and  most  Violets. 

Accessory :  something  additional  ;  as  Accessory  buds. 
Accrescent :  growing  larger  after  flowering,  as  the  calyx  of  Physalis. 
Accumbent :  lying  against  a  thing    The  cotyledons  are  accumbent  when 

they  lie  with  their  edges  against  the  radicle. 
Acerose :  needle-shaped,  as  the  leaves  of  Pines. 
Acetabuleform :  saucer-shaped. 

Achenium  (plural  achenia]  :  a  one-seeded,  seed-like  fruit. 
Achlamydeous  (flower)  :  without  floral  envelopes  ;  as  Lizard 's-tail. 
Acicular :  needle-shaped  ;  more  slender  than  acerose. 
Acinaciform  :  scymitar-shaped,  like  some  bean-pods. 
Acines  :  the  separate  grains  of  a  fruit,  such  as  the  raspberry. 
Acorn  :  the  nut  of  the  Oak. 

Acotyledonous  :  destitute  of  cotyledons  or  seed-leaves. 
Acrogenous :  growing  from  the  apex,  as  the  stems  of  Ferns  and  Mosses. 
AcrogenS)  or  Acrogenous  Plants :  the  higher  Cryptogamous  plants,  such- 

as  Ferns,  etc. 

Aculeate :  armed  with  prickles,  i.  e.  aculei ;  as  the  Rose  and  Brier. 
14 


2/0  EUCALYPTUS. 

Aculeolate :  armed  with  small  prickles,  or  slightly  prickly. 

Acuminate :  taper-pointed. 

Acute :  merely  sharp-pointed,  or  ending  in  a  point  less  than  a  right- 
angle. 

Adelphous  (stamens)  :  joined  in  a  fraternity  (adelphia]  :  see  monadel- 
phous  and  diadelphous. 

Adherent :  sticking  to,  or,  more  commonly,  growing  fast  to  another  body. 

Adnate :  growing  fast  to ;  it  means  born  adherent.  The  Anther  is 
adnate  when  fixed  by  its  whole  length  to  the  filament  or  its  prolonga- 
tion, as  in  Tulip-tree. 

Adpressed,  or  appressed :  brought  into  contract,  but  not  united. 

Adscendent,  ascendent,  or  ascending  :  rising  gradually  upwards. 

Adsurgent,  or  assurgent :  same  as  ascending. 

Adventitous  :  out  of  the  proper  or  usual  place. 

Aventive :  applied  to  foreign  plants  accidentally  or  sparingly  sponta- 
neous in  a  country,  but  hardly  to  be  called  naturalized. 

^Equilateral :  equal  sided  ;  opposed  to  oblique. 

Estivation  :  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  a  flower-bud. 

Air-cells  or  Air-passages :  spaces  in  the  tissue  of  leaves  and  some  stems. 

Akenium,  or  akene.     See  achenium. 

Ala  (plural  alee]  :  a  wing  ;  the  side  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Alabastrum  :  a  flower-bud. 

Alar :  situated  in  the  forks  of  a  stem. 

Alate  :  winged,  as  the  seeds  of  Trumpet-Creeper,  the  fruit  of  the  Maple, 
Elm,  etc. 

Albescent :  whitish,  or  turning  white. 

Albumen  of  the  seed  ;  nourishing  matter  stored  up  with  the  embryo, 
but  not  within  it. 

Albumen,  a  vegetable  product ;   a  form  of  proteine. 

Albuminous  (seeds) :  furnished  with  albumen,  as  the  seeds  of  Indian 
corn,  of  Buckwheat,  etc. 

Alburnum  :  young  wood,  sap-wood. 

Alpine :  belonging  to  high  mountains  above  the  limit  of  forests. 

Alternate  (leaves)  :  one  after  another.  Petals  are  alternate  with  the 
sepals,  or  stamens  with  the  petals,  when  they  stand  over  the  intervals 
between  them. 

Alveolate :  honey-comb-like,  as  the  receptacle  of  the  Cotton-Thistle. 

Ament :  a  catkin.     Amentaceous:  Catkin-like,  or  catkin-bearing. 

Amorpheus :  shapeless  ;  without  any  definite  form. 

Amphigastrium  (plural  amphigastria}  ;  a  peculiar  stipule-like  leaf  of 
certain  Liverworts. 

Amphitropous  or  Amphitropal  ovules  or  seeds. 

Amplectant :  embracing.  Amplexicaul  (leaves)  :  clasping  the  stem  by 
the  base. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  211 

Ampullaceous  :  swelling  out  like  a  bottle  or  bladder. 

Amylaceous:  composed  of  starch,  or  starch-like. 

Anantherous :   without    anthers        Ananthous :    destitute    of    flowers  ; 

flowerless. 

Anastomosing :  forming  a  net- work  (anastomosis],  as  the  veins  of  leaves. 
Anatropous  or  Anatropal  ovules  or  seeds 

Ancipital  (anceps)  :  two-edged,  as  the  stem  of  Blue-eyed  Grass. 
Andrcecium  :  a  name  for  the  stamens  taken  together. 
Androgynous :   having  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same 

cluster  or  inflorescence,  as  many  species  of  Carex. 

Androphore  :  a  column  of  united  stamens,  as  in  a  Mallow  ;  or  the  sup- 
port on  which  stamens  are  raised. 

Anfractuose :  bent  hither  and  thither,  as  the  anthers  of  the  squash,  etc. 
Angiospermce ',  Angiospermous  Plants :  with  their  seeds   formed   in   an 

ovary  or  pericarp. 
Angular,  divergence  of  leaves. 
Annual  (p'ant)  :  flowering   and  fruiting  the  year  it  is  raised  from  the 

seed,  and  then  dying. 

Annular:  in  the  form  of  a  ring,  or  forming  a  circle. 
Annulate :  marked  by  rings  or  furnished  with  an 
Annulus,  or  ring,  like  that  of  the  spore-case  of  most  Ferns  ;  in  Mosses  it 

is  a  ring  of  cells  placed  between  the  mouth  of  the  spore-case  and  the 

lid,  in  many  species. 
Antetior,  in  the  blossom,  is  the  part  next  the  bract,  i.  e.  external  : — while 

the  posterior  side  is  that  next  the  axis  of  inflorescence.     Thus,  in  the 

Pea,  etc.,  the  keel  is  anterior,  and  the  standard  posterior. 
Anther :  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen,  which  contains  the  pollen. 
Antheridium  :  (plural  antheridia]  :  the   organ   in   Mosses,   etc.    which 

answers  to  the  anther  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Antherifei  ous :  anther-bearing. 

Anlhesis  :  the  period  or  the  act  of  the  expansion  of  a  flower. 
Anthocarpous  (fruits)  ;  same  as  multiple  fruits. 
Anticous :  same  as  anterior 
Antrorse  ;  directed  upwards  or  forwards. 
Apetalous  :  destitute  of  petals. 
Aphyllous  :  destitute  of  leaves,  at  least  of  foliage. 
Apical :  belonging  to  the  apex  or  point. 

Apiculate :  pointletted  ;  tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point. 
Apocarpous  (pistils)  :  when  the  several   pistils  of  the  same  flower  are 

separate,  as  in  a  Buttercup,  Sedum,  etc. 
Apophysis  :  any  irregular  swelling  ;  the  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the 

spore-case  of  the  Umbrella-Moss. 
Appendage  :  any  superadded  part. 
Appendiculate  :  provided  with  appendages. 


212  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Appressed :  where   branches   are  close  pressed  to  the  stem,  or  leaves  to 

branch,  etc. 
Apterous:  wingless. 

Aquatic:  living  or  growing  in  water  ;  applied  to  plants,  whether  grow- 
ing under  water,  or  with  all  but  the  base  raised  out  of  it. 
Arachnoid :  cobwebby  ;  clothed  with,  or  consisting  of  soft  downy  fibres. 
Arboreous  Arborescent :  tree-like  in  size  or  form. 
Archegonium  (plural  archegonia]  :  the  organ   in  Mosses,  etc.,  which  is 

analogous  to  the  pistil  of  Flowering  Plants. 
Arcuate :  bent  or  curved  like  a  bow. 
Areolate :  marked  out  into  little  spaces  or  areolce. 
Aril-late  (seeds)  furnished  with  an 
Aril  or  Arillus  :  a  fleshy  growth  forming  a  false  coat  or  appendage  to  a 

seed. 
Aristate :    awned,    i.  e.    furnished    with    an   arista,    like   the   beard  of 

Barley,  etc 

Aristulate :  diminutive  of  the  last  ;  short-awned. 
Arrow-shaped  or  Arrow-headed :  same  as  sagittate. 
Articulated:  jointed;    furnished  with  joints  or  articulations  where   it 

separates  or  inclines  to  do  so. 
Aspergilliform :  shaped  like  the  brush   used  to  sprinkle  holy  wate  ;  as 

the  stigmas  of  many  Grasses. 
Assurgent  :  same  as  ascending. 

Atropous  or  Atropal  (ovules)  :  same  as  orthotropous. 
Auticulate  :  furnished  with  auricles,  or  ear-like  appendages. 
Awl-shaped :  sharp-pointed  from  a  broader  base. 
Awn  :  the  bristle  or  beard  of  Barley,  Oats,  etc  ;  or  any  similar  bristle-like 

appendage. 

Awned :  furnished  with  an  awn  or  long  bristle-shaped  tip. 
Axil :  the  angle  on  the  upper  side  between  a  leaf  and  the  stem. 
Axile :  belonging  to  the  axis  or  occupying  the  axis. 
Axillary  :  (buds,  etc.)  :  occurring  in  an  axil. 
Axis  :  the  central  line  of  any  body  ;  the  organ   round  which  others  are 

attached  ;  the  root  and  stem. 


Baccate :  berry-like,  of  a  pulpy  nature  like  a  berry  (in  Latin  bacca.} 

Barbate  :  bearded  ;  bearing  tufts,  spots,  or  lines  of  hairs. 

Barbed:  furnished  with  a  barb  or  double  hook;  as  the  apex  of  the 
bristle  on  the  fruit  of  Echinospermum  (Stickseed),  etc. 

Barbellate :  said  of  the  bristles  of  the  pappus  of  some  Compositse 
(species  of  L,iatris,  etc.),  when  beset  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  longer 
than  when  denticulate,  but  shorter  than  when  plumose. 

Barbellulate :  diminutive  of  barbellate. 

Bark :  the  covering  of  a  stem  outside  of  the  wood. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  213 

Basal :  belonging  or  attached  to  the 

Base  :  that  extremity  of  any  organ  by  which  it  is  attached  to  its  support. 

Beaked :  ending  in  a  prolonged,  narrow  tip. 

Bearded:  see  barbate.  Beard  is  sometimes  used  popularly  for  awn, 
more  commonly  for  long  or  stiff  hairs  of  any  sort. 

Bell-shaped :  of  the  shape  of  a  bell,  as  the  corolla  of  Harebell. 

Berry :  a  fruit  pulpy  or  juicy  throughout,  as  a  grape. 

Bi,  (or  Bis],  in  compound  words  :  twice  ;  as 

Biarticulate :  twice-jointed,  or  two-jointed ;  separating  into  two  pieces. 

Biauriculate :  having  two  ears. 

Bicallose :  having  two  callosities  or  harder  spots. 

Bicarinate :  two-keeled,  as  the  upper  palea  of  Grasses. 

Bicipital  (Biceps] :  two-headed  ;  dividing  into  two  parts  at  the  top  or 
bottom. 

B {conjugate:  twice-paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bidentate :  having  two  teeth  (not  twice  or  doubly  dentate.) 

Biennial :  of  two  years'  continuance  ;  springing  from  the  seed  one 
season,  flowering  and  dying  the  next. 

Bifarious :  two-ranked  ;  arranged  in  two  rows. 

Bifid :  two-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  as  the  petals  of  Mouse-ear  Chick- 
weed. 

Bifoliolate :  a  compound  leaf  of  two  leaflets. 

Bifurcate :  twice  forked  ;  or,  more  commonly  forked  into  two,  branches. 

Bijugate :  bearing  two  pairs  (of  leaflets,  etc.) 

Bilabiate :  two-lipped,. as  the  corolla  of  sage,  etc. 

BHamellate :  of  two  plates  (lamella?),  as  the  stigma  of  Mimulus. 

Bilobed :  the  same  as  two-lobed. 

Bilocular:  two-celled  ;  as  most  anthers,  the  pod  of  Foxglove,  most  Saxi- 
frages. 

Binate  :  in  couples,  two  together. 

Bipartite :  the  Latin  form  of  two-parted. 

Bipinnate  (leaf)  ;  twice  pinnate. 

Bipinnatifid :  twice  pinnatifid  ;  that  is,  pinnatifid  with  the  lobes  again 
pinnatifid. 

Biplicate :  twice  folded  together. 

Btserial,  or  Biseriate :  occupying  two  rows,  one  within  the  other. 

Bi serrate  :  doubly  serrate,  as  when  the  teeth  of  a  leaf,  etc.,  are  them- 
selves serrate. 

Biternate :  twice  ternate  ;  i.e.,  principal  divisions  three,  each  bearing 
three  leaflets,  etc. 

Bladdery :  thin  and  inflated,  like  the  calyx  of  Silene  inflata. 

Blade  of  a  leaf:  its  expanded  portion. 

Boat-shaped :  concave  within  and  keeled  without,  in  shape  like  a  small 
boat. 


214  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Brachiate :  with  opposite  branches  at  right  angles  to  each  oflher,  as  in 
the  Maple  and  Lilac. 

Btact  (Latin,  bracted].  Bracts,  in  general,  are  the  leaves  of  an  inflores- 
cence, more  or  less  different  from  ordinary  leaves.  Specially,  the 
bract  is  the  small  leaf  or  scale  from  the  axil  of  which  a  flower  or  its 
pedicel  proceeds  ;  and  a 

Bractlet  (bracteola]  is  a  bract  seated  on  the  pedicel  or  flower-stalk. 

Bristles :  stiff,  sharp  hair's,  or  any  very  slender  bodies  of  similar 
appearance. 

Bristly :  beset  with  bristles. 

Brush-shaped :  see  aspergilliform. 

Bryology  :  that  part  of  botany  which  relates  to  Mosses. 

Bud:  a  branch  in  its  earliest  or  undeveloped  state. 

Bulb :  a  leaf-bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usually  subterranean. 

Bulbiferous :  bearing  or  producing  bulbs. 

Bulbose  or  bulbous:  bulb-like  in  shape,  etc. 

Bulblets:  small  bulbs,  born  above  ground,  as  on  the  stems  of  the  bulb- 
bearing  Lily  and  on  the  fronds  of  Cistopteris  bulbifera  and  some 
other  Ferns. 

Bullate :  appearing  as  if  blistered  or  bladdery  (from  bull&,.&  bubble). 

Caducous :  dropping  off  very,  early,  compared  with  other  parts ;  as  the 
calyx  in  the  Poppy  Family,  falling  when  the  flower  opens. 

Cczspitose,  or  Cespitose :  growing  in  turf-like  patches  or  tufts,  like  most 
sedges,  etc. 

Calcarate  ;  furnished  with  a  spur  (calcar],  as  the  flower  of  Larkspur  and 
Violet. 

Calceolate  or  Calceiform :  slipper- shaped,  like  one  petal  of  the  Lady's 
Slipper. 

Callose  :  hardened  ;  or  furnished  with  callosities  or  thickened  spots. 

Calycine :  belonging  to  the  calyx. 

Calyculate :  furnished  with  an  outer  accessory  calyx  (calyculus]  or  set  of 
bracts  looking  like  a  calyx,  as  in  true  Pinks. 

Calyptra  :  the  hood  or  veil  of  the  capsule  of  a  Moss. 

Calyptriform  :  shaped  like  a  calyptra  or  candle-extinguisher. 

Calyx  :  the  outer  set  of  the  floral  envelopes  or  leaves  of  the  flower. 

Campanulate :  bell-shaped. 

Campylotropous  or  Campylotropal :  curved  ovules  and  seeds  of  a  particu- 
lar sort. 

Campylospennous :  applied  to  fruits  of  Umbelliferae  when  the  seed  is 
curved  in  at  the  edges,  forming  a  groove  down  the  inner  face  ;  as  in 
Sweet  Cicely. 

Canaliculate :  channeled,  or  with  a  deep  longitudinal  groove. 

Cancel  late :  latticed,  resembling  lattice- work. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  215 

Cane  scent :  grayish-white  ;  hoary,  usually  because  the  surface  is  covered 

with  fine  white  hairs.     Incanous  is  whiter  still. 
Capillaceous ,  Capillary :  hair-like  in  shape ;  as  fine  as  hair  or  slender 

bristles. 
Capitate  :  having  a  globular  apex,  like  the  head  of  a  pin  ;  as  the  stigma 

of  Cherry  ;  or  forming  a  head  like  the  flower-cluster  of  Button -bush. 
Capitellate :  diminutive  of  capitate. 
Capitulum  (a  little  head):  a  close  rounded  dense  cluster  or  head  of  sessile 

flowers. 

Capreolate :  bearing  tendrils  (from  capreolus,  a  tendril). 
Capsule :  a  pod  ;  any  dry  dehiscent  seed-vessel. 
Capsular :  relating  to,  or  like  a  capsule. 
Carina  :  a  keel ;    the  two  anterior  petals    of  a   papilionaceous  flower  r 

which  are  combined  to  form  a  body  shaped  somewhat  like  the  keel 

(or  rather  the  prow)  of  a  vessel. 
Carinate :  keeled  ;  furnished   with  a   sharp   ridge   or  projection  on  the 

lower  side. 

Cariopsis,  or  Caryopsis :  the  one-seeded  fruit  or  grain  of  Grasses,  etc. 
Cameous :  flesh-colored;  pale  red. 
Carnose  :  fleshy  in  texture. 
Carpel,  or  carpidium  :  a   simple  pistil,  or   one   of  the  parts  or  leaves  of 

which  a  compound  pistil  is  composed. 
Carpellaty :  pertaining  to  a  carpel. 

Caipology  :  that  department  of  Botany  which  relates  to  fruits. 
Carpophore :  the  stalk  or  support  of  a  fruit  or  pistil  within  the  flower. 
Cartilaginous,   or   Cartilagineous :    firm   and   tough   like   cartilage  in 

texture. 

Caruncle  :  an  excrescence  at  the  scar  of  some  seeds  ;  as  those  of  Polygala. 
Carunculate  :  furnished  with  a  caruncle. 
Caryophyllaceous :  pink-like  :  applied  to  a  corolla  of  five   long-clawed 

petals. 

Catkin  :  a  scaly,  deciduous  spike  of  flowers,  an  ament. 
Caudate  :  tailed  or  tail-pointed. 

Caude.v :  a  sort  of  trunk,  such  as  that  of  Palms  ;  an   upright  rootstock. 
Caulescent:  having  an  obvious  stem. 
Caiilicle :  a  little  stem  or  rudimentary  stem. 
Cauline  :  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem  (cau/ts,  in  Latin). 
Cell  (diminutive  Cellule}  ;  the   cavity  of  an   anther,   ovary,  etc;  one  of 

the  elements  or  vesicles  of  which  plants  are  composed. 
Centrifugal  (inflorescence)  :  produced  or  expanding   in    succession  from 

the  center  outwards.     The  radicle  is  centrifugal,  when  it  points  away 

from  the  center  of  the  fruit. 
Centripetal :  the  opposite  of  centrifugal. 
Ceteal ' :  belonging  to  corn,  or  corn-plants. 


216  EUCALYPTUS. 

Cernuous  :  nodding  ;  the  summit  more  or  less  inclining. 

Chaff:  small  membraneous  scales  or  bracts  on   the  receptacle  of  Com- 

positae  ;  the  glumes,  etc.,  of  Grasses. 
Chaffy :  furnished  with  chaff,  or  of  the  texture  of  chaff. 
Chalaza  :  that  part  of  the  ovule  where  all  the  parts  grow  together. 
Channelled :  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter  ;  same  as  canalicolate. 
Character :  a  phrase  expressing  the  essential  marks  of  a  species,  genus, 

etc.,  which  distinguish  it  from  all  others. 
Chartaceous :  of  the  texture  of  paper  or  parchment. 
Chlorophyll :  the  green  grains  in  the  cells  of  the  leaf,  and  of  other  parts 

exposed  to  the  light,  which  give  to  herbage  its  green  color. 
Chromule :  coloring   matter   in   plants,    especially  when   not  green,  or 

when  liquid. 

Cicatrix :  the  scar  left  by  the  fall  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 
Ciliate :   beset  on   the  margin  with   a  fringe  of  cilia  ^  i.  e.  of  hairs  or 

bristles,  like  the  eyelashes  fringing  the  eyelids,  whence  the  name. 
Cinereous,  or  Cineraceous :  ash-grayish  ;  of  the  color  of  ashes. 
Circinate :  rolled  inwards  from  the  top,  like  a  crosier,  as  the  shoots  of 

Ferns  ;  the  flower-clusters  of  Heliotrope,  etc. 
Circumscissile,  or  Circumcissile :   divided  by  a  circular  line  round  the 

sides,  as  the  pods  of  Purslane,  Plantain,  etc. 
Circumscription:  the  general  outline  of  a  thing. 

Cirrhiferous,  or  Cirrhose :  furnished  with  a  tendril  (Latin,  cirrhus] ;  as 
the  Grape  vine.     Cirrhose   also  means  resembling   or  coiling  like 
tendrils,  as  the  leaf-stalks  of  Virgin 's-bower. 
Clathrate  :  latticed  ;   same  as  cancellate. 

Clavate :     club-shaped  ;  slender  below  and  thickened  upwards. 
Claw :  the  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals,  as  of  Pinks. 
Climbing  :  rising  by  clinging  to  other  objects. 
Club-shaped:  see  clavate'. 

Clustered  :  leaves,  flowers,  etc.  aggregated  or  collected  into  a  bunch. 
Clypeate.  :  buckle-shaped. 
Coadunate :  same  as  connate :  i.  e.  united. 
Coalescent :  growing  together. 
Coarctate :  contracted  or  brought  close  together. 

Cobwebby :  same  as  arachnoid ;  bearing  hairs  like  cobwebs  or  gossamer. 
Coccus  (plural  cocci] :  anciently  a  berry  ;  now  mostly  used  to  denote  the 
carpels  of  a   dry  fruit  which  are  separable  from   each  other,  as  of 
Kuphorbia. 

Cochleariform :  spoon-shaped. 
Cochleat:  coiled,  or  shaped  like  a  snail-shell. 

Ccelospetmous :  applies  to  those  fruits  of  Umbelliferse  which  have  the 
seed  hollowed  on  the  inner  face,  by  the  curving  inwards  of  the  top 
and  bottom,  as  in  Coriander. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  217 

Coherent  in  Botany  is  usualjy  the  same  as  connate. 

Collum  or  Collar:  the  neck  or  line  of  junction  between  the  stem  and 

the  root. 
Coluiuella  :  the  axis  to  which  the  carpels  of  a  compound  pistil  are  often 

attached,  as  in  Geranium,  or  which  is  left  when  a  pod  opens,  as  in 

Azalea  and  Rhododendron. 
Column  :  the  united  stamens,  as  in  Mallow,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils 

united  into  one  body,  as  in  the  Orchis  family. 
Columnar  :  shaped  like  a  column  or  pillar. 
Coma  :  a  tuft  of  any  sort  (literally,  a  head  of  hair). 
Comose  :  tufted  ;  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  the  seeds  of  Milkweed. 
Commissure :    the   line   of  junction   of  two   carpels,  as  in  the  fruit  of 

Umbelliferae,  such  as  parsnip,  Caraway,  etc. 
Common:  used  as  "general, "  in  contradistinction  to  "partial";  e.  g. 

' '  common  involucre. ' ' 
Complanate .   flattened. 
Complicate :  folded  upon  itself. 
Compressed :  flattened  on  two  opposite  sides. 
Conduplicate :  folded  upon  itself  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  Magnolia 

in  the  bud. 

Cone  :  the  fruit  of  the  Pine  family. 
Confluent :  blended  together ;  or  the  same  as  coherent. 
Conformed :  similar  to  another  thing  it  is  associated  with  or  compared 

to ;  or  closely  fitted  to  it,  as  the  skin  to  the  kernel  of  a  seed. 
Congested,  Conglomerate :  crowded  together. 
Conjugate  :  coupled  ;  in  single  pairs. 
Connate  :  united  or  grown  together  from  the  first. 

Connective,  Connectivum :  the  part  of  the  anther  connecting  its  two  cells. 
Connivent:  converging,  or  brought  close  together. 
Continuous :  the  reverse  of  interrupted  or  articulated. 
Contorted :  twisted  together.     Contorted  estivation  :  same  as  convolute. 
Contortupacate :  twisted  back  upon  itself. 
Contracted :  either  narrowed  or  shortened. 
Contrary :  turned  in  an  opposite  direction  to  another  organ  or  part  with 

which  it  is  compared. 
Convolute :  rolled  up  lengthwise,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Plum  in  vernation. 

In  aestivation,  same  as  contorted. 
Cordate:  heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous:  resembling  leather  in  texture. 
Corky :  of  the  texture  of  cork. 
Corm,  Cormus :  a  solid  bulb,  like  that  of  Crocus. 
Corneous :  of  the  consistence  or  appearance  of  horn,  as  the  albumen  of 

the  seed  of  the  Date,  Coffee,  etc. 
Comiculate :  furnished  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 


<^» 


TO**  $3 

'U1I7SRSIIT: 


218  EUCALYPTUS. 

Cornute :  horned  ;  bearing  a  horn-like  projection  or  appendage. 

Corolla :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  within  the  calyx. 

Corollaceous ,  Coralline :  like  or  belonging  to  a  corolla. 

Corona :  a  coronet  or  crown ;  an  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of 

some  petals,  as  Silene  and  Soapwort,  or  of  the  tube  of  the  corolla  of 

Hound 's-Tongue,  etc. 

Coronate:  crowned;  furnished  with  a  crown. 
Cortical:  belonging  to  the  bark  (cortex.} 
Corymb :  a  sort  of  flat  or  convex  flower-cluster. 
Corymbose :  approaching  the  form  of  a  corymb,  or  branched  in  that  way  ; 

arranged  in  corymbs. 

Costa:  a  rib  ;  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  etc.     Co  state :  ribbed. 
Cotyledons :  the  first  leaves  of  the  embryo. 
Crateriform  :  goblet-shaped  ;  broadly  cup-shaped. 
Creeping  (stems)  :  growing  flat  on  or  beneath  the  ground  and  rooting. 
Cremocarp :  a  half-fruit,  or  one  of  the  two  carpels  of  Umbelliferae. 
Crenate,  or  Crenelled :  the  edge  scalloped  into  rounded  teeth. 
Crested,  or  Cristate :  bearing  any  elevated  appendage  like  a  crest. 
Cribrose :  pierced  like  a  sieve  with  small  apertures. 
Crinite :  bearded  with  long  hairs,  etc. 
Crown :  see  corona. 

Crowning :  borne  on  the  apex  of  anything. 
Cruciate,  or  Cruciform  :  cross-shaped,  as  the  four  spreading  petals  of  the 

Mustard,  and  all  the  flowers  of  that  family. 
Crustaceous :  hard,  and  brittle  in  texture  ;  crust-like. 
Crytogamous,  or  Cryptogamic :  relating  to  Crytogamia. 
Cucullate:  hooded,  or  hood-shaped,  rolled  up  like  a  cornet  of  paper,  or 

a  hood  (cucullus},  as  the  spathe  of  Indian  Turnip. 
Culm  :  a  straw ;  the  stem  of  Grasses  and  Sedges. 
Cuneate,  Cuneiform :  wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped:  same  as  cyathifbrm,  or  near  it. 
Cupule :  a  little  cup  ;  the  cup  to  the  acorn  of  the  Oak. 
Cupulate :  provided  with  a  cupule. 
Cuspidate :  tipped  with  a  sharp  and  stiff  point. 
Cut:   same   as   incised,  or   applied   generally   to   any   sharp   and   deep 

division. 

Cuticle :  the  skin  of  plants,  or  more  strictly  its  external  pellicle. 
Cyathiform  :  in  the  shape  of  a  cup,  or  particularly  of  a  wine-glass. 
Cycle :  one  complete  turn  of  a  spire,  or  a  circle. 
Cyclical :  rolled  up  circularly,  or  coiled  into  a  complete  circle. 
Cyclosis :  the  circulation  in  closed  cells. 
Cylindraceous  :  approaching  to  the 
Cylindrical  form  ;  as  that  of  stems,  etc.,  which  are  round,  and  gradually 

if  at  all  tapering. 


EUCALYPTUS.  219 

Cymbcrform,  or  Cymbiform :  same  as  boat -shaped. 
Cyme:  a  cluster  of  centrifugal  inflorescence. 
Cymose  :  furnished  with  cymes,  or  like  a  cyme. 

Deca-  (in  composition  of  words  of  Greek  derivation)  :  ten  ;  as 

Decagynous :  with  10  pistils  or  styles.     Decandrous :  with  10  stamens. 

Deciduous:  falling  off ,  or  subject  to  fall,  said  of  leaves  which  fall  in 
autumn,  and  of  a  calyx  and  corolla  which  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 

Declined:  turned  to  one  side,  or  downwards,  as  the  stamens  of  Azalea 
nudiflora. 

Decompound :  several  times  compounded  or  divided. 

Decumbent:  reclined  on  the  ground,  the  summit  tending  to  rise. 

Decurrent  (leaves) :  prolonged  on  the  stem  beneath  the  insertion,  as  in 
Thistles. 

Decussate :  arranged  in  pairs  which  successively  cross  each  other. 

Definite  :  when  of  a  uniform  number,  and  not  above  twelve  or  so. 

Deflexed :  bent  downwards. 

Deflorate :  past  the  flowering  state,  as  an  anther  after  it  has  discharged 
its  pollen. 

Dehiscence  :  the  mode  in  which  an  anther  or  a  pod  regularly  bursts  or 
splits  open. 

Dehiscent :  opening  by  regular  dehiscence. 

Deliquescent:  branching  off  so  that  the  stem  is  lost  in  the  branches. 

Deltoid :  of  a  triangular  shape. 

Demersed :  growing  below  the  surface  of  water. 

Dendroid,  Dendritic:  tree-like  in  form  or  appearance. 

Dentate :  toothed  (from  the  Latin  dens,  a  tooth.) 

Denticulate :  furnished  with  denticulations,  or  very  small  teeth  :  dimin- 
utive of  the  last. 

Depauperate  :  impoverished  or  starved. 

Depressed :  flattened,  or  as  if  pressed  down  from  above;  flattened  verti- 
cally. 

Descending:  tending  gradually  downwards. 

Dextrose:  turned  to  the  right  hand. 

Di-  (in  Greek  compounds):  two  as 

Diadelphous  (stamens):  united  by  their  filaments  in  two  sets. 

Diandrous:  having  two  stamens. 

Diagnosis:  a  short  distinguishing  character,  or  descriptive  phrase. 

Diaphanous:  transparent  or  translucent. 

Dichlamydeous  (flower):  having  both  calyx  and  corolla. 

Dichotomons:  two-forked. 

Diclinous:  having  the  stamens  in  one  flower,  the  pistils  in  another. 

Dicoccous  (fruit):  splitting  into  two  cocci  or  closed  carpels. 

Dicotyledonous  (embryo):  having  a  pair  of  cotyledons. 


220  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Didymous:  twin. 

Didynamous  (statnens);  having  four  stamens  in  two  pairs,  one  pair  shorter 
than  the  other. 

Diffuse:  spreading  widely  and  irregularly. 

Digitate  (fingered):  where  the  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  are  all  borne 
on  the  apex  of  the  petiole.  , 

Digynous  (flowei):  having  two  pistils  or  styles. 

Dimerous:  made  up  of  two  parts,  or  its  organs  in  twos. 

Dimidiate:  halved;  or  where  a  leaf  or  leaflet  has  only  one  side  devel- 
oped, or  a  stamen  has  only  one  lobe  or  cell. 

Dimorphous:  of  two  forms. 

Dioecious  or  Dioicous:  where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flow- 
ers on  different  plants. 

Dipetalous:  of  two  petals.  Diphyllous :  two-leaved.  Dipterous  :  two- 
winged. 

Disciform  or  Disk-shaped:  flat  and  circular,  like  a  disk  or  quoit, 

Disk:  the  face  of  any  flat  body;  the  central  part  of  a  head  of  flowers, 
like  the  Sunflower,  or  Coreopsis,  as  opposed  to  the  ray  or  margin  ;  a 
fleshy  expansion  of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower. 

Dissected:  cut  deeply  into  many  lobes  or  divisions. 

Dissepiments:  the  partitions  of  an  ovary  or  a  fruit. 

Distichous:  two-ranked. 

Distinct :  uncotnbined  with  each  other. 

Divaricate  :  straddling  ;  very  widely  divergent. 

Divided  (leaves,  etc.)  :  cut  into  divisions  extending  about  to  the  base  or 
the  mid  rib. 

Dodeca-  (in  Greek  compounds):  twelve;  as 

Dodecagynous :  with  twelve  pistils  or  styles. 

Dodecandrous :  with  twelve  stamens. 

Dolabriform :  axe-shaped. 

Dorsal :  pertaining  to  the  back  (dorsum)  of  an  organ. 

Double  Flowers,  so  called  :  where  the  petals  are  multiplied  unduly. 

Downy :  clothed  with  a  coat  of  soft  and  short  hairs. 

Drupe :  a  stone-fruit. 

Drupaceous  :  like  or  pertaining  to  a  drupe. 

Ducts  :  the  so-called  vessels  of  plants. 

Dumose :  bushy,  or  relating  to  bushes. 

Duramen  :  the  heart-wood. 

Dwarf :  remarkably  low  in  stature. 

E-,  or  Ex-,  at  the  beginning  of  compound  words,  means  destitute  of ; 
as  ecostate,  without  a  rib  or  midrib;  exalbuminous,  without  albu- 
men, etc. 

Eared :  see  auriculate. 

Ebracteate :  destitute  of  bracts. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  221 

Echiuate  :    armed  with  prickles  (like  a  hedgehog).     Echinulate  :    a  dim 

inutive  of  it. 
Edentate :  toothless 
Effete:  past  bearing,  etc.;  said  of  anthers  which  have  discharged  their 

pollen. 

Eglandulose :  destitute  of  glands 

Elutcrs:  threads  mixed  with  the  spores  of  Liverworts. 
Ellipsoidal :  approaching  an  elliptical  figure. 
/Elliptical :  oval  or  oblong,  with  the  ends  regularly  rounded. 
Emarginate:  notched  at  the  summit. 

Embryo:  the  rudimentary  undeveloped  plantlet  in  a  seed. 
Immersed :  raised  out  of  water. 
Endecagynous:  with  eleven  pistils  or  styles.  Endecandrous  ;  with  eleven 

stamers. 

Endocarp  :  the  inner  layer  of  a  pericarp  or  fruit 
Endochromc :  the  coloring  matter  of  Algae  and  the  like. 
Endosperm :  another  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 
Endoslome :  the  orifice  in  the  inner  coat  of  an  ovule. 
Ennea- :  nine.     Enneagynous :  with  nine  petals  or  styles 
Enneandrous :  with  nine  stamens. 
En  si  form  :  sword-shaped;  as  the  leaves  of  Iris. 

Entire :  the  margins  not  at  all  toothed,  notched,  or  divided,  but  even. 
Ephemeral :  lasting  for  a  day  or  less,  as  the  corolla  of  Purslane,  etc. 
Epi-,  in  composition  upon:  as 
Epicarp :  the  outermost  layer  of  a  fruit. 

Epidermal :  relating  to  the  Epidermis,  or  the  skin  of  a  plant. 
Epigceous :  growing  on  the  earth  or  close  to  the  ground. 
Epigynous :  upon  the  ovary. 
Epipetalons :  borne  on  the  petals  or  the  corolla. 
Epiphyllous :  borne  on  a  leaf. 

Epiphyte :  a  plant  growing  on  another  plant,  but  not  nourished  by  it. 
Epiphytic  or  Epiphytal :  relating  to  Epiphytes. 
Episperm  :  the  skin  or  coat  of  a  seed,  especially  the  outer  coat. 
Equal :  same  as  regular ;  or  of  the  same  number  or  length,  as  the  case 

may  be  of  the  body  it  is  compared  with. 
Equally  pinnate  :  same  as  abruptly  pinnate. 
Equitant  (riding  straddle). 
Etose :  eroded,  as  if  gnawed. 
Erostrate :  not  beaked. 
Estivation:  see  Aestivation. 

Etiolated :  blanched  by  excluding  the  light,  as  the  stalks  of  Celery. 
Evergreen  :  holding  the  leaves  over  winter  and  until  new  ones  appear,  or 

longer. 
Exalbuminous  (seed)  :  destitute  of  albumen. 


222  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Excurrent:  running  out,  as  when  a  midrib  projects  beyond  the  apex  of 

a  leaf,  or  a  trunk  is  continued  to  the  very  top  of  a  tree. 
Exostone :  the  orifice  in  the  outer  coat  of  the  ovule. 
Explanate :  spread  or  flattened  out. 
Exserted :  protruding  out  of. 
Exstipulate :  destitute  of  stipules. 

Extra-axillary :  said  of  a  branch  or  bud  a  little  out  of  the  axil. 
Extrorse  :  turned  outwards  ;  the  anther  is  extrorse  when  fastened  to  the 

filament  on  the  side  next  the  pistil,  and  opening  on  the  outer  side. 
Falcate  :  scythe  shaped  ;  a  flat  body  curved,  its  edges  parallel. 
Farinaceous  :  mealy  in  texture.  Farinose :  covered  with  a  mealy  powder. 
Fasciate :  banded  ;  also  applied  to  monstrous  stems  which  grow  flat. 
Fascicle :  a  close  cluster. 

fascicled,  Fasciculated :  growing  in  a  bundle  or  tuft. 
Fastigiate :  close,  parallel,  and  upright,  as  the  branches   of  L,ombardy 

Poplar. 

Faux,  (plural ,fauces]  :  the  throat  of  a  calyx,  corolla,  etc. 
Faveolate,  Favose :  honeycombed  ;  same  as  alveolate. 
Feather-veined :  where  the  veins  of  a  leaf  spring  from  along  the  sides  of 

a  mid  rib. 

Female  (flowers)  :  with  pistils  and  no  stamens. 
Fenestrate :  pierced  with  one  or  more  large  holes,  like  windows. 
Ferrugineous,  or  Ferruginous:  resembling  iron  rust ;    red-grayish. 
Fertile :  fruit-bearing,  or  capable  of  producing  fruit ;  also  said  of  anthers 

when  they  produce  good  pollen. 
Fertilization  :  the   process  by   which   pollen  causes   the  embryo  to  be 

formed. 

Fibre,  Fibrous  :  containing  much  fibre,  or  composed  of  fibres. 
Fibrillose :  composed  of  small  fibres. 
Fiddle-shaped:  obovate  with  a  deep  recess  on  each  side. 
Filament :  the    stalk   of  a    stamen ;     also  any    slender    thread-shaped 

appendage. 

Filamentose,  or  Filamentous :  bearing  or  formed  of  slender  threads. 
Filiform  :  thread-shaped  ;  long  slender  and  cylindrical. 
Fimbiiate :  fringed  ;  furnished  with  fringes  (fimbri&}. 
Fistular  orfistulose:  hollow  and  cylindrical,  as  the  leaves  of  the  Onion. 
Flabelliform  or  Flabellate :  fan-shaped  ;  broad,  rounded   at  the  summit, 

and  narrow  at  the  base. 
Flagellate,  or  Flagelliform  :  long,  narrow  and  flexible,  like  the  thong  of 

a  whip  or  like  the  runners  {flagell<z}  of  the  Strawberry. 
Flavescent :  yellowish,  or  turning  yellow. 
Fleshy  :  composed  of  firm  pulp  or  flesh. 

Flexuose,  or  Flexuous  :  bending  gently  in  opposite  directions,  in  a  zig- 
zag way. 


EUCALYPTUS.  223 

Floating :  swimming  on  the  surface  of  water. 

Ftoccose :  composed,  or  bearing  tufts,  of  wooly  or  long  and  soft  hairs. 

Flora  (the  goddess  of  flowers)  :  the  plants  of  a  country  or  district  taken 

together,  or  a  work  systematically  describing  them. 
Floral :  relating  to  the  blossom. 
Floral  Envelopes  :  the  leaves  of  the  flower. 
Floret :  a  diminutive  flower  ;  one  of  the   flowers  of  a   head    (or  of  the 

so-called  compound  flower)  of  Composite. 

Flower :  the  whole  organs  of  reproduction  of  Phaenogamous  plants. 
Flower-bud :  an  unopened  flower. 

Foliaceous:  belonging  to,  or  of  the  texture  or  nature  of  a  leaf  {folium}. 
Foliose :  leafy  ;  abounding  in  leaves. 
Foliolate  :  relating  to  or  bearing  leaflets  (foliola). 
Follicle  :  a  simple  pod,  opening  down  the  inner  suture. 
Follicular :  resembling  or  belonging  to  a  follicle. 
Foramen  :  a  hole  or  orifice,  as  that  of  the  ovule. 

Fornix :  little  arched  scales  in  the  throat  of  some  corollas,  as  of  Comfrey. 
Fornicate :  over-arched  or  arching  over. 
Foveate  :  deeply  pitted.     Foveolate  :   diminutive  of  foveate. 
Free :  not  united  with  any  other  parts  of  a  different  sort. 
Fringed :  the  margin  beset  with  slender  appendages,  bristles,  etc. 
Frond :  what  answers  to  leaves  in  Ferns  ;  the  stem  and  leaves  fused  into 

one  body,  as  in  Duckweed  and  many  Liverworts,  etc. 
Frondescence  :  the  bursting  into  leaf. 

Frondose  :  frond-bearing  ;  like  a  frond  ;  or  sometimes  used  for  leafy. 
Fructification  :  the  state  of  fruiting. 

Fruit :  the  matured  ovary  and  all  it  contains  or  is  connected  with. 
Frutescent :  somewhat  shrubby  ;  becoming  a  shrub  (frutex}. 
Fruiticulose  :  like  a  small  shrub.     Fruiticose  ;  shrubby. 
Fugacious  :  soon  falling  off  or  perishing. 
Fulvous :  tawny;  dull  yellow  with  gray. 
Funiculus :  the  stalk  of  a  seed  or  ovule. 
Funnel-form,  or  Funnel-shaped :  expanding  gradually  upwards,    like  a 

funnel  or  tunnel. 
Furcate:  forked. 

Furfuraceous :  covered  with  bran-like  fine  scurf. 
Furrowed :  marked  by  longitudinal  channels  or  grooves. 
Fuscous:  deep  gray-brown. 
Fusiform  :  spindle-shaped. 

Galeate :  shaped  like  a  helmet  (galea). 

Gamopetalous :   of  united  petals;    same  as  monopetalous,  and  a  better 

word. 
Gamophyllous :    formed   of  united   leaves.      Gamosepalous :    formed  of 

united  sepals. 


224  EUCALYPTUS. 

Geminate :  twin;  in  pairs;  as  the  flowers  of  Linnaea. 

Gemma :  a  bud. 

Gemmation :  the  state  of  budding,  or  the  arrangement  of  parts  in  the  bud. 

Gemmule:  a  small  bud;  the  buds  of  Mosses  the  plumule. 

Geniculate :  bent  abruptly,  like  a  knee  (genu],  as  many  stems. 

Genus:  a  kind;  a  rank  above  species. 

Geographical  Botany:  the  study  of  plants  in  their  geographical  relations. 

Germ:  a  growing  point;  a  young  bud;  sometimes  the  same  as  embryo. 

Germen  :  the  old  name  for  ovary. 

Germination :  the  development  of  a  plantlet  from  the  seed. 

Gibbous :  more  tumid  at  one  place  or  on  one  side  than  the  other. 

Glabrate :  becoming  glabrous  with  age,  or  almost  glabrous. 

Glabrous :  smooth,  i   e.,  having  no  hairs,  bristles,  or  other  pubescence. 

Gladiate :  sword-shaped. 

Glands:  small  cellular  organs  which  secrete  oily  or  aromatic  or  other 
products;  they  are  sometimes  sunk  in  the  leaves  or  rind,  as  in  the 
Orange,  Prickly  Ash,  etc.;  sometimes  on  the  surface  as  small  projec- 
tions; sometimes  raised  on  hairs  or  bristles  {glandular  hairs,  etc.}, 
as  in  the  Sweetbrier  and  Sundew.  The  name  is,  also  given  to  any 
small  swellings,  etc.,  whether  they  secrete  anything  or  not. 

Glandular,  Glandulose :  furnished  with  glands,  or  gland-like. 

Glans  (Gland}:  the  acorn  or  mast  of  Oak  and  similar  fruits. 

Glaucescent :  slightly  glaucous,  or  bluish-gray. 

Glaucous :  covered  with  a  bloom,  viz.,  with  a  fine  white  powder  that  rubs 
off,  like  that  on  a  fresh  plum,  or  a  cabbage  leaf. 

Globose :  spherical  in  form,  or  nearly  so.     Globular :  nearly  globose. 

Glochidiate  (hairs  or  bristles):  barbed;  tipped  with  barbs,  or  with  a 
double  hooked  point. 

Glomerate :  closely  aggregated  into  a  dense  cluster. 

Glomerule  :  a  dense  head-like  cluster. 

Glossology:  the  department  of  Botany  in  which  technical  terms  are  ex- 
plained. 

Glumaceous :  glume-like,  or  glume-bearing. 

Glume :  Glumes  are  the  husks  or  floral  coverings  of  Grasses,  or,  partic- 
ularly, the  outer  husks  or  bracts  of  each  spikelet. 

Glumelles :  the  inner  husks,  or  paleae,  of  Grasses. 

Gluten  :  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen. 

Granular :  composed  of  grains.     Granule :  a  small  grain. 

Grumous  or  Grumose :  formed  of  coarse  clustered  grains. 

Guttate :  spotted,  as  if  by  drops  of  something  colored. 

Gymnocarpous :  naked-fruited. 

Gymnospermous :  naked-seeded. 

Gynandrous :  with  stamens  borne  on,  i.  e.,  united  with,  the  pistil. 

Gyncecium :  a  name  for  the  pistils  of  a  flower  taken  altogether. 


EUCALYPTUS.  225 

Gynobase :  a  particular  receptacle  or  support  of  the  pistils,  or  of  the  car- 
pels of  a  compound  ovary,  as  in  Geranium. 
Gynophore :  a  stalk  raising  a  pistil  above  the  stamens. 
Gyrate :  coiled  in  a  circle;  same  as  circinate. 
Gyrose :  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit:  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant,  or  its  mode  of  growth. 

Habitat :  the  situation  in  which  a  plant  grows  in  a  wild  state. 

Hairs :  hair-like  projections  or  appendages  of  the  surface  of  plantsv 

Hairy  :  beset  with  hairs,  especially  longish  one. 

Halberd-shaped,  or  Halberd-headed :  see  hastate. 

Halved :  when  appearing  as  if  one-half  of  the  body  were  cut  away. 

Hamate,  or  Hamose :  hooked;  the  end  of  a  slender  body  bent  round. 

Hamulose :  bearing  a  small  hook;  a  diminutive  of  the  last. 

Hastate,   Hastile :  shaped  like  a  Halberd;    furnished  with  a  spreading 

lobe  on  each  side  at  the  base. 

Heart-shaped:  of  the  shape  of  a  heart  as  commonly  painted. 
Heart-wood :  the  older  or  matured  wood  of  exogenous  trees. 
Helicoid :  coiled  like  a  helix  or  snail-shell. 
Helmet :  the  upper  sepal  of  Monkshood  in  this  shape. 
Hemi-  (in  compounds  from  the  Greek):    half;    e  g.  Hemispherical,  etc. 
Hemicarp :  half-fruit,  or  one  carpel  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Hemitropous  or  hemitropal:  (ovular  seed)  nearly  same  as  amphitropous. 
Hepta  (in  words  of  Greek  origin):  seven,  as 
Heptagynous :  with  seven  pistils  or  styles. 

Heptamerous :  its  parts  in  sevens.  Heptandrous :  having  seven  stamens. 
Herbaceous  :  of  the  texture  of  common  herbage;  not  woody. 
Herbarium  :  the  botanist's  arranged  collection  of  dried  plants. 
Hermaphrodite  .flower):    having  both  stamens  and  pistils  in  the  same 

blossom ;  same  as  perfect. 

Heterocarpous  :  bearing  fruit  of  two  sorts  or  shapes,  as  in  Amphicarpaea. 
Heterogamous :  bearing  two  or  more  sorts  of  flowers  as  to  their  stamens 

and  pistils;  as  in  Aster,  Daisy,  and  Coreopsis. 
Heteromorphous :  of  two  or  more  shapes. 

Heterotropous,  or  Heterotropal  (ovule):  the  same  as  amphitropous. 
He.ra-  (in  Greek  compounds):  six;  as 

Hexagonal:  six-angled.     Hexagynous :  with  six  pistils  or  styles. 
Hexamerous :  its  parts  in  sixes.     Hexandrous:  with  six  stamens. 
Hexapterous :  six-winged. 
Hilar :  belonging  to  the  hilum. 

Hilum  :  the  scar  of  the  seed;  its  place  of  attachment. 
Hippocrepiform :  horseshoe-shaped. 
Hirsute :  hairy  with  stiffish  or  beard-like  hairs. 
Hispid:  bristly;  beset  with  stiff  hairs.  Hispidulous  is  a  diminutive  of  it. 

15 


226  EUCALYPTUS. 

Hoary :  grayish- white;  see  canescent,  etc. 

Homogamous :  a  head  or  cluster  with  flowers  all  of  one  kind,  as  in  Eupa- 

torium. 

Homogeneous:  uniform  in  nature;  all  of  one  kind. 
Homomallous  (leaves,  etc.):  originating  all  round  a  stem,  but  all  bent  or 

curved  round  to  one  side. 
Homomorphous  :  all  of  one  shape. 
Homotropous  or  Homotropal  (embryo)  :    curved  with  the  seed;  curved 

one  way. 

Hood:  same  as  helmet  or galea.     Hooded:  hood-shaped,  see  cucullate. 
Hooked :  same  as  hamate. 

Horn  :  a  spur  or  some  similar  appendage.  Horny:  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hortus  Siccus :  an  herbarium,  or  collection  of  dried  plants. 
Humifuse :  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
Hyaline  :  transparent,  or  partly  so. 
.Hybrid :  a  cross  breed  between  two  allied  species. 
Hypocrateriform :  salver-shaped. 
Hypogcean  :  produced  under  ground. 
Hypogynous :  inserted  under  the  pistil. 

Icosandrous :  having  12  or  more  stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Imbricate,  Imbricated,  Imbricative :  overlapping  one  another,  like  tiles 
or  shingles  on  a  roof,  as  the  scales  of  the  involucre  of  Zinnia,  etc.,  or 
the  bud-scales  of  Horsechestnut  and  Hickory.  In  aestivation,  where 
some  leaves  of  the  calyx  or  corolla  are  overlapped  on  both  sides  by 
others. 

Immarginate :  destitute  of  a  rim  or  a  border. 

Immersed :  growing  wholly  under  water. 

Jmpari-pinnate :  pinnate  with  a  single  leaflet  at  the  apex. 

Imperfect  flowers :  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils. 

Inequilateral :  unequal-sided,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Begonia. 

Incanous :  hoary  with  white  pubescence. 

Incised:  cut  rather  deeply  and  irregularly. 

Included:  enclosed;  when  the  part  in  question  does  not  project  beyond 
another. 

Incomplete  Flower:  wanting  calyx  or  corolla. 

Incrassated :  thickened. 

Incumbent :  leaning  or  resting  upon:  the  cotyledons  are  incumbent  when 
the  back  of  one  of  them  lies  against  the  radicle;  the  anthers  are  in- 
cumbent when  turned  or  looking  inwards. 

Jncurved :  gradually  curving  inwards. 

Indefinite :  not  uniform  in  number,  or  too  numerous  to  mention. 

In-dehiscent:  not  splitting  open  ;  i.  e.  not  dehiscent. 

Indigenous :  native  to  the  country. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  227 

Induplicate :  with  the  edges  turned  inwards. 

Indusium  :  the  shield  or  covering  of  a  fruit-dot  of  a  Fern. 

Inferior:  growing  below  some  other  organ. 

Inflated :  turgid  and  bladdery. 

Inflexed :  bent  inwards. 

Inflorescence  :  the  arrangement  of  flowers  on  the  stem. 

Infra-axillary :  situated  beneath  the  axil. 

Infundibuliform  or  Infundibular :  funnel-shaped. 

Innate  (anther)  :  attached  by  its  base  to  the  very  apex  of  the  filament. 

Innovation  :  in  incomplete  young  shoot,  especially  in  Mosses. 

Insertion  :  the  place  or  the  mode  of  attachment  of  an  organ  to  its  sup- 
port. 

Internode  :  the  part  of  a  stem  between  two  nodes. 

Interruptedly  pinnate :  pinnate  with  small  leaflets  intermixed  with  larger 
ones,  as  in  Water  Avens. 

Intrafoliaceous  (stipules,  etc.);  placed  between  the  leaf  or  petiole  and 
the  stem 

Introrse :  turned  or  facing  inwards,  i.  e.  towards  the  axis  of  the  flower. 

Inverse  or  Inverted :  where  the  apex  is  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that 
of  the  organ  it  is  compared  with. 

Involucel :  a  partial  or  small  involucre. 

Involucellate :  furnished  with  an  involucel. 

Involucrate  :  furnished  with  an  involucre. 

Involucre :  a  whorl  or  set  of  bracts  around  a  flower,  umbel,  or  head. 

Involute,  in  vernation:  rolled  inwards  from  the  edges. 

Jointed :  separate  or  separable  at  one  or  more  places  into  pieces. 

Keel:  a  projecting  ridge  on  a  surface,  like  the  keel  of  a  boat;  the  two 

anterior  petals  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 
Keeled :  furnished  with  a  keel  or  sharp  longitudinal  ridge. 
Kidney-shaped :  resembling  the  outline  of  a  kidney. 

Labellum  :  the  odd  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Labiate :  same  as  bilabiate  or  two-lipped. 

Laciniate  :  slashed;  cut  into  deep  narrow  lobes  (called  lacincz}. 

Lactescent:  producing  milky  juice,  as  does  the  Milkweed,  etc. 

Lacunose :  full  of  holes  or  gaps. 

Ltzvigate :  smooth  as  if  polished. 

Lamellar  or  Lamellate  :  consisting  of  flat  plates  (lamella?}. 

Lamina  :  a  plate  or  blade:  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

Lanate  :  woolly;  clothed  with  long  and  soft  entangled  hairs. 

Lanceolate :  lance-shaped. 

Lanuginous  :  cottony  or  woolly. 

Latent  buds  ;  concealed  or  undeveloped  buds. 


228  EUCALYPTUS. 

Lateral :  belonging  to  the  side. 

Latex  :  the  milky  juice,  etc.,  of  plants. 

Lax :  loose  in  texture,  or  sparse  ;  the  opposite  of  crowded. 

Leaflet :  one  of  the  divisions  or  blades  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Leaf -like  :  same  &$>foliaceous. 

Leathery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  leather;  coriaceous. 

Legume :  a  simple  pod,  dehiscent  into  two  pieces,  like  that  of  the  Pea! 
the  fruit  cf  the  Pea  Family  (Leguminosce},  of  whatever  shape. 

Leguminous  :  belonging  to  legumes,  or  the  Leguminous  Family. 

Lenticular :  lens-shaped;  i.  e.  fiattish  and  convex  on  both  sides. 

Lepidote :  leprous;  covered  with  scurfy  scales. 

Liber :  the  inner,  fibrous  bark  of  Exogenous  plants. 

Ligneous,  or  Lignose :  woody  in  texture. 

Ligulate  :  furnished  with  a  ligule. 

Ligule :  the  strap-shaped  corolla  in  many  Compositae,  the  little  mem- 
branous appendage  at  the  summit  of  the  leaf-sheaths  of  most  Grasses. 

Limb  :  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  petal,  etc. 

Linear :  narrow  and  flat,  the  margins  parallel. 

Line  ate :  marked  with  parallel  lines.  Lineolate  :  marked  with  minute 
lines. 

Lingulate,  Linguiform :  tongue-shaped. 

Lip :  the  principal  lobes  of  a  bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx;  the  odd  and 
peculiar  petal  in  the  Orchis  Family. 

Lobe  :  any  projection  or  division  (especially  a  rounded  one)  of  a  leaf,  etc. 

Locellus  (plural  locelli}:  a  small  cell,  or  compartment  of  a  cell,  of  an 
ovary  or  anther. 

Locular:  relating  to  the  cell  or  compartment  (loculus}  of  an  ovary,  etc. 

Loculicidal  (dehiscence):  splitting  down  through  the  middle  of  the  back 
of  each  cell. 

Locusta :  a  name  for  the  spikelet  of  Grasses. 

Loment :  a  pod  which  separates  transversely  into  joints. 

Lomentaceous :  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  loment. 

Lorate :  thong-shaped. 

Lunate:  crescent-shaped.     Lunulate :  diminutive  of  lunate. 

Lyrate :  lyre-shaped;  a  pinnatifid  leaf  of  an  obovate  or  spatulate  out- 
line, the  end-lobe  large  and  roundish,  and  the  lower  lobes  small,  as 
in  Winter-Cress  and  Radish. 


Mace :  the  aril  of  the  Nutmeg. 

Maculate :  spotted  or  blotched. 

Male  (flowers):  having  stamens  but  no  pistils. 

Mammose :  breast-shaped. 

Marcescent :  withering  without  falling  off. 

Marginal:  belonging  to  the  edge  or  margin. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  229 

Marginate :  margined,  with  an  edge  different  from  the  rest. 

Masked :  see  personate. 

Median  :  belonging  to  the  middle. 

Medullary :  belonging  to,  or  ot  the  nature  of  pith  (medulla);  pithy. 

Medullary  Rays :  the  silver-grain  of  wood. 

Medullary  Sheath  :  a  set  of  ducts  just  around  the  pith. 

Membranaceous  or  Membranous :  of  the  texture  of  membrane;  thin  and 

more  or  less  translucent. 
Men iscoid :  crescent-shaped. 

Mericarp :  one  carpel  of  the  fruit  of  an  Umbelliferous  plant. 
Merismatic:  separating  into  parts  by  the  formation  of  partitions  within. 
Mesocarp:   the  middle  part  of  a   pericarp,  when  that    is   distinguish- 
able into  three  layers. 
Mesophloeum :  the  middle  or  green  bark. 
Micropyle :  the  closed  orifice  of  the  seed. 
Midrib  :  the  middle  or  main  rib  of  a  leaf. 
Miniate :  vermilion-colored. 

Mitriform  :  mitre-shaped;  in  the  form  of  a  peaked  cap. 
Monadelphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set. 
Monandrous  (flower):  having  only  one  stamen. 

Moniliform  :  necklace-shaped  ;  a  cylindrical  body  contracted  at  intervals. 
Monochlamydeous :  having  only  one  floral  envelope,  i.  e.  calyx,  but  no 

corolla,  as  anemone. 

IMonocotyledonous  (embryo):  with  only  one  cotyledon. 
Monoecious^  or  Monoicous  (flower):  having  stamens  or  pistils  only. 
Monogynous  (flower):  having  only  one  pistil,  or  one  style. 
Monopetalous  (flower):  with  the  corolla  of  one  piece. 
Monophyllous  :  one-leaved,  or  of  one  piece. 
Monosepalous :  a  calyx  of  one  piece;   i.  e.,  with  the  sepals  united  into 

one  body. 

Monospermous :  one-seeded. 

Monstrosity  :  an  unnatural  deviation  from  the  usual  structure  or  form. 
Morphology :  the  department  of  botany  which  treats  of  the  forms  which 

an  organ  (say  a  leaf)  may  assume. 

Mncronate :  tipped  with  an  abrupt  short  point  (mucro). 
Mucronulate :  tipped  with  a  minute  abrupt  point;    a  diminutive  of  the 

last. 

Miilti-,  in  composition:  many;  as 

Multangular:  many-angled.     Multicipital :  many-headed,  etc. 
J  ultifai  ious  :  in  many  rows  or  ranks.     Multifid :  many-cleft. 
Multilocular:  many-celled.     Multiserial:  in  many  rows. 
Muricate :  beset  with  short  and  hard  points. 
Muriform  :  wall-like;  resembling  courses  of  bricks  in  a  wall. 
Muscology:  the  part  of  descriptive  botany  which  treats  of  Mosses  (i.  e. 

Musci}. 


230  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

Muticous :  pointless;  beardless;  unarmed. 

Mycelium :  the  spawn  of  Fungi;  i.e.  the  filaments  from  which  Mush- 
rooms, etc.,  originate. 

Napiform :  turnip-shaped. 

Naturalized :  introduced  from  a  foreign  country,  but  growing  perfectly 
wild  and  propagating  freely  by  seed. 

Navicular :  boat-shaped,  like  the  glumes  of  most  Grasses. 

Necklace-shaped:  looking  like  a  string  of  beads;   see  moniliform. 

Nectar:  the  honey,  etc.,  secreted  by  glands,  or  by  any  part  of  the  corolla. 

Nectariferous:  honey-bearing;  or  having  a  nectary. 

Nectary :  the  old  name  for  petals  and  other  parts  of  the  flower  when  of 
unusual  shape,  especially  when  honey-bearing.  So  the  hollow  spur- 
shaped  petals  of  Columbine  were  called  nectaries. 

Needle-shaped:  long,  slender,  and  rigid,  like  the  leaves  of  Pines. 

Nerve  :  a  name  for  the  ribs  or  veins  of  leaves,  when  simple  and  parallel. 

Nerved:  furnished  with  nerves,  or  simple  and  parallel  ribs  or  veins. 

Netted-veined :  furnished  with  branching,  veins  forming  network. 

Nodding  (in  Latin  form,  Nutant):  bending  so  that  the  summit  hangs 
downward. 

Node :  a  knot;  the  ''joints"  of  a  stem,  or  the  part  whence  a  leaf  or  a 
pair  of  leaves  springs. 

Nodose :  knotty  or  knobby.  Nodulose :  furnished  with  little  knobs  or 
knots. 

Normal:  according  to  rule;  the  pattern  or  natural  way  according  to 
some  law. 

Notate :  marked  with  spots  or  lines  of  a  different  color. 

Nucamentaceous :  relating  to  or  resembling  a  small  nut. 

Nuciform  :  nut-shaped  or  nut-like.     Nucule  :  a  small  nut. 

Nucleus :  the  kernel  of  an  ovule  of  a  cell. 

Nut:  a  hard,  mostly  one-seeded  indehiscent  fruit;  as  a  chestnut,  butter- 
nut, acorn. 

Nutlet :  a  little  nut;  or  the  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Ob-  (meaning  over  against):  when  prefixed  to  words,  signifies  inversion;  as 

Obcompressed :  flattened  the  opposite  of  the  usual  way. 

Obcordate :  heart-shaped  with  the  broad  and  notched  end  at  the  apex 
instead  of  the  base. 

Oblanceolale :  lance-shaped  with  the  tapering  point  downwards. 

Oblique :  applied  to  leaves,  etc  ,  means  unequal-sided. 

Oblong :  from  two  to  four  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  more  or  less  ellip- 
tical in  outline. 

Obovate :  inversely  ovate,  the  broad  end  upward. 

Obtuse :  blunt,  or  round  at  the  end. 

Obverse  :  same  as  inverse. 


EUCAL  YPTUS,  231 

Obvolute  (in  the  bud):  when  the  margins  of  one  leaf  alternately  overlap 

those  of  the  opposite  one. 

Ochreate :  furnished  with  ochtece  (boots) ,  or  stipules  in  the  form  of  sheaths. 
Ochroleucous :  yellowish-white;  dull  cream-color. 
Octo-,  eight,  enters  into  the  composition  of 
Octagynous :  with  eight  pistils  or  styles . 

Octamerous :  its  parts  in  eights.     Octandrous  :  with  eight  stamens,  etc. 
Offset :  short  branches  next  the  ground  which  take  root. 
One-ribbed,  One-nerved,  etc.:   furnished  with  only  a  single  rib,  etc.,  etc. 
Opaque,  applied  to  a  surface,  means  dull,  not  shining. 
Oberculate :  furnished  with  a  lid  or  cover  (operculum),  as  the  capsules  of 

Mosses. 
Opposite :  said  of  leaves  and  branches  when  on  opposite  sides  of  the  stem 

from  each  other  (i.  e.  in  pairs).     Stamens  are  opposite  the  petalsr 

etc.,  when  they  stand  before  them. 

Orbicular^  Orbiculate  :  circular  in  outline  or  nearly  so. 
Organ  :  any  member  of  the  plant,  as  a  leaf,  a  stamen,  etc. 
Osseous :  of  a  bony  texture. 
Oval:  broadly  elliptical. 

Ovary :  that  part  of  the  pistil  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds. 
Ovate :  shaped  like  an  egg  with  the  broader  end  downwards,  or,  in  plane 

surfaces,  such  as  leaves,  like  the  section  of  an  egg  lengthwise. 
Ovoid :  ovate  or  oval  in  a  solid  form. 
Ovule :  the  body  which  is  destined  to  become  a  seed. 

Palea  (plural palece}:  chaff;  the  inner  husks  of  Grasses. 

Paleaceous:  furnished  with  chaff,  or  chaffy  in  texture. 

Palmate:  when  leaflets  or  the  divisions  of  a  leaf  all  spread  from  the 

apex  of  the  petiole,  like  the  hand  with  the  outspread  fingers. 
Pahnately  (veined,  lobed,  etc.):  in  a  palmate  manner. 
Panduriform :  fiddle-shaped  (which  see.) 

Panicle:  an  open  cluster;  like  a  raceme,  but  more  or  less  compound. 
Panicled,  Paniculate :  arranged  in  panicles,  or  like  a  panicle. 
Papery :  of  about  the  consistence  of  letter-paper. 
Papilionaceous  :  butterfly-shaped;  applied  to  such  a  corolla  as  that  of  the 

Pea  and  the  Locust-tree. 

Papilla  (plural papilla):  little  nipple-shaped  protuberances. 
Papillate,  Papillose:  covered  with  papillae. 
Pappus :  thistle-down.     The  down  crowning  the  achenium  of  the  Thistler 

and  other  Compositae,  represents  the  calyx ;    so  the  scales,  teeth, 

chaff,  as  well  as  bristles,  or  whatever  takes  the  place  of  the  calyx  in 

this  family,  are  called  the  pappus. 

Paraphyses :  jointed  filaments  mixed  with  the  antheridia  of  Mosses. 
Parenchyma:  soft  cellular  tissue  of  plants,  like  the  green  pulp  of  leaves- 


232  EljCAL  YPTUS. 

Parietal  (placentae,  etc.):  attached  to  the  walls  (p-rietes)  of  the  ovary  or 
pericarp. 

Parted:   separated  or  cleft  into  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

Partial  involucre,  same  as  an  involucel ;  partial  petiole,  a  division  of  a 
main  leaf  stalk  or  the  stalk  of  a  leaflet;  partial  peduncle,  a  branch  of 
a  peduncle;  partial  umbel,  an  umbellet. 

Patent:  spreading;  open.     Patulous :  moderately  spreading. 

Pauci-,  in  composition,  few;  as  pauciflorous,  few-flowered,  etc. 

Pear-shaped :  solid  obovate,  the  shape  of  a  pear. 

Pectinate :  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  and  close  divi- 
sions, like  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

Pedate :  like  a  bird's  foot;  palmate  or  palmately  cleft,  with  the  side  divi- 
sions again  cleft,  as  in  Viola  pedata,  etc. 

Pedate ly  cleft,  lobed,  etc.:  cut  in  a  pedate  way. 

Pedicel :  the  stalk  of  each  particular  flower  of  a  cluster. 

Pedicellate,  Pedicel  led :  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle:  a  flower-stalk,  whether  of  a  single  flower  or  of  a  flower- 
cluster. 

Peduncled,  Pedunculate :  furnished  with  a  peduncle. 

Peltate :  shield-shaped;  said  of  a  leaf,  whatever  its  shape,  when  the  pet- 
iole is  attached  to  the  lower  side,  somewhere  within  the  margin. 

Pendent :  hanging.     Pendulous :  somewhat  hanging  or  drooping. 

Penicillate  :  tipped  with  a  tuft  of  fine  hairs,  like  a  painter's  pencil;  as 
the  stigmas  of  some  Grasses. 

Penta-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition):  five;  as 

Pentagynous :  with  five  pistils  or  styles. 

Pentamerous  :  with  its  parts  in  fives,  or  on  the  plan  of  five. 

Pentandrous :  having  five  stamens.     Pentastichous :  in  five  ranks. 

Pepo  :  a  fruit  like  the  Melon  and  Cucumber. 

Perennial :  lasting  from  year  to  year. 

Perfect  (flower):  having  both  stamens  and  pistils. 

Perfoliate :  passing  through  the  leaf,  in  appearance. 

Perforate  :  pierced  with  holes,  or  with  transparent  dots  resembling  holes, 
as  an  Orange-leaf. 

Perianth  :  the  leaves  of  the  flower  generally,  especially  when  we  cannot 
readily  distinguish  them  into  calyx  and  corolla. 

Pericarp  :  the  ripened  ovary;  the  walls  of  the  fruit. 

Pericarpic :   belonging  to  the  pericarp. 

Perichcsth  :  the  cluster  of  peculiar  leaves  at  the  base  of  the  fruit-stalk  of 
Mosses. 

Perichcstial :  belonging  to  the  perichaeth. 

Perigonium,  Perigone :  same  a.s perianth. 

Perigynium  :  bodies  around  the  pistil;  applied  to  the  closed  cup  or  bot- 
tle-shaped body  which  encloses  the  ovary  of  Sedges,  and  to  the  bris- 
tles, little  scales,  etc.,  of  the  flowers  of  some  other  Cyperaceae. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  233 

Perigynous :  the  petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx. 

Peripherie :  around  the  outside,  or  periphery,  of  an  organ. 

Perispenn  :  a  name  for  the  albumen  of  a  seed. 

Peristome :  the  fringe  of  teeth,  etc.,  around  the  orifice  of  the  capsule  of 

Mosses. 
Persistent:  remaining  beyond  the  period  when  such  parts  commonjy 

fall,  as  the  leaves  of  evergreens,  and  the  calyx,  etc.,  of  such  flowers 

as  remain  during  the  growth  of  the  fruit. 
Personate:  masked;  a  bilabiate  corolla  with  a  projection,  or  palate  in 

the  throat,  as  of  the  Snapdragon. 
Petal:  a  leaf  of  the  corolla. 

Petaloid :  petal-like;  resembling  or  colored  like  petals. 
Petiole :  a  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 
Petiole  dt  Petiolate :  furnished  with  a  petiole. 

Petiolnlate :  said  of  a  leaflet  when  raised  on  its  own  partial  leafstalk. 
Phaenogamous,  or  Phanerogamous :  plants  bearing  flowers  and  producing 

seeds;  same  as  Flowering  Plants. 
Phyllodium  ( plural  phyllodia}:  a  leaf  where  the  blade  is  a  dilated  petiole, 

as  in  New  Holland  Acacias. 

Phyllotaxis,  or  Phyllotaxy :  the  arrangement  of  leaves  on  the  stem. 
Phyton  :  a  name  used  to  designate  the  pieces  which  by  their  repetition 

make  up  a  plant,  theoretically,  viz.,  a  joint  of  stem  with  its  leaf  or 

pair  of  leaves. 

Piliferous :  bearing  a  slender  bristle  or  hair  (pilum),  or  beset  with  hairs. 
Pilose:  hairy;  clothed  with  soft  slender  hairs. 

Pinna  :  a  primary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tri pinnate  leaf. 
Pinnule :  a  secondary  branch  of  the  petiole  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripin- 

nate  leaf. 

Pinnate  (leaf):  when  the  leaflets  are  arranged  along  the  sides  of  a  com- 
mon petiole. 

Pinnatifid :  same  as  pinnately  cleft. 
Pistil :  the  seed-bearing  organ  of  the  flower. 
Pistillidium  :  the  body  which  in  Mosses,  Liverworts,  etc.,  answers  to  the 

pistil. 

Pith  :  the  cellular  centre  of  an  exogenous  stem. 

Pitted:  having  small  depressions  or  pits  on  the  surface,  as  many  seeds. 
Placenta :   the  surface  or  part  of   the  ovary  to  which   the   ovules  are 

attached. 

Plane :  flat,  outspread. 

Plumose :  feathery;  when  any  slender  body  (such  as  a  bristle  of  a  pap- 
pus) is  beset  with  hairs  along  its  sides,  like  the  plumes  or  the  beard 

on  a  feather. 
Plumule :  the  little  bud  or  first  shoot  of  a  germinating  plantlet  above 

the  cotyledons. 
Pluri-,  in  composition;  many  or  several;  as 


234  EUCALYPTUS. 

PI  urif olio  late :  with  several  leaflets. 

Pod :  specially  a  legume;  also  applied  to  any  sort  of  capsule. 

Podosperm :  the  stalk  of  a  seed. 

Pointless:  destitute  of  any  pointed  tip,  such  as  a  mucro,  awn,  acumi- 

nation,  etc. 

Pollen  :  the  fertilizing  powder  of  the  anther. 
Pollen-mass :  applied  to  the  pollen   when  the  grains  all  cohere  into  a 

mass,  as  in  Milkweed  and  Orchis. 
Poly-  (in  compound  words  of  Greek  origin):  same  as  multi-  in  those  of 

Latin  origin,  viz.,  many;  as 

Polyadelphous :   having  the  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  sev- 
eral bundles. 
Polyandrous :  with  numerous  (more  than  20)  stamens  (inserted  on  the 

receptacle). 

Polycotyledonous :  having  many  (more  than  two)  cotyledons,  as  Pines. 
Polygamous :  having  some  perfect  and  some  separated  flowers,  on  the 

same  or  on  different  individuals,  as  the  Red  Maple. 
Polygonal :   many-angled. 
Polygynous  :  with  many  pistils  or  styles. 
Polymerous :  formed  of  many  parts  of  each  set. 
Polymorphous  :  of  several  or  varying  forms. 
Polypetalous :  when  the  petals  are  distinct  or  separate  (whether  few  or 

many). 
Polyphyllous :   many-leaved;    formed  of  several  distinct  pieces,  as  the 

calyx  of  Sedum. 

Polysepalous :  same  as  the  last  when  applied  to  the  calyx. 
Polyspermous :  many-seeded. 
Pome :  the  apple,  pear,  and  similar  fleshy  fruits. 
Porous :  fnll  of  holes  or  pores. 

Pouch :  the  silicic  or  short  pod,  as  of  Shepherd's  Purse. 
Prcefloration  :  same  as  estivation. 
Prcefoliation  :  same  as  vernation. 
Prcemorse :  ending  abruptly,  as  if  bitten  off. 

Prickles :  sharp  elevations  of  the  bark,  coming  off  with  it,  as  of  the  Rose. 
Prickly :  bearing  prickles,  or  sharp  projections  like  them. 
Primine :  the  outer  coat  of  the  covering  of  the  ovule. 
Primordial:  earliest   formed;    primordial  leaves  are  the  first  after  the 

cotyledons. 
Prismatic:  prism-shaped;  having  three  or  more  angles  bounding  flat  or 

hollowed  sides. 

Process :  any  projection  from  the  surface  or  edge  of  a  body. 
Procumbent:  trailing  on  the  ground. 
Produced :  extended  or  projecting,  as  the  upper  sepal  of  a  L,arkspar  is 

produced  above  into  a  spur. 


EUCALYPTUS.  235 

Proliferous:  (literally,  bearing  offspring);  where  a  new  branch  rises 
from  an  older  one,  or  one  head  or  cluster  of  flowers  out  of  another, 
as  in  Filago  Germanica,  etc. 

Prostrate :  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 

Proteine :  a  vegetable  product  containing  nitrogen. 

Protoplasm  :  the  soft  nitrogenous  lining  or  contents  of  cells. 

Pruinose,  Pruinate :  frosted;  covered  with  a  powder  like  hoar-frost. 

Puberulent :  covered  with  fine  and  short,  almost  imperceptible  down. 

Pubescent:  hairy  or  downy,  especially  with  fine  and  soft  hairs  or 
pubescence. 

Pulverulent,  or  Pulveraceous :  dusted;  covered  with  fine  powder,  or  what 
looks  like  such. 

Pulvinate :  cushioned,  or  shaped  like  a  cushion. 

Punctate  :  dotted,  either  with  minute  holes  or  what  look  as  such  (as  the 
leaves  of  St.  John's-wort  and  the  Orange),  or  with  minute  project- 
ing dots. 

Pungent :  very  hard,  and  sharp-pointed;  prickly -pointed. 

Pit  f  amen  :  the  stone  of  a  drupe,  or  the  shell  of  a  nut. 

Pyramidal :  shaped  like  a  pyramid. 

Pyrene,  Pyrena  :  a  seed-like  nutlet  or  stone  of  a  small  drupe. 

Pyxis,  Py.i'idiuin  :  a  pod  opening  round  horizontally  by  a  lid. 

Quadri-,  in  words  of  Latin  origin:  four;  as 

Quadrangular:  four-angled.     Quadrifoliate  :  four-leaved. 

Quadiifid:  four-cleft. 

Quaternate :  in  fours.     Quinate :  in  fives. 

Quincuncial :  in  a  quincunx;  when  the  parts  in  aestiviation  are  five,  two 

of  them  outside,  two  inside,  and  one  half  out  and  half  in,  as  shown 

in  the  calyx. 
Quintuple :  five-fold. 

Race :  a  marked  variety  which  may  be  perpetuated  from  seed. 

Raceme  :  a  flower-cluster,  with  one-flowered  pedicels  arranged  along  the 

sides  of  a  general  peduncle. 
Racemose :  bearing  racemes,  or  raceme-like. 
Rachis :  see  rhachis. 
Radial :  belonging  to  the  ray. 
Radiate,  or  Radiant :  furnished  with  ray -flowers. 
Radical ' :  belonging  to  the  root,  or  apparently  coming  from  the  root. 
Radicant :  rooting,  taking  root  on  or  above  the  ground,  like  the  stems 

of  Trumpet-Creeper  and  Poison-Ivy. 
Radicels  :  little  roots  or  rootlets. 
Radicle  :  the  stem -part  of  the  embryo,  the  lower  end  of  which  forms  the 

root. 
Rameal :  belonging  to  a  branch.     Ramose :  full  of  branches  (rami). 


236  EUCALYPTUS. 

Rarmtlose  :  full  of  branchlets  (ramuli}. 

Raphe :  see  rhaphe. 

Ray  :  the  marginal  flowers  of  a  head  or  cluster,  when  different  from  the 

rest,  especially  when  ligulate,  and  diverging  (like  rays  or  sunbeams); 

the  branches  of  an  umbel,  which  diverge  from  a  centre. 
Receptacle :  the  axis  or  support  of  a  flower;  the  common  axis  or  support 

of  a  head  of  flowers. 

Reclined :  turned  or  curved  downwards;  nearly  recumbent. 
Recurved :  curved  outwards  or  backwards. 

Reduplicate  (in  aestivation):  valvate  with  the  margins  turned  outwards. 
Reflexed :  bent  outwards  or  backwards. 

Refracted  :  bent  suddenly,  so  as  to  appear  broken  at  the  bend. 
Regular  :  all  the  parts  similar. 
Reniform :  kidney-shaped. 
Repand :  wavy-margined. 

Repent:  creeping,  i.  e.,  prostrate  and  rooting  underneath. 
Replum :  the  persistent  frame  of  some  pods  (as  of  Prickly  Poppy  and 

Cress) ,  after  the  valves  fall  away. 

Reproduction,  organs  of:  all  that  pertains  to  the  flower  and  fruit. 
Resupinaie :  inverted,  or  appearing  as  if  upside  down,  or  reversed. 
Reticulated :  the  veins  forming  network. 
Retroflexed :  bent  backwards;  same  as  teflexed. 
Retuse :  blunted;  the  apex  not  only  obtuse,  but  somewhat  indented. 
Revolute :  rolled  backwards,  as  the  margins  of  many  leaves. 
Rhachis  (the  backbone):  the  axis  of  a  spike,  or  other  body. 
Rhaphe :  the  continuation  of  the  seed-stalk  along  the  side  of  an  anatrop- 

ous  ovule  or  seed. 
Rhapides :    crystals,  especially   needle-shaped   ones,   in   the   tissues   of 

plants. 

Rhizoma  :  a  rootstalk. 
Rhombic:   in  the  shape  of  a  rhomb.     Rhomboidal :   approaching  that 

shape. 

Rib:  the  principal  piece,  or  one  of  the  principal  pieces,  of  the  frame- 
work of  a  leaf ;  or  any  similar  elevated  line  along  a  body. 
Ring  :  an  elastic  band  on  the  spore  cases  of  Ferns. 
Ringent :  grinning;  gaping  open. 
Rootlets:  small  roots,  or  root-branches. 

Rootstock :  root- like  trunks  or  portions  of  stems  on  or  under  ground. 
Rosaceous :  arranged  like  the  petals  of  a  rose. 
Rostellate :  bearing  a  small  beak  (rostellum'}. 
Rostrate :  bearing  a  beak  (rostrum]  or  a  prolonged  appendage. 
Rosulate :  in  a  regular  cluster  of  spreading  leaves,  resembling  a  full  or 

double  rose,  as  the  leaves  of  Houseleek,  etc. 
Rotate:  wheel-shaped. 
Rotund :  rounded  or  roundish  in  outline. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  237 

Rudimentary :  imperfectly  developed,  or  in  an  early  state  of  develop- 
ment. 

Rugose  :  wrinkled,  roughened  with  wrinkles. 

Ruminated  (albumen):  penetrated  with  irregular  channels  or  portions 
filled  with  softer  matter,  as  a  nutmeg. 

Runcinate :  coarsely  saw-toothed  or  cut,  the  pointed  teeth  turned 
towards  the  base  of  the  leaf,  as  the  leaf  of  a  Dandelion. 

Runner:  a  slender  and  prostrate  branch,  rooting  at  the  end,  or  at  the 
joints,  as  of  a  Strawberry. 

Sac  :  any  closed  membrane,  or  a  deep  purse -shaped  cavity. 

Sagittate :  arrowhead-shaped. 

Salver-shaped,  or  Salver-form :  with  a  border  spreading  at  right  angles 
to  a  slender  tube;  as  the  corolla  of  Phlox. 

Samara  :  a  wing- fruit,  or  key,  as  of  Maple,  Ash  and  Elm. 

Samaroid :  like  a  samara  or  key-fruit. 

Sap  :  the  juices  of  plants  generally. 

Sarcocarp  :  the  fleshy  part  of  a  stone-fruit. 

Sarmentaceous :  bearing  long  and  flexible  twigs  (sarments],  either 
spreading  or  procumbent. 

Saw-toothed :  see  serrate. 

Scabrous  :  rough  or  harsh  to  the  touch. 

Scalariform  :  with  cross-bands,  resembling  the  steps  of  a  ladder. 

Scaly :  furnished  with  scales,  or  scale-like  in  texture. 

Scandent :  climbing. 

Scape :  a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground,  or  near  it,  .as  of  the  stemless 
Violets,. the  Bloodroot,  etc. 

Scapiform :  scape-like. 

Scartous,  or  Scariose  :  thin,  dry,  and  membranous. 

Scobiform :  resembling  sawdust. 

Scorpioid,  or  Scorpioidal :  curved  or  circinate  at  the  end,  like  the  tail  of 
a  scorpion,  as  the  inflorescence  of  Heliotrope. 

Scrobiculate :  pitted;  excavated  into  shallow  pits. 

Scurf,  Scurfitiess :  minute  scales  on  the  surface  of  many  leaves,  as  of 
Goose  foot,  Buffalo-berry,  etc. 

Scutate :  buckler-shaped. 

Scutellate,  or  Scutellifotm  :  saucer-shaped  or  platter-shaped. 

Secund :  one-sided;  i.  e.,  where  flowers,  leaves,  etc.,  are  all  turned  to 
one  side. 

Secundine :  the  innor  coat  of  the  ovule. 

Segment :  a  subdivision  or  lobe  of  any  cleft  body. 

Segregate :  separated  from  each  other. 

Semi-  (in  compound  words  of  Latin  origin):  half;  as 

Semi-adherent,  as  the  calyx  or  ovary  of  Purslane.  Semicordate :  half- 
heart-shaped.  Semilunar :  like  a  half-moon.  Semiovate :  half- 
ovate,  etc. 


238  EUCALYPTUS. 

Seminal :  relating  to  the  seed.     Seminiferous :  seed-bearing. 

Sempevirent :  evergreen. 

Sepal :  a  leaf  or  division  of  the  calyx. 

Sepaloid:  sepal-like.     Sepaline :  relating  to  the  sepals. 

Separated  Flowers :  those  having  stamens  or  pistils  only. 

Septate :  divided  by  partitions  (septa}. 

Septenate :  with  parts  in  sevens. 

Septiddal :   where    a  pod   in  dehiscence  splits  through  the  partitions, 

dividing  each  into  two  layers. 
Septiferous :  bearing  the  partition. 
Septiftagal:  where  the  valves  of  a  pod  in  dehiscence  break  away  from 

the  partitions. 

Septum  (plural  septa}:  a  partition,  as  of  a  pod,  etc. 
Serial,  or  Seriate :  in  rows;  as  biserial,  in  two  rows,  etc. 
Sericeous:  silky;  clothed  with  satiny  pubescence. 
Serotinous :  happening  late  in  the  season. 
Serrate,  or  Serrated :    the  margin  cut  into  teeth  (serratures]  pointing 

forwards. 

Serrulate  :  same  as  the  last,  but  with  fine  teeth. 
Sessile-:  sitting;  without  any  stalk,  as  a  leaf  destitute  of  petiole,  or  an 

anther  destitute  of  filament. 

Seta :  a  bristle,  or  a  slender  body  or  appendage  resembling  a  bristle. 
Setaceous:  bristle-like.     Setiform :  bristle-shaped. 

Setigerous :  bearing  bristles.     Setose:  beset  with  bristles  or  bristly  hairs. 
Sex:  six;  in  composition.     Sexangular :  six-angled,  etc. 
Sheath  :  the  base  of  such  leaves  as  those  of  Grasses,  which  are 
Sheathing :  wrapped  round  the  stem. 
Shield-shaped :  same  as  scutate,  or  as  peltate. 

Sigmoid :  curved  in  two  directions,  like  the  letter  S,  or  the  Greek  sigma. 
Siliculose :  bearing  a  silicle,  or  a  fruit  resembling  it. 
Silicle :  a  pouch,  or  short  pod  of  the  Cress  Family. 
Silique :  a  longer  pod  of  the  Cress  Family. 
Siliquose :  bearing  siliques  or  pods  which  resemble  siliques. 
Silky :  glossy  with  a  coat  of  fine  and  soft,  close-pressed,  straight  hairs. 
Silvery :  shining   with   white    or    blueish-gray,  usually     from    a   silky 

pubescence. 

Simple  :  of  one  piece  ;  opposed  to  compound. 
Sinistrorse  :  turned  to  the  left. 
Sinuate :  strongly  wavy  ;  with   the   margin   alternately    bowed  inwards 

and  outwards. 
Sinus :  a  recess  or  bay  ;  the  re-entering  angle  or  space    between  two 

lobes  or  projections. 

Soboliferous :  bearing  shoots  from  near  the  ground. 
Solitary  :  single  ;  not  associated  with  others. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  239 

Sorus  (plural  sort]  :  the  proper  name  of  a  fruit-dot  of  Ferns. 

Spadix :  a  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 

Spathaceous :  resembling  or  furnished  with  a 

Spathe  :  a  bract  which  inwraps  an  inflorescence. 

Spatulate  or  Spathulate  :  shaped  like  a  spatula. 

Spicate :  belonging  to  or  disposed  in  a  spike. 

Spiciform  :  a  shape  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike :  an  inflorescence  like  a  raceme,  only  the  flowers  are  sessile. 

Spikelet:  a  small  or  secondary  spike  ;  the  inflorescence  of  Grasses. 

Spine :  a  thorn. 

Spindle-shaped :  tapering  to  each  end  like  a  radish. 

Spinescent :  tipped  by  or  degenerating  into  a  thorn. 

Spinose  or  Spiniferous:  thorny. 

Sporangia  or  Sporocaips:  spore-cases  of  Ferns,  Mosses,  etc. 

Spore  :  a  body  resulting  from  the  fructification  of  Cryptogamous  plants, 
in  them  taking  the  place  of  a  seed. 

Sporule  :  same  as  a  spore,  or  a  small  spore. 

Spur:  any  projecting  appendage  of  the  flower,  looking  like  a  spur. 

Squamate,  Sguamose,  or  Squamaceous :  furnished  with  scales  (squamtz}. 

Squamellate  or  Squamulose  :  furnished  with  little  scales  {squamellcz  or 
squamultz}, 

Squamiform  :  shaped  like  a  scale. 

Squarrose :  where  scales,  leaves,  or  any  appendages,  or  spreading  widely 
from  the  axis  on  which  they  are  thickly  set. 

Squarrulose  :  dimunitive  of  squarrose  :  slightly  squarrose. 

Stalk  :  the  stem,  petiole,  peduncle,  etc.,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Staminate :  furnished  with  stamens  ;  Stamineal :  relating  to  the  stamens. 

Staminodium  :  an  abortive  stamen,  or  other  body  resembling  a  sterile 
stamen. 

Standard :  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Starch  :  a  well-kown  vegetable  product. 

Station  :  the  particular  place  or  kind  of  situation  in  which  a  plant  natur- 
ally occurs. 

Stellate,  Stellular :  starry  or  star-like;  where  several  similar  parts 
spread  out  from  a  common  center,  like  a  star. 

Stemless :  destitute,  or  apparently  destitute  of  stem. 

Sterile  :  barren  or  imperfect. 

Stigma  :  the  part  of  the  pistil  which  receives  the  pollen. 

Stigmatic  or  Stigmatose :  belonging  to  the  stigma. 

Stipe  (Latin  stipes]  :  the  stalk  of  a  pistil,  etc.,  when  it  has  any;  the 
stem  of  a  Mushroom. 

Stipe  I :  a  stipule  of  a  leaflet,  as  of  the  Bean,  etc. 

Stipellate  :  furnished  with  stipels,  as  the  Bean  and  some  other  Legumi- 
nous plants. 


24o  EUCALYPTUS. 

Stipulate  :  furnished  with  stipules. 

Stipitate  :  furnished  with  a  stipe,  as  the  pistil  of  Cleome. 

Stipules :  the  appendages  one  each  side  of  the  base  of  certain  leaves. 

Stolons :  trailing  or  reclined  and  rooting  shoots. 

Stoloniferous  :  producing  stolons. 

Stomate  (Latin  stoma,  plural  stomata]  :  the  breathing  pores  of  leaves,  etc. 

Strap-shaped  :  long,  flat  and  narrow. 

Striate  or  Striated :  marked  with  slender,  longitudinal  grooves  or  chan- 
nels (Latin  striae.} 

Strict:  close  and  narrow  ;  straight  and  narrow. 

Strigillose,  Strigose :  beset  with  stout  and  appressed,  scale-like  or  rigid 
bristles. 

Strobilaceous  :  relating  to  or  resembling  a 

Strobile :  a  multiple  fruit  in  the  form  of  a  cone  or  head,  as  that  of  the 
Hop  and  of  the  Pine. 

Strophiole :  same  as  caruncle.    Strophiolate  :  furnished  with  a  strophiole. 

Struma  :  a  wen  ;  a  swelling  or  protuberance  of  any  organ. 

Style :  'a  part  of  the  pistil  which  bears  the  stig"ma. 

Stylopodium  :  an  epigynous  disk,  or  an  enlargement  at  the  base  of  the 
style,  found  in  Umbelliferous  and  some  other  plants. 

Sub-,  as  a  prefix  :  about,  nearly,  somewhat ;  as  sub-cordate ',  slightly  cord- 
ate ;  sub-serrate,  slightly  serrate  ;  sub-axillary  ;  just  beneath  the  axil, 
etc.,  etc. 

Suberose :  corky  or  cork-like  in  texture. 

Subulate :  awl-shaped  ;  tapering  from  a  broadish  or  thickish  base  to  a 
sharp  point. 

Succulent  :  juicy  or  pulpy. 

Suckers  :  shoots  from  subterranean  branches. 

Suffrutescent :  slightly  shrubby  or  woody  at  the  base  only. 

Sulcate  :  grooved  longitudinally  in  long  furrows. 

Supervolute :  plaited  and  convulute  in  bud. 

Supra-axillary :  borne  above  the  axil,  as  some  buds. 

Supra-decompound :  many  times  compounded  or  divided. 

Surculose :  producing  suckers,  or  shoots  resembling  them. 

Suspended :  hanging  down.  Suspended  ovules  or  seeds  hang  from  the 
very  summit  of  the  cell  which  contains  them. 

Sutural :  belonging  or  relating  to  a  suture. 

Suture  :  the  line  of  junction  of  contiguous  parts  grown  together. 

Sword- shaped  :  vertical  leaves  with  acute  parallel  edges,  tapering  above 
to  a  point. 

Symmetrical  Flower :  similar  in  the  number  of  parts  of  each  set. 

Synantherous  orSyngenesious:  where  stamens  are  united  by  their  anthers. 

Syncarpous  (fruit  or  pistil):  composed  of  several  carpels  consolidated 
into  one. 

Systematic  Botany :  the  study  of  plants  after  their  kinds. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  241 

Taper-pointed :  same  as  acuminate. 

Tap-root :  a  root  with  a  stout  tapering  body. 

Tawny :  dull  yellowish,  with  a  tinge  of  brown. 

Taxonomy :  the  part  of  Botany  which  treats  of  classification. 

Tegmen  ;  a  name  for  the  inner  seed-coat. 

Tendril:  a  thread-shaped  body  used  for  climbing:  it  is  either  a  branch 

as  in  Virginia  Creeper;  or  a  part  of  a  leaf,  as  in  Pea  or  Vetch. 
Terete :  long  and  round  ;  same  as  cylindrical,  only  it  may  taper. 
Terminal :  borne  at,  or  belonging  to,  the  extremity  or  summit. 
Terminology :  the  part  of  the  science  which  treats  of  technical  terms  ; 

same  as  glossology. 

Ternate :  in  threes;   Temately  :  in  a  ternate  way. 
Testa :  the  outer  (and  usually  the  harder)  coat  or  shell  of  the  seed^ 
Tetra-  (in  words  of  Greek  composition)  :  four,  as 
Tetracoccous  :  of  four  cocci  or  carpels. 
Tetradynamous :  where  a  flower  has  six  stamens,  two  of  them  shorter 

than  the  other  four,  as  in  Mustard. 

Tetragonal:  four-angled.     Tetragynous :  with  four  pistils  or  styles. 
Tetramerous :  with  its  parts  or  sets  in  fours. 
Tetrandrous :  with  four  stamens. 
Theca  :  a  case  ;  the  cells  or  lobes  of  the  anther. 
Thread-shaped :   slender  and  round,  or  roundish  like  a  thread;  as  the 

filament  of  stamens  generally. 
Throat:  the  opening  or  gorge  of  a  monopetalous  corolla,  etc.,  where  the 

border  and  the  tube  join,  and  a  little  below. 
Thyrse  or  Thyisus:  a  compact  and  pyramidal  panicle. 
Tomentose  :  clothed  with  matted  wooly  hairs  (tomentum.} 
Tongue-shaped  :  long,  flat,  but  thickish  and  blunt. 
Toothed :  furnished  with  teeth  or  short  projections  of  any  sort  on  the 

margin,  used  especially  when  these  are  sharp,  like  saw-teeth,  and  do 

not  point  forwards. 

Top-shaped :    shaped  like  a  top,  or  a  cone  with  its  apex  downwards. 
Torose,  Torulose :  knobby;  where  a  cylindrical  body  is  swollen  at  intervals. 
Torus :  the  receptacle  of  the  flower. 
7H-,  in  composition  :  three;  as 

Tiiadelphous :  stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  bundles. 
Triandrous :  where  the  flower  has  three  stamens. 
Trichotomous  :  three-forked.      Tricoccous :    of  three  cocci   or   roundish 

carpels. 

Tricolor :  having  three  colors.     Trico state :  having  three  ribs. 
Tricuspidate :  three-pointed.     Tridental 'e :  three-toothed. 
Triennial:  lasting  for  three  years. 

Trifarious:  in  three  vertical  rows;  looking  three  ways. 
Trifid :  three-cleft. 

16 


242  EUCALYPTUS. 

Trifoliate :  three-leaved.     Trifoliolate :  of  three  leaflets. 

Trifurcate :  three-forked.     Trigonous  :  three-angled  or  triangular. 

Trigynous  :  with  three  pistils  or  styles.    Trijugate  :  in  three  pairs  (jugi.} 

Trilobed,  or  Trilobate :  three-lobed. 

Trilocular :  three-celled. 

Trimerous :  with  its  parts  in  threes,  as  Trillium. 

Trinervate :  three-nerved,  or  with  three  slender  ribs. 

Tricecious :  where  there  are  three  sorts  of  flowers  on  the  same  or  differ- 
ent individuals  ;  as  in  Red  Maple. 

Tripartible :  separable  into  three  pieces.     Tripartite :  three-parted. 

Tripetalous  :  having  three  petals. 

Triphyllous :  three-leaved  ;  composed  of  three  pieces. 

Trippinate :  thrice  pinnate.      Tripinnatifid  :  thrice  pinnately  cleft. 

Triple-ribbed,  Triple-nerved,  etc.  :  where  a  midrib  branches  into  three 
near  the  base  of  the  leaf,  as  in  Sunflower. 

Triquetrous :  sharply  three-angled  ;  and  especially  with  the  sides  con- 
cave, like  a  bayonet. 

Triserial,  or  Triseriate  :  in  three  rows,  under  each  other. 

Tristichous  :  in  three  londitudinal  or  perpendicular  ranks. 

Tristigmatic,  or  Tristigmatose :  having  three  stigmas. 

Trisulcate :  three-grooved. 

Triternate :  three  times  ternate. 

Trivial  Name :  the  specific  name. 

Trochlear :  pulley-shaped. 

Trumpet-shaped :  tubular,  enlarged  at  or  towards  the  summit,  as  the  cor- 
olla or  Trumpet-Creeper. 

Truncate :  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top. 

Trunk :  the  main  stem  or  general  body  of  a  stem  or  tree. 

Tuber :  a  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean  stem  or  branch,  provided 
with  eyes  (buds)  on  the  sides  ;  as  a  potato. 

Tubercle:  a  small  excrescence. 

Tubercled,  or  Tuberculate  :  bearing  excrescences  or  pimples. 

Tuberous :  resembling  a  tuber.     Tuberiferous :  bearing  tubers. 

Tubular :  hollow  and  of  elongated  form  ;  hollowed  like  a  pipe. 

Tumid:  swollen:  somewhat  inflated. 

Tunicate:  coated  ;  invested  with  layers,  as  an  onion. 

Turbinate :  top-shaped.     Turgid:  thick  as  if  swollen. 

Turio  (plural  turiones]  :  young  shoots  or  suckers  springing  out  of  the 
ground ;  as  Asparagus-shoots. 

Turnip-shaped :  broader  than  high,  abruptly  narrowed  below. 

Twin :  in  pairs  (see  germinate] ,  as  the  flowers  of  Ivinnaea. 

Twining :  ascending  by  coiling  round  a  support,  like  the  Hop. 

Typical:  well  expressing  the  characteristics  of  a  species,  genus,  etc. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  243 


Umbel:  the  umbrella-like  form  of  inflorescence. 

Umbellate :  in  umbels.     Umbelliferous :  bearing  umbels. 

Umbellet :  a  secondary  or  partial  umbel. 

Umbilicate  :  depressed  in  the  centre,  like  the  ends  of  an  apple. 

Umbonate:  bossed;  furnished  with  a  low,  rounded  projection  like  a  boss 

(umbo}. 
Umbraculiform  :    umbrella -shaped,  like  a  Mushroom,  or  the  top  of  the 

style  of  Sarracenia. 

Unarmed:  destitute  of  spines,  prickles  and  the  like. 
Uncinate :  hook-shaped  ;  hooked  over  at  the  end. 
Under- shrub  :  partially  shrubby,  or  a  very  low  shrub. 
Undulate :  wavy,  or  wavy-margined. 

Unequally  pinnate :  pinnate  with  an  odd  number  of  leaflets. 
Unguiculate :  furnished  with  a  claw  (unguis};  i:  e.  a  narrow  base,  as  the 

petals  of  a  Rose,  where  the  claw  is  very  short,  and  those  of  Pinks 

where  the  claw  is  very  long. 
Uni-,  in  compound  words  :  one;  as 
Uniflorous:  one- flowered.     Unifoliate :  one-leaved. 
Unifoliolate :  of  one  leaflet;  Unijugate :  of  one  pair. 
Unilabiate :  one-lipped.     Unilateral:  one-sided. 
Unilocular :   one-celled. 
Uniovulate:  having  only  one  ovule. 
Uniserial :  in  one  horizontal  row. 

Unisexual:  having  stamens  or  pistils  only,  as  in  Moonseed. 
Univalved :  a  pod  of  only  one  piece  after  dehiscence. 
Urceolate :  urn-shaped. 

Utricle :  a  small,  thin-walled,  one-seeded  fruit,  as  of  Goosefoot. 
Utricular :  like  a  small  bladder. 

Vaginate  :  sheathed,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  (vagina.} 

Valve :  one  of  the  pieces  (or  doors)  into  which  a  dehiscent  pod,  or  any 

similar  body,  splits. 

Valvate,  Valvular :  opening  by  valves.      Valvate  in  aestivation. 
Vascular:  containing  vessels,  or  consisting  of  vessels,  such  as  ducts. 
Vaulted:  arched;  same  as  fornicate. 
Veil :  the  calyptra  of  Mosses. 

Veins:  the  small  ribs  or  branches  of  the  framework  of  leaves,  etc. 
Veined,  Veiny :  furnished  with  evident  veins.    Veinless:  destitute  of  veins. 
Veinlets :  the  smaller  ramifications  of  veins. 
Velate :  furnished  with  a  veil. 
Velutinous :  velvety  to  the  touch. 
Venation  :  the  veining  of  leaves,  etc. 
Venose  :  veiny;  furnished  with  conspicuous  veins. 
Venhal :  belonging  to  that  side  of  a  simple  pistil,  or  other  organ,  which 

looks  towards  the  axis  or  centre  of  the  flower;  the  opposite  of  dorsal. 


244  EUCALYPTUS. 

Ventricose :  inflated  or  swelled  out  on  one  side. 

Venulose :  furnished  with  veinlets. 

Vermicular :  shaped  like  worms. 

Vernation  :  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  in  the  bud. 

Vernicose :  the  surface  appearing  as  if  varnished. 

Verruca se :  warty;  beset  with  little  projections  like  warts. 

Versatile :  attached  by  one  point,  so  that  it  may  swing  to  and  fro,  as  the 

anthers  of  the  I/ily  and  Kvening  Primrose. 
Vertex  :  same  as  the  apex. 

Vertical:  upright;  perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  lengthwise. 
Verticil :  a  whorl.     Verticillate :   whorled. 
Vesicle  :  a  little  bladder.      Vesicular :  bladdery. 
Vexillary,  Vexillar :  relating  to  the 
Vexillum  :  the  standard  of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 
Villose :  shaggy  with  long  and  soft  hairs  (villosity}. 

Vimineous :  producing  slender  twigs,  such  as  those  used  for  wicker-work. 
Vine :  any  trailing  or  climbing  stem;  as  a  Grape-vine. 
Virescent,  Vir ide scent :  greenish;  turning  green. 
Virgate :  wand-shaped,  as  a  long,  straight,  and  slender  twig. 
Viscous,  Viscid :  having  a  glutinous  surface. 
Vitta  (plural  vittce}:  the  oil-tubes  of  the  fruit  of  Umbelliferae. 
Voluble :  twining,  as  the  stem  of  Hops  and  Beans. 

Wavy:  the  surface  or  margin  alternately  convex  and  concave. 

Waxy:  resembling  beeswax  in  texture  or  appearance. 

Wedge-shaped :  broad  above,  and  tapering  by  straight  lines  to  a  narrow 

base. 

Wheel-shaped :  see  rotate. 
Whorl,  Whorled:  when  leaves,  etc.,  are  arranged  in  a  circle  round  the 

stem. 

Wing:  any  membranous  expansion. 

Winged:  furnished  with  a  wing;  as  the  fruit  of  Ash  and  Kim. 
Wood,  Woody :  of  the  texture  or  consisting  of  wood. 
Woolly:  clothed  with  long  and  entangled  soft  hairs:  as  the  leaves  of 

Mullein. 


EUCALYPTUS.  245 


SYNONYMS  AND  VARIETIES, 


A 

E:  acmenoides — Syn.:  trianthos.  At  one  time  ranked  as  a  variety  of 
pilularis. 

E.  amygdalina — Syns.:  radiata,  elata,  tenueramis,  nitida,  longifolia. 
Ivindleyana,  ambigua,  ligustrina,  fissilis.  Vars.:  linearis,  dives,  angusti- 
folia,  hypericifolia,  regnans.  Both  Risdoni  and  coccifera  have  been  called 
forms  of  amygdalina. 

E.  alba — Bark  white,  persistent.  Syn. :  leucadendron.  Var. : 
tectifica.  Close  to  platyphylla,  Timor. 

B 

E.  Baileyana — Fibrous  on  both  stem  and  branches;  bark  stringy; 
poor  soil  and  sandy  ridges;  similar  to  Eucalyptus  Bowmanii.  Was  called 
Var.  of  Eucalyptus  drepanophylla;  also  like  trachyphloia  and  eugenioides, 
in  this  case  fruits  very  different,  resembling  those  of  dichromophloia. 

E.  botryoides — Bark  persistent  dark,  wrinkled,  one  case  here  decor- 
ticates. Syn.  :  platypodas. 

E.  Behriana — Var:  purpurascens. 

E.  bicolor — Syns.:  pendula,  largiflorens,  haemastoma.  Var.:  passi- 
flora. 

C 

E.  corynocalyx — Syn.:  cladocalyx;  stony  and  dry  districts.  Seed- 
lings round  leaf. 

E.  capitellata — Bark  stringy.  Has  been  called  Eucalyptus  piperita; 
closely  allied  to  santalifolia.  Var. :  brachycorys  ;  this  variety  also  attri- 
buted to  macrorrhyncha. 

E   calophylla — Syn. :  splachnocarpa,  allied  to  ficifolia. 

E.  clavigera — Syn. :  polysciadia. 

E.  cornuta — Syns.:  macrocera,symphomyrtus,  annulata.  Lehmanni 
has  also  been  called  a  form  of  this  tree. 

E.  corymbosa — Syns. :  metrosideros,  gummifera. 

E.  coccifera —  Var. :   parviflora. 

E.  crebra — The  following  may  eventually  be  ranked  as  forms  of 
crebra :  Melanophloia,  drephanophylla,  trachyphloia  and  leptophleba 
and  perhaps  also  the  lemon  scented  iron  bark  E.  Staigeriana  (have  seen 
no  description  of  this  last. — K.)  Syns.:  resinifera  and  metrosideros,  salici- 
folium  and  perhaps  angustifolia  and  melanophloia. 

E.  conoidea — Var.:  marginata. 


246  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

D 

E.  diversicolor — Syns. :  colossea,  goniantha. 

E.  dumosa — Syns.  :  lamprocarpa,  santalifolia,  fruticetorum.  Var.  : 
conglobata,  scyphocalyx,  panticulata,  rhadophloia. 

E 

E.  eugenioides—Syns . :  scabra,  acervula,  piperita. 

F 

E.  foecunda — Var.  :  loxophleba,  foecunda,  small  shrubby  form — 
loxophleba — tree  form.  Syns.  :  amygdalina,  fruticetorum. 

Q 

E.  goniocalyx — Bark  rough  in  dry  country.  Smooth  in  mountain 
gorges.  Syn.  :  elseophora. 

E.  gracilis — Shrubby;  bark  smooth.  Syns.:  calycogna.celastroides, 
fruticetorum. 

E.  globulus — Syns.:  cordata,  diversifolia,  glauca,  pulverulenta,  per- 
foliata.  Var.:  shrubby  form  unnamed. 

E.  Qunnii — Bark  rough,  dark;  always  decorticating.  Vars.:  doubt- 
ful; ligustriana,  Baueriana  and  persicifolia.  Syns.  :  ligustriana,  acervula. 

M 

E.  hemiphloia — Syn  :  albens.     Var.  :   brevifolia  for  oil. 

E.  haemostoma — Bark  smooth,  or  if  persistent  on  stem  smooth  on 
branches.  Var. :  micranthera,  smaller  fruit  and  flower.  Syns.:  signata, 
fair  fuel,  poor  timber. 

E.  incrassata — Syns.:  angulosa,  cuspidata,  costata.   Muelleri. 

L 

E.  largiflorens — Syns.:  neudula,  bicolor  and  haemastoma. 

E.  leucoxylon     \      Vars.:   angulata,  pallens,  minor;     wide    range; 

E.  sideroxylon  f  seedlings  of  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon;  willowy, 
vine-like  growth;  leaves  opposite,  sessile;  of  sideroxylon,  very  fine  leaf, 
narrow;  stem  crimson.  Maiden  and  others  think  that  the  tree  growing 
in  New  South  Wales  is  different  from  Eucalyptus  leucoxylon  of  South 
Australia  and  should  have  specific  rank  as  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon. 
The  timber  of  the  latter  is  reddish;  of  the  former,  white;  both  very 
strong;  sideroxylon  most  durable. 

E.  longifolia — Syn::  Woolsei,  fuel  and  bees.  Seedling  leaves  nar- 
row, paler  beneath,  generally  scattered,  smooth. 

E.  loxophleba — Syn.:  fruticetorum.      Var.:  fruticosa. 

M 

E.  macrorrhyncha — Stringy  bark;  foliage  sometimes  like  obliqua; 
smaller  tree  than  obliqua;  seedlings  rough  glandular  protuberances  with 
hairy  tufts.  Syn.:  acervula  (ring).  Var.:  brachycorys. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  247 

E.  marginata — Syns.:  floribunda,£hypoleuca,  mahogani. 

E.  melliodora — Bark  on  stem  rough  persistent  yellow  and  soft  in- 
side. Branches  generally  smooth;  near  leucoxylon  and  sideroxylon; 
needs  good  soil;  seedling  leaves  oval,  scattered;  stalked.  Syn.:  patentiflora. 

E.  maculata — Bark  smooth.  Var.:  citriodora;  large  tree;  stem  of 
citriodora  not  yet  here  marked  or  mottled  as  noted  of  maculata.  Syns.: 
melissiodora,  variegata,  peltata. 

E.  microtheca — Syns.:  brevifolia  and  brachypoda. 

o 

E.  occidentalis — Syns.:  macrandra,  spathulata. 

E.  Odorata — Bark  grey,  rough,  persistent.  Syns.:  cajuputea,  porosa. 
Vat .:  floribuuda.  Timber  fair,  resists  decay,  generally  small. 

E.  Obliqua — Bark  fibrous  and  persistent  on  both  stem  and  branches. 
Syns.:  gigantea,  fabrorum,  nervosa,  falcifolia,  heterophylla.  Vars.:  obtu- 
siflora,  cneorifolia  (dwarfed  alpine  form),  dives  opposite  leaved  form; 
large  tree;  timber  does  not  last  underground.  One  of  the  most  grega- 
rious of  the  Eucalypti. 

P 

E.  pauciflora — Bark  smooth.  Syns.:  coriacea,piperita,  phlebophylla 
submultiplinervis  and  sylvicultrii.  Vars.:  procera,  alpina;  leaves  some- 
times very  large  and  round  in  young  plant;  wood  comparatively  soft; 
stands  cold. 

E.  pilularis — Bark  persistent  blackish  grey;  seedling  leaves  oppo- 
site sessile,  very  oblong;  plant  stiff  and  smooth.  Syns.:  persicifolia, 
semicorticata,  ornata,  incrassata,  very  close  to  acmenoides;  timber  good. 

E.  punctata — Syns.:  Stuartiana,  tereticornis  .  Vars.:  longifolia. 
brachycorys. 

E.  pyriformis — Syns.:  pruinosa  erythrocalyx. 

E.  piperita — Bark  rough,  fibrous,  persistent  to  branches.  Syn.  : 
acervula.  Var.  :  laxiflora. 

E.  polyanthema— Bark  persistent,  grey,  slightly  furrowed.  Syn.  : 
polyanthemos.  Var.  :  Baueriana  and  perhaps  oligantha. 

E.  populifolia — Persistent,  somewhat  wrinkled  bark.  Syns. :  popul- 
nea,  largiflorens,  platyphylla.  Var. :  parviflora. 

E.  Planchoniana— resembles  Eucalyptus  rigida.  Var.:  Leuhman- 
niana. 

E.  platypus—  Var.  :  nutans. 

E.  paniculate — Syn. :  terminalis.  Vars. :  fasciculosa,  angustifolia 
conferta. 

R 

E.  resinifera — Var.:  spectabilis,  broader,  roundish  leaves,  nearly 
equal  color  on  both  sides  and  thicker.  Var.:  pellita — similar,  but  with 
longer  leaves  and  partly  paniculated  flowers.  These  two  are  ranked  as 
tropical  forms.  Also,  rar.  hemilampra. 


248  EL/CAL  YPTUS. 

E.  Kirtoniana  is  between  resinifera  and  robusta.  In  the  venation 
of  leaves  and  order  of  these  it  is  nearest  robusta,  while  in  shape  of  calyx- 
cap  it  is  nearest  resinifera.  Also,  var.  grandiflora.  Wide  range. 

E.  robusta — Syn. :  rostrata. 

E.  rostrata — Bark  grey,  generally  persistent.  Syns.  :  acuminata, 
longirostris,  exserta  and  brachypoda.  Forms  of  tereticornis  and  rudis 
approach  rostrata  closely.  Seedling,  leaves  narrow,  lanceolar. 

E.  rudis — Syn. :    brachypoda. 

E.  reuunca — Syn. :  xanthonema.  Vars.  :  angustofolio,  melano- 
phloia,  elata. 

E.  spathulata — Var.:  grandiflora. 

E.  saligna — Bark  smooth — often  shiny, — otherwise  closely  resem- 
bling E.  botryoides.  Along  streams.  Var.  :  hemilampra ;  between 
saligna  and  resinifera,  with  smooth  bark  ;  tall  tree — fine  timber. 

E.  Sieberiana — Syn. :  virgata.  Bark  deep  furrowed,  dark  brown  ; 
branches  smooth  and  pale  ;  tall  tree — good  timber. 

E  siderophloia — Bark  rough,  persistent,  deeply  furrowed.  Syn. : 
persicifolia,  resinifera.  Vars.  :  fibrosa,  rostrata. 

E.  Stuartiana — Bark  fibrous,  persistent.  Owing  to  confusion  of  de- 
scriptions this  name  has  been  applied  to  both  Gunnii  and  Viminalis. 
Syns.  :  persicifolia,  Baueriana,  falcifolia. 

E.  stricta — Syns. :  virgata  cnerifolia,  microphylla.  Cunninghami. 
Vars.  :  rigida  and  Leuhmannii — last  very  luxuriant  in  foliage. 

E.  stelulata — Syns.  :  microphylla,  Cunninghami,  stricta.  Var.  : 
angustifolia. 

E.  santalifolia—  Vars. .  firma.     Baxteri. 


E,  tereticornis  Syns. :  subulata,  or  subulatum.  Vars.:  latifolia, 
brachycorys,  brevifolia.  Also,  Syns. :  leptospernum,  umbellatum. 

E.  tetraptera — purple  flower,  pendant,  shrubby.     Syn. :  acutangula. 
E,  tessilaris — Var.:  Dallachiana.     Syns.:  Viminalis,  Hookeri. 
E.  terminalis— Syn. :  polycarpa. 

V 

E.  Viminalis — Syns.  :  mannifera,  patentiflora,  fabrorum,  Gunnii, 
dealbata,  santalifolia,  granularis,  persicifolia.  Also  confused  with  pilu- 
laris,  diversifolia  and  elata.  Var.  :  dealbata. 

The  confusion  of  names  is  to  a  great  extent  due  to  descriptions  of 
species  independently  made  by  different  botanists.  Thus  the  same  species 
has  been  described  and  named  by  different  botanists  without  knowledge 
of  each  others  work.  The  trouble  is  also  due  to  great  variability  in  the 
species,  which  often  merge  into  each  other  or  have  striking  differences  of 
form. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  149 


TIMBER. 


The  genus  of  myrtles  called  Eucalyptus  has  for  a  long 
time  furnished  Australasia  with  timber  for  all  useful  pur- 
poses both  on  land  and  sea.  Houses,  ships,  wagons,  piles, 
railroad  ties,  bridges,  fences,  paving  blocks,  etc.,  have  been 
and  are  made  from  timber  of  species  of  this  genus.  While 
all  the  species  are  hardwoods  they  differ  greatly  in  dura- 
bility, strength  and  facility  of  working,  so  also  in  various 
uses  some  are  good  for  fuel,  others  will  scarcely  burn,  some 
split  with  remarkable  ease  and  others  will  not  split  at  all. 
Great  differences  exist  even  in  the  same  species  in  points 
of  value.  These  differences  are  largely  due  to  the  soil  or 
climate  in  which  the  wood  grew.  The  extraordinary  varia- 
tions in  the  tables  of  strength  of  Eucalyptus  timber,  as 
between  Warren,  Maiden  and  Lastlett,  for  instance,  and  in 
the  various  reports  on  durability  in  water  or  under  ground 
may  be  in  part  attributed  to  the  locality  from  which  the 
timber  was  taken,  the  season  of  cutting,  the  method  of 
curing  or  the  age  of  the  tree.  We  may  also  assume  that 
a  careful  and  reliable  checking  of  the  species  has  not  al- 
ways been  attended  to  by  those  furnishing  the  timber  for 
testing. 

Extended  examinations  of  the  Australian  timbers  have 
been  made  by  Prof.  J.  H.  Maiden.  J.  G.  Leuhmann,  Jas. 
Mitchell,  Thos.  Laslett,  Baron  Von  Mueller,  W.  H.  War- 
ren and  others.  The  following  notes  are  taken  from  these 
works. 

The  principal  drawbacks  to  this  timber  are  its  tendency 
to  check  or  open  fissures  and   shakes  ail      its  hardness  and 


250  EUCALYPTUS. 

consequent  difficulty  in  working.  Its  general  advantages 
are  hardness,  durability  and  strength.  Besides  these  good 
qualities  I  have  seen  polished  wood  specimens  from  species 
of  this  genus  at  the  different  World  Expositions  that  were 
strikingly  beautiful.  I  have  presented  notes  only  on  the 
species  that  seems  to  me  most  important.  The  concentric 
wood  layers  are  often  indistinct  and  are  in  my  examina- 
tions no  indication  of  age. 

E.  acmenoides — White  mahogany.  A  tough,  strong, 
useful  timber.  One  of  the  most  durable.  Uses — posts,  piles, 
girders,  etc.,  and  general  building.  Color,  pale.  Height, 
40  to  60  feet.  Sp.  gravity,  1.066  (67^  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot). 
The  specific  gravity  in  each  of  the  species  varies  consid- 
erably. What  I  have  given  is  generally  the  average  of  all 
the  examinations  accessible  to  me. 

E.  amygdalina — Peppermint-messmate.  In  this  species 
the  first  difficulty  we  encounter  is  the  lack  of  differentia- 
tion of  the  numerous  striking  varieties.  Timber  does  not 
twist  in  drying,  splits  easily  especially  when  taken  from 
trees  in  glens  or  on  bottom  lands.  Uses — shingles,  pail- 
ings,  rails;  also  for  keelsons  and  planking  in  ships.  Not  a 
superior  fuel.  Comparatively  light,  floats  in  water.  Spe- 
cimen cut  25  years  weighed  48  Ibs.  10  oz.  per  cubic  foot. 
Color,  pale  yellow.  Height  from  100  to  350  feet. 

E.  botryoides — Swamp  mahogany  or  blue  gum.  Valu- 
able timber,  hard,  tough,  durable.  When  grown  on  rich 
soil  considered  one  of  the  best  timber  trees  of  the  species 
(Maiden).  When  grown  on  coast  sands  it  is  useful  for 
sawing  and  fencing,  though  then  the  sterns  are  often 
gnarled  (Kirton).  Used  for  knees  of  boats,  posts,  wagons, 
especially  felloes.  Generally  very  durable  under  ground. 
Does  not  split  easily,  Height,  50  to  100  feet. 


gg        -       0 

-       !l 

TIMBER  EXPERIMENTED  UPON  BY  THE  VICTORIAN  TIMBER  BOARD,  1884. 
The  samples  tested  were  each  7'  o"  in  length  by  1^6"  square;  the  distance  between  the  bearings  was 

6'  o"  ;  and  the  weight  was  gradually  applied  in  the  centre  until  the  timber  broke. 

1*1 

?f 

If 

0 

1  !  I 

|      3      P 

!  I  i 

P    3    £ 

? 

Approximate  Date 
when  the  Timber 
was  cut. 

fill 

Date  of  Testing. 

l_iJLJ 

Weight  of  each 
Sample  in  Ibs 

1 

Average  Weight 
of  Samples  in  Ibs. 

I 

Average  Weight  per 
Cubic  Foot  in  Ibs. 

k 

Average 
Specific  Gravity. 

(0                 0                 «                 0 

Breaking   Weight 
of  each  Sample  in 
cwts  qrs.  Ibs. 

! 

Average  Breaking 
Weight  of  Samples 
in  Ibs. 

M         ».  •     *        en                         Deflection  at  Point 
^_                             _^                     of  Rupture  in  Inches. 

I 

Average  Deflection 
in  Inches. 

•jn 

Total  Average 
Deflection  in  Inches. 

| 

Average 
Specific  Strength. 

I 

Geological  Formation 
Where  the  Tree 
grew. 

3^o 

I    5     * 

Elevation  above  Sea- 
level  . 

252  EUCALYPTUS. 

E.  capitellata — Stringy  bark ;  good  splitting  timber. 
Uses:  posts,  rails,  shakes,  etc.  Sp.  gravity  .838  (52.26 
Ibs.  per  cubic  foot.  Balfour).  Height  up  to  200  feet. 

E.  calophylla — Redgum  of  W.  A.  Wood  tough.  Used 
for  naves,  spokes,  ploughs,  shafts,  handles;  also  for  frames, 
rails  and  various  building  purposes  —  not  durable  under 
ground  (Mueller).  Height  up  to  150  feet. 

E.  cornuta — Yate  or  Yeit.  Hard  and  elastic  wood,  sug- 
gesting ash.  Used  for  agricultural  implements,  boat  ribs, 
etc.  Heavy,  sinks  in  water.  Sp.  gravity  when  well  dried, 
1.235.  Height  up  to  100  feet. 

E.  corymbosa — Bloodwood.  Subject  to  gum  veins,  and 
consequently  not  so  good  for  sawn  timber.  Very  durable; 
resists  white  ants,  damp,  etc.  Does  not  burn  readily. 
Easily  worked  when  fresh,  but  soon  becomes  very  hard; 
generally  dark  red  color  (Maiden,).  Height  80  to  100  feet. 

E.  corynocalyx  —  Sugar  gum.  Timber  very  heavy;  of 
great  lateral  strength,  very  hard  when  dry,  and  durable. 
Resists  insects,  ants,  damp  rot,  etc.  One  of  the  least 
likely  to  warp  of  the  genus.  Uses:  railroad  ties,  joists, 
rafters,  piles,  planking,  naves  and  felloes  of  wheels,  etc. 
(J.  E.  Brown).  Weighs  69  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot  ("Warren). 
Color,  pale  yellow.  Height  up  to  120  feet. 

E.  crebra — Narrow-leaved  ;  iron  bark.  Hard,  tough,  of 
inlocked  fibre.  Uses :  fence-posts,  building,  sleepers,  bridges, 
piles,  wheelwright  work,  etc.  (Maiden).  Very  heavy.  Sp. 
gravity  1.211  (Capt.  Ward).  Color,  rich  brown.  Height 
60  to  100  feet. 

E.  diversicolor — Karri.  Wood  straight  in  grain,  tough, 
bends  easily  but  is  not  as  easily  worked  as  Eucalyptus  mar- 
ginata.  Uses:  large  planks,  scantlings,  piles,  wheelwright 
work,  rudders,  masts,  etc.  Does  not  finish  well;  very  dur- 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  253 

able  in  water;  subject  to  star-shake.  Color  sometimes  red, 
sometimes  pale  indefinite.  Height  up  to  300  feet  or  even 
more. 


TABLE  SHOWING   COMPARATIVE  TESTS   OF    "  IN- 
DIAN TEAK"  AND  "ENGLISH  OAK:" 

Compared  with  Western  Australian  Tuart  (E.gomphocephald), 
Jarrah  (E.  Marginata],  and  Karri  (E.  diversicolor) . 


Name  of 
Wood. 

Weight  per  cubic 
foot. 

Specific  gravity. 

Transv'se  strength 
per  square  inch. 

Average  Tensile  Experiments 

Vertical  or 
crushing  strains  on 
cubes  of  2  in. 

Number  oi  years 
assigned  by  Eng- 
lish Lloyds  for  ship 
building  purposes. 

Dimen- 
sions of 
each 
piece. 

Weight 
the  piece 
broke 
with. 

Direct 
cohesion 
of 
i  sq.  in. 

Lbs. 

Value 
ofS. 

Inches. 

Lbs.  per    Lbs.  per  i   In  tons 
sq.  iu.    1     sq.  in.     Ipersq.in 

Indian  Teak 

49-47 

807 

2203 

2  X  2  X  30 

13.207 

3,3oi 

2838 

14  years. 

English  Oak 

31.72 

886 

2117 

2  X  2  X  30 

30,287 

7,571 

34" 

9 

Tuart 

73-o6 

1169 

2701 

2  X  2  X  30 

40,487 

10,284 

4195 

Jarrah 

63.12 

IOIO 

1800 

2  X  2  X  30 

11,760 

2,940 

3198 

12           " 

Karri 

61.31 

981 

2264 

2  X  2  X  30 

28,280 

7,070 

5HO 

12           " 

From  the  Official  Catalogue  of  Western  Australia,  Melbourne 
International  Exhibition,   1880. 


E.  eugeneoides — Stringy  bark.  Timber  split  well  but 
not  so  well  as  other  stringy  bark,  but  not  more  lasting 
than  these.  Uses ;  flooring  boards,  palings,  rails,  etc.;  in- 
ferior fuel.  Color,  pale.  Height  up  to  150  feet. 

E.  eximia — Rusty  gum  ;  poor  timber;  good  fuel. 

E.  globulus— Blue  gum  or  fever  tree.  Tall,  straight 
growing;  wood  moderately  strong,  hard,  heavy,  grain 
twisted  or  curled.  In  seasoning  deep  shakes  occur  from 
the  surface  and  it  shrinks  and  warps  considerably  (Laslett.) 


254 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


In  water  it  swells  greatly,  thus  in  the  Tasmanian  vessels 
built  of  this  timber  the  seams  are  scarcely  discernable 
when  these  are  taken  on  the  ways  for  coppering.  Uses: 
Ship-building,  wheelwright  work,  agricultural  implements, 
telegraph  poles,  piles,  bridges.  Its  use  for  railroad  sleepers 
has  been  of  late  years  supplanted  by  Eucalyptus  rostrata 
(checks  too  much  for  their  use  with  ordinary  seasoning,  K). 
L/aslett  says  that  the  old  trees  often  decay  about  the  heart- 
wood  like  some  of  our  old  oaks.  It  is  deemed  to  be  use- 
ful in  the  ways  spoken  of  after  the  eighth  or  tenth  year 
of  age.  Heart  wood  and  sap  wood  are  generally  rejected 
in  Tasmania  as  not  durable.  Color,  generally  pale  yellow, 
sometimes  brown  or  grey.  Height  up  to  330  feet.  Sp. 
gravity  average  by  Balfour,  1.014  (63.19  Ibs  per  cubic  foot). 


TRANSVERSE    EXPERIMENTS. 
(Laslett.) 

Pieces  7  feet  long  by  2  inches   square.     Weight   suspended 
in  the  middle;   both  ends  free. 


] 

Deflections 

M 

^    S?     . 

>> 

1       -g 

No.  of 
the 
Specimen. 

& 

ssl 

s%% 

s  || 

| 

After  the 
Weight 
was  removed. 

At  the  - 
crisis 
of  breaking. 

Total  weigh 
required  to  bre 
each  piece 

1 

M 

0 

to 

1 

& 

Weight  reduc 
to  specific 
gravity  1000 

•-        a 

3  M    * 

!l  1 

A   o   o* 
bo  -2   w 

1        « 

t>           0 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

U>s. 

Lbs. 

! 

•25 

•15 

4  50 

767 

1079 

711 

i9i-75 

2 

75 

.20 

3-75 

602 

997 

604 

150.50 

3 

•35 

.10 

5  75 

710 

1037 

684 

I77-50 

4 

oo 

.00 

3  75 

767 

1108 

692 

I9I-75 

5 

•25 

•  15 

3-So 

684 

1026 

666 

171.00 

6 

00 

.00 

4  oo 

74i 

924 

801 

185-25 

Average 

1.26 

.10 

4.21 

712 

1029 

693 

177.96 

Each  piece  broke  with  a  short  fracture. 


EUCALYPTUS. 


255 


TENSILE  EXPERIMENTS. 
(Laslett.) 


Number  of 
the  specimen. 

Dimensions  of 
each  piece. 

Specific 
gravity. 

Weight 
the  piece 
broke  with. 

Direct  cohesion 
on 
i  square  inch. 

1 

9 
10 
ii 

Inches. 
-\                        / 

y  2x3x30  ^ 

997 
1079 
1037 
1108 
1026 

Lbs. 

14560 
26600 
24360 
26600 
28840 

Lbs. 

3640 
6650 
6090 
6650 
7210 

Average. 

1049                        24192 

6048 

VERTICAL  OR  CRUSHING  STRAIN  ON  CUBES  OF  Two  INCHES. 

1 

No.  12.    No.  13.    No-  14.     No.  15. 
Tons.  '  Tons.      Tons.      Tons. 
12875  '     13000       12750       11125 

No.  16.    No.  17. 
Tons.      Tons. 
10500        13625 

Total. 
Tons. 

73875 

Average 
Tons. 
12312 

Ditto  on 
.    i  square  inch. 
Tons. 
3078 

E  =  778300.                           S  =  1869. 

EXPERIMENTS  ON  THE  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  OF  WOOD 
of  E.  globulus,  by  Baron  von  Mueller  and  J.  G.  Lueh- 
mann.  The  pieces  were  two  inches  square,  two  feet 
long  between  the  supports,  the  weight  suspended  in 
the  middle,  both  ends  free.  The  timber  was  seasoned 
nine  months. 


Deflection  . 

No. 

With 
Apparatus 
Weighing 
720  Ibs. 

After  the 
Weight 
was 
Removed. 

At  the 
Crisis  of 
Breaking. 

required 
Break  each 
piece. 

LW 

^IbdT 

Specific 
Gravity. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches.             Lbs. 

i 

2 

.12 

.08 

N°t 

•75 
.62 

2444 
3224 

1833 
2418 

•938 
•992 

3 

.16 

.04 

.58                    2256 

1692 

•9*3 

4 

.12 

.04 

•75                    2661 

1996 

.942 

5 

.IO 

.02 

•75 

2740 

2055 

•946 

7 

.12 
.12 

•03 
.02 

•55 

2288 
2409 

i 

.927 
.924 

8 

.12 

.04 

.58 

2280 

1710 

.845 

9 

10 

ii 

.16 

3 

NU. 
Nil. 

i 

2252 
3752 
3024 

1689 
2814 
2268 

.852 
1.094 
1.096 

S  (strengtt 

L  (length)  x  W  (weight) 

4  x  b  (breadth)  x  d2  (depth  2) 

2 


O 
PQ 


TIMBE 


t— I 

I 

O 


w 


!* 
PQ 


^> 

P    oo 
oo 

Q    M 

IT 

w 


w 

PH 


s 

o 
r? 
S 


.JS     c 

<L)       0) 

-^   is 


» 


ftl 

C3      OJO 

.S   § 


II 

I/)     M~l 


PH 

a 


AV34Q 


ui 


l! 


JUTOJ 


sqi  'sab 

uiBg  HOB3  jo 


X^IA 


sqt  ui 


3ui;sax  jo  3}Bd 


SUOISU3UIIQ 


ON     vq 

ro       «' 


?      ?      ?      ? 


cT      Jo 


fl        § 


Mirboo. 
Victoria 


II 

1^ 

«    -S 


II 

fc> 

gw 

Ucfl 


S    S 

=  1 

*    5 


EUCALYPTUS. 


257 


E.  gomphocephela,  Touart,  Tooart  or  Tewart  (also- 
called  white  gum) — Wood  heavy,  durable,  tough ;  grain 
close,  curled  or  twisted,  does  not  easily  rend  ;  shrinks  little 
in  seasoning.  Said  to  be  the  least  subject  of  any  Eucalyp- 
tus to  heart  or  star  shakes.  One  of  the  strongest  timbers- 
in  the  world.  Laslett  says  that  he  has  seen  a  specimen  ot 
this  wood  subjected  to  a  ten  year  test  of  weather  exposure 
with  only  in  the  least  degree  showing  any  effect.  Stands 
high  temperatures  as  in  an  engine  room  Uses :  shipbuild- 
ing stern  posts,  keelsons  and  work  below  the  line  of  flota- 
tion, also  for  bridges,  scantlings,  etc.  Color,  pale  yellow 
or  brown.  Height  up  to  150  feet. 

TRANSVERSE   EXPERIMENTS.    (Laslett.) 


Deflections 

o§ 

s-g     1 

•* 

T,O 

Number  of 
Specimen 

/ith  the  Appa- 
itus  Weighing 
y)  Ibs. 

Alter  the 
Weight  was 
removed 

At  the  crisis 
of  Breaking 

Total  Weight 
required  to  Bret 
each  Piece 

•| 
0 

£ 

1 

Weight  reduced 
Specific  Gravity 

Weight  requirec 
Break  i  square  i 

:>  c  « 

i 

Inches 

Inches 

Inches 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

i 

1-25 

•15 

4-50 

1071 

1147 

942 

267-75 

2 

1-25 

.00 

4-50 

972 

"73 

829 

243.00 

3 

i-'5 

.20 

5«oo 

1032 

1184 

872 

258.00 

4 

1-25 

•15 

5.00 

1116 

1147 

973 

279.00 

3 

1.35 

i-35 

•°5 
.10 

4-85 
4-65 

1017 
966 

1170 
"94 

869 
809 

254-25 
241-50 

Average 

1.27 

.108 

4-75 

1029 

1169.16 

S82.23            257.25 

Each  piece  broke  with  moderate  length  of  fracture,  and  very 
fibrous. 

TENSILE   EXPERIMENTS.    (Laslett.) 


Number  of 
Specimen 

Dimensions  of 
each  piece 

Specific 
Gravity 

Weight            Direct  cohesion 
the  piece                       on 
broke  with           i  square  inch 

Inches 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

7 

!r 

"47 

32580 

8820 

8 

1184 

44520 

11130 

9 

10 

2  X  2  X  30       ^ 

"73 
1170 

46900 
34160 

11725 
8540 

ii 

"47 

34720 

8680 

12 

I 

1194 

51240 

12810 

Average 

1169 

40687 

10284 

17 


§8 


O   W 

o  « 


a  a 


PQ 


-     O 

ss 

<1  ^ 


I 


in 


saqoui  ui  ajnidns  jo 
}utod;  IB 


•sab  -s}A\o 

U.OB9  JO 


O  o'   ro        <r>  N   to 

O  O   ON       Oi  O\  d\ 


•sqt  nt 
^qSpAV  33BJ9AV 


ui  sa 


UMOJf) 


I      g 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


259 


VERTICAL  EXPERIMENTS. 
(Laslett.) 


Number  ot 

i  Inch 

2  Inches 

3  Inches 

4  Inches 

the  Specimen 

Crushed  with 

Crushed  with 

Crushed  with 

Crushed  with 

13-16 
17-20 

21-22 
23-24 

Tons 

4.000 
4.500 
4.625 
4-750 

Tons 

16.875 
16.750 
16.500 
17.000 

Tons 

37-625 
33.125 

Tons 
67,00 
64.25 

Average 

44.69 

16.781 

35-375 

65-625 

Do.  per  inch 

4.469 

4-195 

3-931 

4.102 

E  = 

776,990                S  = 

2,701 

E.  goniocalyx  —  Spotted  gum,  grey  gum,  white  gum, 
blue  gum  and  grey  box.  Wood  hard,  tough,  and  usually 
free  from  kino  veins;  durable,  specially  in  ground;  difficult 
to  split.  Uses :  wheelwright,  boat  building,  railroad  ties  ; 
also  good  fuel.  Color,  pale  yellow  or  brownish. 

E.  hemiphloia  —  Yellow  box,  grey  box,  canarywood. 
Hard,  tough,  durable,  very  heavy  and  of  great  lateral 
strength.  Uses:  railroad  sleepers,  wheelwright  work,  piles, 
scantlings,  planks,  posts,  mauls,  large  screws,  cogs  and 
ship  building.  Does  not  split  easily.  Color,  yellow  or  very 
pale  brown.  Height  50  to  60  feet.  Sp.  gravity  1.230. 


<J  "—I 

o  ^ 

«  3 

*  * 

g  & 

s  -g 


J 

<U       0 


1 1 


1-3 

en      O 


B- 

I; 


o 

a    PS 

0)    T3 


^    ^ 

If 

«  ^ 

0) 

£ 


S^ 
& 


ut 


•saipui 


•sqi  m 


-sab  -SJAIO 


sqi  ni  ;oo^ 
ad  ^qSpAV  3 


3BJ9AV 


sqi 


00  00 


00  00 


jo  uoisnatuia 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


261 


E.  leucoxy Ion  —  South  Australian  blue  gum.  Durable, 
tough  and  of  great  lateral  strength.  Good  in  soil  or  water. 
Railroad  sleepers,  bridge  piles  and  planking,  naves  and  fel- 
loes of  wheels,  wagon  shafts,  telegraph  poles,  beams,  axe 
handles.  63^  to  71  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot.  Wood  slightly 
greasy,  which  makes  it  good  for  cogs  in  heavy  mill  wheels. 
Close  and  straight  grained.  Color,  pale  yellow  or  pink. 


Deflection. 

Total 
weight 
required  to 
break  each 
piece. 

Value  of 
strength, 
LW 

4BD2 

Specific  gravity. 

With  the 
Apparatus 
weighing 
780  Ibs. 

At  the 
crisis  of 
breaking. 

Air  dried. 

Absolutely 
dried. 

Inches 

•03 
•03 

Inches 

•63 
.60 

Pounds 

4192 

3977 

3*44 
2983 

1.028 
•     I.c6l 

.908 
.913 

E.  longifolia — Wooly  butt.  Very  durable  but  deficient 
in  strength  and  elasticity.  Uses  :  Posts,  sleepers,  and 
especially  recommended  by  Maiden  for  wood  paving.  Also 
used  generally.  Color,  dark  red,  with  wavy  grain.  Height 
100  to  130  feet.  Specific  gravity,  1.187  (68^  Ibs.  to  cubic 
foot  of  dried  wood). 

E.  macrorrhyncha — Stringy  bark.  Hard,  light,  strong 
and  close  grained,  and  takes  good  polish.  Chiefly  used  for 
fencing  and  wheelright  work.  Splits  easily.  Color,  brown; 
sometimes  pale.  Height  50  to  100  feet.  Specific  gravity, 
937.  A  post  of  this  wood  set  in  the  ground  in  1815  was 
dug  up  sound  in  1861,  (Sir  William  Macarthur). 


262 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


E.  maculata — Spotted  gum.  Strong,  close  grained,  dur- 
able. Splits  easily.  It  is  the  coarsest  grain  of  the  Euca- 
lyptus. Uses  :  Shingles,  staves,  general  building,  street 
paving,  shipbuilding,  wheelwright  work.  Pretty,  wavy 
grain.  Color,  dark  yellow  or  brown.  Height  100  to  150 
feet.  Specific  gravity,  1,035. 

E.  maculata — Var.  citriodora.  Lemon  scented  gum. 
Similar  wood  to  preceeding  but  lighter  and  more  pliable. 
Specific  gravity,  .942.  Height,  40  to  70  feet. 

E.  marginata — Jarrah.  Very  celebrated  for  its  powers 
of  resisting  marine  molusca.  Also  for  durability  in  ground. 
As  we  cannot  grow  this  timber  for  commercial  use  and  its 
value  for  piling  has  been  elsewhere  spoken  of,  it  seems 
unnecessary  to  go  further  into  its  uses.  Color,  red.  Hand- 
some ;  takes  good  polish. 


TRANSVERSE  EXPERIMENTS. 


(Laslett.} 


Deflections. 

M 

-M    ft 

* 

•s 

7,   * 

t 
Number         vu£ 
of  the          £j  5  g 

•^  a!  ro 

specimen.       ^cs.6* 

After  the 
weight  was 
removed 

At  the 
crisis  of 
breaking 

Total  Weigh 
required  to  brc 
each  piece. 

Specific  gravi 

Weight  reduc 
to  specific 
gravity,  looc 

Weight  requir 
to  break 
one  square  inc 

Inches 

Inch 

Inches 

Lb. 

Lb. 

i                 2.85 

.10 

4.50 

743 

987 

753 

185-75 

2                          3-25 

•  i  5 

4-5° 

638 

1049 

608 

I59-50 

3                  3-25 

•15 

5.00 

66  1 

977 

677 

165-25 

4                  3-50 

•15 

5.00 

66  1 

1039 

636 

165-25 

5           ,        3-15 

.10 

4-50 

726 

1006 

722 

181.50 

6                  3-25 

.15 

4-75 

685 

1002 

684 

171.25 

Total              19.25 

.80 

28.25 

4114 

6060 

4080 

1028  50 

Average           3.21 

•  133 

4.71 

685  66 

IOIO 

680 

171.416 

EUCAL  YPTUS. 


263 


TENSILE  EXPERIMENTS. 
(Laslett.) 


Number  of 
the  Specimen 

Dimensions  of 
each  piece 

Specific 
Gravity 

Weight  the  piece 
broke  with 

Direct  cohesion 
on  i  square  inch 

I 

Inches 

j        2  X  2  X  30       j 

957 
1      I006 

Lbs. 

10.080 
13.440 

Lbs. 

2.5-0 

3.360 

Total 

1993 

23.520 

5.880 

Average 

996 

11.760                        2.940 

VERTICAL  OR  CRUSHING  STRAIN  ON  CUBES  OF  Two  INCHES. 

No.  9 
Tons 

12.875 

No.  10  ;  No.  ii 
Tons       Tons 
13.000  |    12.625 

No.  12     ] 
Tons 
12.750 

>*0.  13     No.  14 
Tons      Tons 
12.750      12.750 

1 

Total 
Tons 
76.75 

Ditto  on 
Average     square  inch 
Tons               Tons 
12.792               3.198 

E  =  296810            s  =  1800 

1 

A  recent  paper  (Oct.  29th,  1895,)  by  Prof.  Maiden  and 
J.  V.  DeCogne,  goes  into  the  question  of  piling  resistant 
to  cobra  (teredo),  they  report  great  differences  in  the  resist- 
ing powers  of  Jarrah  in  this  regard.  The  paper  is  mainly 
on  Turpine  Timber  vs.  Toredo.  The  botanical  name  of 
this  excellent  tree  is  Syncarpia  laurifolia,  but  it  has  not 
proved  a  reliable  resistent  to  cobra. 


E.  melliodora — Yellow  Jacket.  Yellow  box.  Honey  - 
scented.  Timber  hard,  tough,  durable  in  water  and  under 
ground.  Heavy;  not  fissile.  Good  fuel,  and  for  wheelwright 
and  other  uses — telegraph  poles  etc.,  -but  not  for  planking. 
Color,  yellow.  Height  40  to  50  feet.  Specific  gravity,  .965 
to  1.125,  or  from  60  to  70  pounds  per  cubic  foot. 


264 


EUCALYPTUS. 


EXPERIMENTS  ON  THE  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  OF  THE 
Wood  of  Eucalyptus  melliodora,  by  Baron  Mueller  and 
J.  G.  lyUehmann.  The  specimens  were  2  feet  long  and 
2  inches  square. 


.  Deflection 

Specific  Gravity 

Total 

Value  of 

1 
With  the    ! 
Apparatus          A.t.the/. 
weighing          crisis  of 
780  Ibs.           breaking 

weight 
required  to 
break  each 
piece 

strength, 
I,W 

Air  dried 

Absolutely 
dried 

4BD2 

Inches             Inches 

Pounds 

.06                     .58 

2903 

2177 

1.  112 

•947 

.08                     .63 

1 

2781 

2086                       1.040 

.876 

E.  microcorys — Tallow-wood.  Timber  strong  and  durable 
above  and  below  ground.  Uses :  Wheelwright  and  floor- 
ing, especially  of  ball  rooms.  Wood  greasy,  whence 
•comes  name.  Color,  yellow  or  yellowish  brown.  Height 
100  to  120  feet. 

E.  microtheca— Black  or  Flooded  Box,  and  other  pre- 
fixes to  boxwood.  Very  hard,  heavy  and  elastic.  Does  well 
as  piles  and  ties  in  railroad  work  and  in  building.  Color, 
reddish  to  brown.  A  desert  tree. 

E.  obliqua — Stringy  bark,  Iron  Box,  Messmate,  straight 
.and  fissile,  easily  worked  and  so  more  generally  used  than 
other  Eucalypti  for  building,  fencing,  scantlings,  shingles,  etc. 
Has  a  tendency  to  warp.  Near  base  has  beautiful  wavy 
figure  ;  very  ornamental  ;  color  buff  or  light  brown. 


EXPERIMENTS  ON  THE  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  OF  THE 
wood  of  Eucalyptus  obliqua,  by  Baron  Mueller  and  J.  G. 
lyUehmann.  The  specimens  were  2  ft.  long  and  2  in. 
square. 


fiuai 

™ 


Deflection.                          Total 
weight 

Value    of 
strength, 
LW 
S=  
4BD2 

Specific  Gravity. 

With 
the    apparatus 
weighing 
780  Ibs. 

,     required 
to 
At    the    crisis    brea.k  each 
of  breaking           piece. 

Air-dried. 

Absolutely 
dried. 

Inches. 

.12 
.14 

Inches.             Pounds. 
.50                      *,°53 
.48            '         L776 

1,54° 
1,332 

i.°45 
•935 

.867 
.783 

Subject  like  Jarrah  and  many  other  Eucalypti  to  defects 
due  to  kino  veins. 

E.  occidentals — Flat-topped  Yate.  Timber  hard,  heavy 
strong  and  durable.  Uses — fences,  sleepers,  posts,  fuel  ;  also 
wheelwright  work.  Height,  30  to  80  feet. 

E.  pilularis— Blackbutt.  Also  called  Flintwood  or  Mount- 
ain Ash.  Timber  strong,  durable,  thoroughly  safe  and  well 
tried.  Uses — House  building,  bridges,  planking,  paving, 
etc.  Prof.  Maiden  places  this  timber  next  to  iron  wood 
(Eucalyptus  sideroxylon)  and  tallow- wood  for  general  pur- 
poses. Next  to  Eucalyptus  siderophloia  it  has  endured  a 
greater  crushing  strain  than  any  other  Eucalypti.  Color 
generally  pale  or  warm  brown.  Generally  fissile,  but  occa- 
sionally refractory  in  this  respect.  Height  100  to  150  feet. 
Capt.  Ward,  R.  E.,  found  the  deflection  in  a  sample  of 
this  timber  to  be  1.35  inches,  the  material  used  being  4 
feet  long  by  2  inches  square,  loaded  in  the  middle  with  a 
weight  of  980  pounds,  while  the  elasticity  remained  unim- 
paired, breaking  under  a  weight  of  1,232  pounds.  Specific 
gravity  .990,  (61  Ibs.  14  oz.  per  cubic  foot).  Requires  care 
in  curing. 

E.  polyanthema — Red  Box.  Den  tree.  Great  durability 
is  attributed  to  this  wood.  It  is  one  of  the  most  sought 
for  wheelwright  work,  cogs  for  wheels,  supports  in  mines, 
etc.  One  of  the  best  fuels.  It  is  very  tough  and  hard. 


266 


EUCALYPTUS. 


''Its  hardness  is  against  its  general  use" — (Maiden). 
Color,  handsome  red  or  reddish  brown.  Height  50  to  70 
feet. 

EXPERIMENTS  ON  THE  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  OF  THE 
wood  of  Eucalyptus  polyanthema,  by  Baron  Mueller 
and  J.  G.  L,uehmann.  The  specimens  were  2  feet  long 
and  2  inches  square. 


Deflection. 

• 

Total 
weight 
required 
to  break 
each 
piece. 

Value  ot 
Strength, 

IvW 

Specific  Gravity 

With  the 
apparatus 
weighing 
780  Ibs. 

At  the 
crisis  of 
Breaking 

Absolutely 
Air-dried.             dried 

4BD2 

Inches. 

.10 

.08 

Inches. 

.56 

.58 

Pounds. 

3215 
3<45 

2411 
2359 

|     ' 

1.248                   1.031 
1.214                    i.oio 

Height  occasionally  up  to  250  feet. 
Victoria  and  New  South  Wales. 

E.  resinifera — Red  or  forest  mahogany.  Has  been 
often  confused  with  siderophloia  in  timber  tests.  Very 
strong,  durable,  hard  and  sound.  Particularly  free  from 
shakes.  Hard  to  work.  Uses — piles,  ships'  knees,  etc., 
posts  and  general  building.  Smooth  grain.  Color,  dark  red 
or  brown.  Height  80  to  120  feet. 

E.  robusta — White  or  swamp  mahogany.  Very  durable, 
resists  insect  pests,  not  very  fissile  and  very  brittle.  Uses 
—ship  building,  general  building  purposes,  posts,  etc. 
Color,  reddish.  Special  gravity  1.098  air-dried;  .889  abso- 
lutely dry.  A  slab  seasoned  over  25  years  weighed  58 
pounds,  90  ounces  to  the  cubic  foot.  Height  100  to  150 
feet.  19  per  cent,  kino-red. 

E.  rostrata— red  gum.  Timber  strong,  durable,  very 
hard  when  dry.  Uses — piles,  posts,  especially  in  damp 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


267 


ground ;  sleepers,  bridges,  ship  building  and  for  general 
purposes.  Next  to  Jarrah  the  most  durable  of  the  gums. 
16.62  per  cent.  Kino-red.  Color,  red — often  very  dark  red, 
—curly  and  figured,  takes  a  fine  polish.  Very  handsome. 
One  ton  dried  wood,  4  pounds  pearl  ash  or  2%  pounds 
pure  potash,  (Mueller).  Height  up  to  100  feet. 

EXPERIMENTS  ON  THE  TRANSVERSE  STRENGTH  OF  THE 
wood  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  var.  (Dark  Red  Gum),  by 
Baron  Mueller  and  J.  G.  Luehmann.  The  specimens 
were  2  feet  long  and  2  inches  square. 


Deflection. 

Total 
weight 
required 
to 
break 
each 
piece. 

Value  of 
Strength 
LW 

Specific  Gravity. 

With                   At  the 
the    apparatus       crisis  of 
weighing            breaking 
780  Ibs. 

Air-dried 

Absolutely 
dried 

4BD2 

Inches.                Inches. 
.10                       .65 
;               09                       .68 

Pounds. 

2539 
2417 

1904 
1813 

1-045 
•984 

-874 
.809 

Eucalyptus  rostrata  var.   (Pale  Red  Gum  ) 


Deflection.                        Total 
Weight      \     Value  of 

Specific  Gravity. 

required         strengln, 

With 

to                           LW 

the    apparatus 
weighing 
780  Ibs. 

At  the 
crisis    of 
breaking 

break 
each 
piece 

S=  
4BD2 

Air-dried 

Absolutely 
dried 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

.08 

•52 

2781 

2086 

1.008 

.843 

.07 

.48 

2712 

2034 

•94° 

.790 

E.  saligna — Blue  gum,  New  South  Wales.  Straight 
grower,  fine  for  spars;  very  heavy;  rather  subject  to  shakes; 
cross-grained;  does  not  burn  readily;  durable.  Uses — gen- 
eral, but  not  greatly  esteemed.  Color,  red  or  warm  brown. 
Wavy  grain.  Height  100  to  120  feet.  Often  confused  in 
tests  with  botryoids. 


268 


EUCALYPTUS. 


6.  siderophloia — White  mahogany  ;  also  red  iron-bark. 
"This  timber  has  the  highest  reputation  for  strength  and 
durability,"  (Maiden.)  Very  hard  and  heavy.  Uses: 
General  ;  especially  good  for  beams  in  warehouses  where 
great  strength  is  required.  Sought  for  spokes,  ship-build- 
ing, etc.  Color,  dark  red  or  brown.  Wavy  grain.  Specific 
gravity  1.15.  Confused  in  tests  with  resinifera. 


TRANSVERSE   EXPERIMENTS. 
(Laslett.) 


t> 

Deflections 

9 

^ 

1 

1 

Number  of  tl 
Specimen 

With  the  Appa- 
ratus Weighing 
390  Ibs. 

AI 

At  the  crisis 
of  Breaking 

Total  Weight 
required  to 
Break  each  P; 

Specific  Grav 

Weight  Redu 
to  Specific 
Gravity,  1000 

Weight  Requi 
to  Break 
i  Square  Inch 

i 

Inches 

•85 

Inch 

.0 

Inches 

3-75 

Pounds 

1460 

1163 

1255 

Pounds 

3650 

2 

1.  00 

.0 

3-50 

1370 

1146 

"95 

342-5 

3 

.90 

.0 

4.00 

1400 

1142 

1226 

4 

I,OO 

.0 

4.00 

1400 

1116 

1254 

35oo 

Total 

3-75 

.0 

15.25 

5630 

4567 

4930 

1407-5 

Average 

•94 

.0 

3.812 

.407.5 

1142 

1232 

351-9 

No.  i—  Wiry  fracture,  16  inches  in  length. 

"      2—                                          12           " 

"    3—                              10        " 

"    4  —  Broke  short  to  one-third  depth,  then  splintery  fracture,  10  in.  in  length. 

EUCAL  YPTUS. 


269 


TENSILE   EXPERIMENTS. 
(Laslett.) 


Number  of 
Specimen 

Dimensions  of 
each  piece 

Specific 
Gravity 

Weight 
the  piece 
broke  with 

Direct  cohesion 
on 
i  Square  Inch 

5 
6 

7 

Inches 
|     2x2x30    | 

1142 
1146 
1163 

Pounds 

34.160 
26,880 
39,48o 

Pounds 

8,540 
6,720 
9,870 

Total 

345i 

100,520 

25,130 
8,377 

Average 

i  '50 

33,507 

VERTICAL  OR  CRUSHING  STRAIN  ON  CUBES  OF  Two  INCHES 

No.  8          No.  9     !    No.  10        No.  11         Total 
Tons          Tons          Tons          Tons          Tons 
18.500         17.625    j     18.500         19.000         73-625 

Ditto  on 
Average              i  Square  Inch 
Tons                         Tons 
18  406                          4.601 

E  =  960740                                       S  =  3695 

E.  sideroxylon — Ironbark.  Straight  bole.  High  reputa- 
tion for  strength  and  durability  (Maiden).  One  of  the 
hardest  and  heaviest  of  Australian  woods,  durable.  Uses: 
Piles,  bridges,  poles  for  drays,  large  beams,  etc.  Average 
weight,  75  to  78  Ibs  per  cubic  foot  green;  loses  3  to  5  Ibs 
in  first  two  years  drying;  subject  to  shakes,  difficult  to 
dress,  fine  fuel;  color  rich  red  or  dark  red,  sometimes 
brown.  Sp.  gravity,  1.176.  Height  up  to  200  feet. 


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EUCAL  YPTUS.  271 

E.  Stuartiana — Apple  scented  gum.  Hard  and  durable 
and  well  spoken  of  for  underground  work ;  also  spoken  of 
as  poor.  Not  easily  split.  Uses:  Fence  posts,  planks, 
sleepers,  etc.  Takes  a  polish  well.  Color,  wavy  brown  or 
red.  Height,  60  to  90  feet.  Specific  gravity  i.oio  air  dried. 

E.  tereticornis — Red  gum  ;  also  called  grey  gum,  blue 
gum  and  flooded  gum.  Timber  practically  same  as  rostrata. 

E.  viminalis — Manna  gum  ;  also  white  gum.  Reputa- 
tion of  timber  poor ;  not  so  durable  as  other  Eucalyptus 
that  are  much  used.  Used  for  fences,  shingles  and  gener- 
ally in  building  ;  center  or  heart  wood  no  use.  Color,  pale. 
Height,  320  feet.  Specific  gravity  .954. 


272  EUCAL  YPTUS. 


SOME  ABORIGINAL  AUSTRALIAN  AND  l/ERNACULAR  NAMES 
OF  SPECIES  OF  EUCALYPTUS. 


It  will  be  noticed  by  this  list  that  vernacular  names, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  are  confused  and  uncertain. 
Each  distinct  district  in  Australia  has  a  nomenclature  of 
the  Eucalyptus  more  or  less  individual.  In  cases  where 
1  had  information  as  to  the  district  in  which  a  name  was 
current  I  have  added  the  district  after  the  scientific  name. 


Apple-scented  Gum — E.  Stuartiana. 

Arang-nulta — E.  tereticornis. 

Ash,  Morton  Bay — E.  tessellaris. 

Arang-Mill — E.  terminalis. 

Ash-Mountain — E.  pauciflora,  E.  amygdalina,   E.  pilularis  (N.  S.  W.), 

E.  Siberiana  (N.  S.  W.),  E.  Stuartiana. 
Ash,  Mountain  Black — E.  sideroxylon,  E.  goniocalyx,  E.  Sieberiana. 

B 

Ballook — E.  globulus  (Gippsland). 

Bangalay — E.  botryoides  (N.  S.  W.) 

Barroul — Goura.     E.  tereticornis. 

Benaroon—ft.  pilularis  (N.  S.  W.) 

Bembill — E.  populifolia. 

Biall — E.  rostrata. 

Binnak — E.  botryoides  (East  Gippsland). 

Binnap — E.  viminalis  (Victoria). 

Blackbutt — E.  haemastoma,  E.  patens,  E.  pilularis,  E.  piperita. 

Black  Gum—R.  stellulata. 

Black  Sallee—R.  stellulata. 

Blood  Wood  Tree-^-&.  corymbosa,  E.  paniculata,  E.  trachyphloia. 

Blood  Wood,  Mountain — E.  eximia. 

Blue  Gum — E.  globulus,  E.  goniocalyx,  E.  haemostoma,  E.  megacarpa* 
E  viminalis  (western  N.  S.  W.),  E.  rudis,  E.  saligna,  E.  botryoides, 
E.  tereticornis.  E.  leucoxylon,  E.  diversicolor,  E.  rostrata  (Sydney). 


EUCALYPTUS.  273 

Boona — E.  corymbosa  (Queensland). 

Brown  Gum — E.  robusta. 

Box — E.  hemiphloia,  E.  largiflorens,  E.  viminalis,  E.    microtheca,  E. 
odorata. 

Box,  Bastard — E.  goniocalyx,    E.  punctata,   E.  largiflorens,  E.  micro- 
theca (N.  S.  W  ),  E.  tereticornis,  E.  polyanthema. 

Box,  Bembil — E.   populifolia. 

Box,  Black — E.  largiflorens,  E.  microtheca  (Queensland),  E.  obliqua,  E. 
stellulata,  E.  Stuartiana  (Queensland.) 

Box,  Broad-leaved — E.  acmenoides. 

Box,  Brown — E.  polyanthema. 

Box,  Dwarf— E.  microtheca. 

Box,  Flooded — E.  microtheca  (Gulf  of  Carpentaria.) 

Box,  Gray — E.   goniacalyx,  E.  polyanthema,  E.  largiflorons,  E.  saligna 
(N.  S.  W.) 

Box-Gum  Topped — E.  hemiphloia. 

Box,  Iron-Barked — E.  obliqua. 

Box,  Narrow-Leaved — E.  microtheca. 

Box,  Poplar — E.  populifolia. 

Box,  Red — E.  polyanthema,  E.  populifolia. 

Box,  Shining — E.  populifolia. 

Box,  Thozet's  E.  Ravertiana. 

Box,  White — E.  hemiphloia,  E.  odorata,  E.  populifolia. 

Box,  Yellow — E.  melliodora,  E.  largiflorens. 

Brittle  Gum — E.  haemostoina.     Variety  micrantha. 

But  But—&.  Stuartiana. 

c 

Cabbage  Gum — E.  Sieberiana. 

Callaille — E.  microtheca. 

Canary  Wood — E.  hemiphloia. 

Carbeen — E.  tesseloris. 

Creek  Gum — E.  rostrata  (Western  N.  S.  W.) 

Cider  Gum — E.  Gunnii. 

Cooly  Bah—^E.  microtheca. 

Cooburn — E.  largiflorens. 

Corang — E.  tessillaris. 

Crimson  Flowered  Gum — E.  ficifolia. 

D 

Dadangba — E.  robusta. 
Dargan — E.  melliodora. 
Den — E.  polyanthema. 
Desert  Gum — E.  gracilis. 
Drooping  Gum — E.  pauciflora,  E.  viminalis. 
18 


-374  EUCALYPTUS. 

E 

Easip — E.  leucoxylon. 

Egola — E.  populifolia  (N.  Queensland). 

F 

Fat  Cake — E.  leucoxylon. 

Fever  Tree — E.  globulus. 

Forest  Gum — E.  rostrata  (Queensland). 

Flooded  Gum — E.  discipiens.  E.    rudis,   E.   saligna.    E.   tereticornis,    E. 

Gunnii  (S.  W.),  E.  pauciflora,  E.  rostrata. 
Flint  Wood — E.  pilularis. 
Fluted  Gum — E.  salubris. 

G 

Giant  Gum — E.  amygdalina. 

Gimlet  Gum — E.  salubris. 

Goborta  or  Gobboro'—Q.  microtheca  (Western  N.  S.  W.) 

Guorpin — E.  robusta. 

Gray  Gum — E.    crebra,   E.    Raveretiana,    E.   saligna,  E.  tereticornis,  E. 

resinifera,  E.  punctata,  E.  stuartiana,  E.  viminalis (Sydney,) 
Green  Gum — E.  stellulata. 
Gum  Top — E.  Sieberiana. 
Gunnung—R.  robusta,  (N.  S.  W.) 

H 

Hickory — E.  punctata,  E.  resinifera. 


I 

Ilumba — E.  tessellaris. 
Iron  Bark — E.  crebra,  E.  sideroxylon,  E.  paniculata,  E.  siderophloia,  E. 

Sieberiana,  E.  resinifera,  E.  largiflorens.  E.  macrorryncha  (McAllister 

River.) 

Iron  Bark.  Broad-leaved — E.  siderophloia. 
Iron  Bark,  Lemon-scented — E.  Stdgeriana  (Queensland). 
Iron  Bark,  Narrow-leaved — Red,  white  or  grey — E.  crebra. 
Iron  Bark,  Red—T&.  paniculata  (N.  S.  W.) 
Iron  Bark,  Red,  Flowered — E.  sideroxylon. 
Iron  Bark,  She — E.  paniculata. 

Iron  Bark,  Silver-leaved — E.  pruinosa,  E.  melanophloia. 
Iron  Bark,  White — E.  paniculata. 
Iron  Gum — E.  Raveretiana. 


EUCALYPTUS.  275 

J 


Jarrah — E.  marginata. 

Jerrile — E.  marginata. 

Jimbul  Kurleah — E.  microtheca  (N.  Queensland). 

Jimmy  Low — E.  resinifera. 

Jundete — E.  acmenoides  (N.  S.  W.) 

K 

Kangara — E.  citriodora. 

Karri — E.  diversicolor. 

Kimbarra — E.  robusta  (Queensland.) 

Kino — E.  resinifera,  E.  siderophloia. 

Kurra-Gurra — E.  haemostoma  (Queensland.) 

Koloneu — E.  microtheca  (Queensland.) 


Lead  Gum— E.  stellulata  (N.  S.  W.) 
Leather  Jacket — E.  punctata. 
Lignum  Vitce — E.  polyanthema. 
Lemon-scented  Gum — E.  citriodora. 

M 

Maalok — E.  obcordata. 

Mahogany — E.  marginata. 

Mahogany  Bastard — E.  botryoides. 

Mahogany  Forest — E,  microcorys,  E.  resinifera. 

Mahogany  Red — E.  resinifera. 

Mahogany  Swamp — E.  robusta. 

Mahogany  White — E.  acmenoides. 

Mallee — E.  gracilis,  E.  oleosa,  E.  incrassata,  E.  uncinata.     This  scrub  or 

brush  growth  is  called  by  the  natives  Weir  Mallee. 
Mallee  Ooldea—E.  pyriformis  (S.  A.) 
Manna  Gum — E.  viminalis,  E.  amygdalina  (N.  S.  W.) 
Messmate — E.  amygdalina,  E.  piperita,  E.  obliqua,  E.'macrorryncha. 
Mountain  Apple — E.  goniocalyx. 
Mountain  Gum — E.  tereticornis. 
Morrel — E.  macrocarpa. 
Muzzle  IVood—E.  stellulata. 
Mungurra,  or  Mungara — E.  tereticornis  (N.  S.  W.) 

N 

Nankeen  Gum—E.  populifolia  (N.  A.) 
Narulgun — E.  hemiphloia. 


276  EUCALYPTUS. 

O 

Ooragmandee — E.  fcecunda. 

P 

Peppermint — E.  Stuartiana,  E.  amygdalina,  E.  piperita,  E.  viminalis 
(Victoria),  E.  odorata,  E.  capitellata,  E.  microcorys  (Queensland.) 

Peppermint,  Narrow-leaved- — Brown  or  White.     E.  amygdalina. 

Poplar-leaved  Gum — E.  polyanthema. 

Red  Gum — E.  rostrata,  E.  melliodora  (Victoria),  E.  odorata  (S.  A.),  E. 
punctata,  E.  calophylla,  E.  tereticornis,  E.  resinifera,  E.  Stuartiana 
(Tasmania),  E.  amygdalina  (Victoria),  E.  Gunnii  (N.  S.  W.) 

Red  Wood — E.  piperita. 

Ribbony  Gum — E.  viminalis  (Southern  N.  S.  W.) 

River  Gum — E.  rostrata  (N.  S.  W.  and  Queensland.) 

Rushy  Gum — E.  eximia. 

S 

Salmon  Barked — E.  salmonophloia. 

Sallee—H.  stellulata. 

Scarlet-Flowered  Gum — E.  miniata,  E.  phosnicea. 

Scribbly  Gum — E  haemastoma. 

Silky  Gum—%.  saligna  (N.  S.  W.) 

Spear  Wood — E.  doratoxylon. 

Slaty-Gum — E.  largiflorens,  E.  tereticornis  (N.  S.  W.) 

Spotted  Gum — E.  maculata,  E.  goniocalyx,  E.  hsemostoma,  E.  capitellata 
(New  England  district  of  N.  S.  W.) 

Stringy  Bark — E.  obliqua,  E.  capitellata,  E.  macrorryncha,  E.  piperita, 
E.  tetrodonta,  E.  amygdalina  (N.  S.  W.),  E.  acmenoides  (Queens- 
land), E.  Baileyana,  E.  pilularis,  E.  Sieberiana,  E.  Stuartiana. 

String  Bark  Silver-leaved — E.  pulverulenta. 

Stringy  Bark  White — E.  piperita,  E.  eugenioides,  E.  capitellata. 

Sugar  Gum — E.  corynocalyx,  E.  Gunnii  (S.  E.  Australia.) 

Swamp  Gum — E.  Gunnii,  E.  amygdalina,  E.  rudis,  E.  pauciflora,  E. 
viminalis. 

T 

Tallow-  Wood — E.  microcorys. 

Tcheetgun — E.  pilularis  (Queensland). 

Tanderoo — E.  siderophloia  (Queensland). 

Tangoon  "\ 

or        v    E.  microtheca. 

Targoon    J 

Tea  Tree— E.  Stuartiana  (Queensland). 

Tee — E.  microcorys. 

Tewart 

Touart        ^     E.  gomphocephala. 

Tooart 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  277 

Tjellat — E.  tereticornis. 

Toi — E.  pilularis  (Queensland). 

Turpentine — E.  pulverulenta,  E.  microcorys,  E.  punctata,  E.  Stuartiana. 

u 

i  'rara — E.  citriodora. 

w 

Wandoo — E.  redunca. 

Wangara — E.  amygdalina. 

Wanguarra — E.  obliqua. 

Wangee — E.  microcorys. 

Weeping  Gitm—E.  pauciflora  (Tasmania),  E.  viminalis  (N.  S.  W.) 

White  Gum — E.  amygdalina,  E.  goniocalyx,  E.  haemostoma,  E.  leucoxy- 
lon,  E.  paniculata,  E.  pauciflora,  E.  redunca,  E. populifolia  (Queens- 
land), E  rostrata  (S.  A.),  E.  saligna,  E.  viminalis,  E.  gomphocephala, 
E.  Gunnii. 

White  Top—E.  pilularis  (N.  S.  W.) 

Willoiv—^.  pilularis  (N.  S.  W.) 

Woollybutt — E.  longifolia,  E.  botryoides,  E.  Raveretiana,  E.  viminalis, 
E.  Sturtiana  (N.  S.  W.) 

Woolgook — E.  obliqua  (Victoria). 

Y 

Yandee — E.  foecunda. 

\angoora — E.  macrorryncha,  E.  capitellata,  E.  piperita. 

Yarrah — E.  rostrata  (Western  Interior). 

Yate  or  Yeit — E.  cornuta. 

1  ate — Flat-topped — E.  occidentalis. 

Yathoo — E.  microtheca. 

Yellow  Blood  Wood — E.  eximia. 

Yellow  Gum — E.  Gunnii,  E.  punctata. 

Yellow  Jacket — E.  ochrophloia,  E.  peltata,  E.  rostrata  (Queensland). 

Yerrick — E.  sideroxylon  (Gippsland). 

York  Gum — E.  foecunda  (E.  loxophleba) . 

Yownt — E.  Sieberiana. 

The  vernacular   names  current    in  California    for    species 
of  the  Eucalyptus  are  as  follows: 

Blue  gum — E.  globulus  only. 

Manna  gum — E.  viminalis. 

Red  gum — E.  rostrata,  E.  tereticornis,  and,  in  error,   E.  viminalis,  E. 

occidentalis,  E.  resinifera. 
Sugar  gum — E.  corynocalyx. 
Yate — E.  cornuta. 


EUCAL  YPTUS. 


EUCALYPTUS  OIL6, 


The  use  of  Eucalyptus  oils  is  constantly  increasing  in 
medicine  and  yet  the  marked  differences  in  the  oils  derived 
from  different  species  of  Hucalyptus  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  realized  by  the  physician  or  by  the  apothecary.  Gen- 
erally several  species  of  Eucalyptus  are  recognized  as  reli- 
able sources  of  medicinal  oils;  amongst  these  may  be  named 
Eucalyptus  globulus  and  Eucalyptus  amygdalina.  The  first 
of  these  contains  about  60  per  cent  of  Eucalyptol  to  which 
its  medicinal  value  is  attributed.  The  chemical  formula 
of  this  is  Cio  Hl6  O.  Eucalyptus  amygdalina  on  the  other 
hand  contains  but  a  trace  of  Eucalyptol,  if  any.  It  has  a 
number  of  forms,  the  oils  of  which  differ  considerably  from 
each  other,  all  of  them  however  have  Eucalyptol  replaced 
by  Phellandrene.  The  chemical  form  of  Phellandrene  is 
Cio  HI6.  It  is  clear  that  whatever  value  Phellandrene  may 
have  in  medicine  it  cannot  be  properly  put  in  a  prescription 
that  calls  for  Eucalyptol  or  an  oil  containing  it.  The  in- 
creased use  of  the  Eucalyptus  oils  derived  from  the  solid 
plantations  of  E.  globulus  in  California  and  in  Algiers  is 
thus  seen  to  rest  upon  reasonable  grounds  and  must 
give  increased  reliability  to  medicinal  preparations  from 
the  Eucalyptus.  Eucalyptol  is  best  recognized  and  known 
in  its  therapeutic  effects,  but  Phellandrene  is  also  known 
to  have  very  similar  effects  and  may  be  as  good  or  better 
than  Eucalyptol. 


EUCALYPTUS.  279 

The  different  and  in  some  cases  contradictory  reports  I 
have  seen  on  the  Eucalyptus  oils  induced  me  to  secure  the 
aid  of  S.  M.  Woodbridge,  Ph.  D.,  in  making  some  ex- 
aminations of  these  oils  taken  from  species  identified  here. 
I  give  the  result  of  the  doctor's  work  in  his  own  words. 
I  also  reproduce  a  recent  article  03^  Prof.  J.  H.  Maiden, 
taken  from  the  Chemist  and  Druggist  of  Australasia,  March, 
1895.  Samples  of  the  Eucalyptus  oils  made  by  Dr.  Wood- 
bridge,  will  be  placed  in  the  Los  Angeles  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. 

One  of  the  results  of  Dr.  Woodbridge 's  distillations  has 
been  to  determine  me  in  recognizing  several  species  not 
recognized  by  Baron  Von  Mueller.  Where  in  addition  to- 

bud,  flower  and  fruit  differences,   as    for   instance,    between 

• 

Eucalyptus  globulus  and  Eucalyptus  Mortoniana,  we  have 
oil  derived  from  the  foliage  almost  at  the  extremes  of  dif- 
ference in  the  genus  in  yield  and  character,  we  may  well 
agree  to  recognize  specific  rank  in  each  case.  In  other 
species  while  the  difference  in  the  oils  is  not  so  great  it  is 
still  sufficiently  marked  to  justify  specific  rank  where  now 
only  forms  or  varieties  are  recognized.  It  was  the  oil  that 
caused  me  to  set  up  as  a  species  Eucalyptus  Californica 
from  what  was  before  deemed  a  form  of  Eucatyptus  occi- 
dentalis.  Eucalyptus  Californica  itself  has  two  forms  from 
only  one  of  which  could  I  obtain  leaves  for  distillation  and 
that  the  least  attractive  with  a  greenish  yellow  flower  and 
more  drooping  habit.  The  beautiful  Eucalyptus  Californica 
with  the  crimson  flower  and  so  constantly  in  bloom  at  the 
Santa  Monica  Forestry  Station,  we  have  in  only  one  tree. 

Amongst  the  striking  results  of  the  Woodbridge  distil- 
lation we  may  note  the  following: 

Typical   amygdalina  gave    256.5   ozs.  to  the  1000  Ibs.  of 


28o  EUCALYPTUS. 

leaves.  Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  var.  regnans,  gave  180.5 
ozs.,  while  the  var.  angustifolia  gave  but  148.7.  The  oil 
from  the  first  was  a  clear  yellow,  while  the  other  two  were 
green  but  of  different  shades.  While  all  these  bear  a  dis- 
tinctive pepperminty-Eucalyptus  odor  and  taste  they  were 
markedly  different  from  each  other  in  intensity.  The 
specific  gravity  of  the  first  oil  was  at  the  extreme  end  of 
the  line  in  lightness  from  that  of  the  other  two.  Besides 
the  three  forms  of  amygdalina  examined  we  have  here  two 
others  quite  as  distinct  in  appearance.  I  have  no  doubt 
that  the  botanic  individuality  of  several  forms  of  amygda- 
lina should  be  given  specific  rank  if  only  from  the  deep- 
seated  difference  shown  to  exist  by  their  oils. 

Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  var.  pallida,  contains  181.36  oz. 
of  oil.  Eucalyptus  sideroxylon,  with  green  foliage  and 
white  flowers,  contains  146.6  oz.,  and  is  next  to  Eucalyptus 
Stuartiana,  the  heaviest  of  the  Eucalyptus  oils  examined. 
Eucalyptus  leucoxylon,  formerly  taking  in  Eucalyp- 
tus sideroxylon  as  a  form,  contains  but  33.3  oz.  of  oil. 
Eucalyptus  globulus  contains  134.8  oz.,  and  Eucalyptus 
Mortoniana,  suggested  to  be  a  form  of  Eucalyptus  globulus, 
contains  but  10.90  oz. 

The  oils  from  Eucalyptus  rostrata  and  Eucalyptus  tereti- 
cornis appear  to  be  as  similar  in  character  as  they  are  in 
yield.  This  is  in  flat  contradiction  to  the  position  of 
Schimmel  &  Co.,  as  quoted  by  Maiden.  The  question  then 
arises  as  to  whether  Schimmel  &  Co.,  had  the  oil  of  tereti- 
cornis. If  they  did  we  have  no  tereticornis  here.  The 
marked  difference  between  rostrata  and  tereticornis  is  only 
in  the  bud  according  to  what  I  can  make  out.  The  bud 
cap  of  tereticornis  is  like  a  candle  snuffer  or  sugar  loaf, 
while  that  of  rostrata  is  drawn  down  to  a  beak-like  form. 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  281 

The  accompanying  plates  of  these  two  flowers  can  be 
studied.  What  I  have  recently  noted  in  groves  and  plan- 
tations of  rostrata  is  a  tendency  in  the  bud  caps  to  vary 
toward  the  tereticornis  form.  The  similarity  of  the  oils 
suggests  the  possible  propriety  of  reducing  tereticornis  to  a 
form  of  rostrata. 

Mr.  Joseph  Bosisto,  one  of  the  first  and  largest  pro- 
ducers of  Eucalyptus  oil,  of  Victoria,  Australia,  gives  the 
following  as  his  experience  in  the  yield  of  Eucalyptus  oils 
from  the  various  species. 

From  1000  Ibs.  fresh  leaves  with  their  stalklets  and 
branchlets. 

Eucalyptus  viminalis.  7  oz. 

melliodora , 7    " 

rostrata 15    " 

"  obliqua 80   " 

globulus  120   " 

"  goniocalyx 150   " 

leucoxylon 160   " 

olepsa  (mixed  with  .other  species 

of  mallee  scrub) 200   " 

amygdalina 500   " 

Mr.  Bosisto 's  leucoxylon  is  probably  the  present  sider- 
oxylon.  Otherwise  the  marked  differences  are  in  Eucalyp- 
tus amygdalina,  in  which  he  doubles  our  highest  yield  ;  in 
Eucalyptus  obliqua  which  he  also  doubles  ;  and  in  Eucalyp- 
tus rostrata  where  he  gets  15  oz.  to  our  55.54  oz.,  or  about 
one-fourth  of  our  yield.  Such  differences  can  not  be  plaus- 
ibly attributed  to  differences  in  the  season  of  the  year  when 
the  foliage  was  gathered  or  to  the  soil  or  situation  of  the 
trees  tried,  although  these  points  would  doubtless  become 
appreciable  to  some  extent  after  study.  Just  indeed  as 
oranges  show  differences  in  the  yield  and  character  of  the 
fruit  according  to  the  condition  and  climate  to  which  the 


282  EUCALYPTUS. 

orchards  are  subjected,  so  also  Kucalyptus  oils  from  the 
same  species  in  different  places  may  be  presumed  to  some- 
what vary.  But  as  a  blood  orange  cannot  be  expected  on 
a  navel  tree,  nor  a  pomola  grape  fruit  on  a  St.  Michael, 
nor  a  lemon  on  any  orange  tree,  so  we  could  not  get  15 
oz.  from  1000  Ibs.  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  leaves  in  Aus- 
tralia and  55^2  oz.  from  rostrata  in  California.  We  assume 
that  Mr.  Bosisto  did  not  have  the  foliage  of  rostrata,  but 
that  of  some  other  tree. 

The  oil  of  Eucalyptus  Staigeriana  alluded  to  by  Prof. 
Maiden  has  a  very  attractive  oil  containing  citral.  It  is 
spoken  of  as  the  most  delicately  fragrant  of  the  Eucalyptus 
oils.  The  tree  seems  to  be  quite  unknown  to  Australian 
seedsmen.  The  habitat  of  this  tree  is  in  Queensland,  I 
believe,  on  the  Palmer  River,  though  I  have  been  unable 
to  find  or  recall  the  authority  for  this  statement.  Dr. 
Woodbridge  feels  that  only  the  door  has  been  opened  in 
his  examinations  on  the  specie  characteristics  of  Eucalyptus 
oils. 


EUCAI*  YPTUS.  283 


EUCALYPTUS  OILS. 


BY  S.    M.   WOODBRIDGE,    PH.    D. 


Chemical  authorities  in  technical  works  and  encyclope- 
dias have  always  divided  the  oils  from  the  products  of 
growth  in  two  classes  : 

1.  Fixed  or  fatty  oils,  and 

2.  Essential  or  volatile  oils. 

The  fixed  or  fatty  oils  are    described  as  follows  :     Char- 
acterized by  their  ability  to  communicate  to  paper  and  like 
substances   a    permanent    translucent    grease-spot,  and   the}' 
cannot   be  volatilized   except   by  ' '  destructive  distillation  ' 
at  high  temperatures. 

The  essential  or  volatile  oils  are  described  as  not  being 
oleaginous  to  the  touch  and  make  no  permanent  grease- 
spot  ;  they  are  distilled  at  various  temperatures,  unchanged. 

Accepting  these  definitions  as  true,  and  it  does  not 
appear  -that  they  have  ever  been  questioned,  it  is  difficult 
to  see  how  the  oils  of  the  various  Eucalypti  can  be  defined 
under  either  of  the  above  classes.  Of  a  large  variety  that 
have  been  tried  all  are  unctious  to  the  tou:h  but  leave  no 
permanent  grease-spot  on  paper  nor  does  it  require  a 
"destructive  distillation"  to  volatilize  the  greater  portion 
of  them,  although  the  last  portions  of  all  of  them  that 
have  been  tried,  require  a  "destructive  distillation;  " 
neither,  on  the  contrary,  do  they  volatilize  at  ordinary 
temperature  nor  volatilize  at  all  unchanged,  but  a  variety 
of  products  come  over  at  different  temperatures  far  above 
the  boiling  point  of  water,  each  of  which  has  very  different 
characteristics  from  the  oil  and  from  every  other  product 
obtained. 


284  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

The  Eucalyptus  oil  might  be  described  as  a  ' '  compound 
oil,"  some  of  the  constituents  of  which  volatilize  at  various 
temperatures  with  a  residue  that  cannot  be  volatilized  except 
by  "destructive  distillation." 

The  Eucalyptus  oils  of  commerce  are  obtained  from 
the  leaves  of  the  different  varieties  of  Eucalyptus,  by  dis- 
tillation in  an  ordinary  still  and  condensing  coil.  The  best 
results  were  obtained  when  the  steam  pressure  in  the  boiler 
was  maintained  at  not  less  than  eighty  pounds,  and  when 
the  leaves  were  put  in  the  still  loosely  in  such  a  way  that 
they  could  not  pack  down.  Repeated  trials  show  that  by 
crowding  the  still  a  loss  of  between  twenty-five  and  twenty  - 
eight  per  cent,  resulted;  i.  e.,  less  oil  would  come  over 
when  the  leaves  were  packed  in  the  still,  or  allowed  by 
their  own  weight  to  pack  down.  This  packing  of  the 
leaves  can  be  avoided  by  putting  in  a  layer  of  leaves,  say, 
one  foot  in  thickness,  then  a  porous  frame  or  lattice  rack 
made  to  rest  on  the  sides  of  the  still  or  cage.  On  this 
frame  or  rack  another  layer  of  leaves  could  be  placed,  and 
on  these  another  frame,  and  so  on,  until  the  cage  or  still 
was  filled.  The  reason  for  this  want  of  recovering  all  the 
oil  in  a  closely  packed  still  will  be  readily  understood  when 
it  is  considered  that  the  oils  are  non-volatile  at  the  tem- 
perature of  the  steam  within  the  still,  but  are  taken  up 
mechanically  by  the  steam  and  carried  over  with  it. 
The  pressure  in  the  still  never  exceeded  fifteen  pounds, 
therefore  the  heat  could  not  have  exceeded  248  degrees,  F., 
a  temperature  at  which  only  a  very  small  portion  of 
oil  will  volatilize. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  amounts  of  oil  yielded 
by  some  26  varieties  of  Eucalyptus,  together  with  their 
specific  gravities  and  colors  : 


EUCALYPTUS. 


No. 

EUCALYPTUS. 

Amount  of 
Oil  in  1000 
Ibs  leaves 
Av.  Oz. 

Specific 
Gravity 

Color 

i 

Amygdalina  

256.5 

.878 

i  Clear,  yellow 

2 

Amvgdalina  Regnans  

180.5 

•Qi6*. 

1     tinge 
Nile  green 

3 
4 

Amygdalina  angustifolia... 
Sideroxylon,  var.  pallida... 
Sideroxylon 

148.7 
181.36 
I4.Q  6 

.9149 
.9176 

Q2II 

Greenish  tinge 
Nile  green 
Dark  olive  green 

6 

Globulus        

114.8 

.QI47 

j  Light  greenish 

7 

Occidentalis  .         

101  4. 

QI46 

I     yellow 
L/ight  yellow 

8 
q 

Occidentalis  Californica  .  .  . 

95-8 

80.  52 

•9H3 

.8797 

j  Light  yellow 
(  greenish  tinge 
Water  white 

IO 

67.17 

.8792 

L/ight  lemon  gr'n 

II 

Rostrata                 

CC   AA 

.8042 

Amber 

12 

Diversicolor                        ... 

CA    l8 

QI7 

L/emon  yellow 

15 

Tereticornis   

51.74 

892 

Deep  yellow 

Obliq  ua        

46  ^4 

8OI2 

Port  wine 

1C 

Stuartiana                  ..        .  . 

TO  17 

Q27Q 

Bistre 

16 

Leucoxylon 

•5-1    •! 

17 

Botryoides  

71.17 

Sap  green 

T8 

Macrorrhyncha  

IQ  5 

IO 

Comuta                         . 

27  I 

Olive  yellow 

20 

Mortoniana  

IO.QO 

{  Light  emerald 

21 

McClatchiei  

12.15 

/     green 
1  Dark  emerald 

22 

Viminalis        

II  5 

}     green 

21 

Calophvlla          . 

II 

24 

Rudis 

Nom  only 

25 

Siderophloia    

«        « 

?6 

Gunnii 

None 

286  EUCALYPTUS. 

A  mere  glance  at  the  above  table  will  show  how  very 
different  in  color,  specific  gravities,  and  amounts  of  yield 
the  different  varieties  of  Eucalyptus  are  and  the  character- 
istic odors  are  as  diversified  as  their  other  points,  indeed 
they  are  so  different  that  it  might  be  possible  to  identify 
the  variety  by  its  oil. 

The  variety  Gunnii  yielded  no  oil,  but  during  distilla- 
tion, an  non-condensible  vapor  came  over,  which  had  a  tem- 
perature of  58  degres,  F.,  and  filled  the  room  with  the  char- 
acteristic odor  of  bitter  almonds. 

Of  all  the  twenty-six  varieties  distilled,  but  seven  or 
eight  seem  to  yield  sufficient  oil  to  pay  for  extracting  and 
the  maufacturer  should  see  to  it  that  other  varieties  of 
leaves  are  not  allowed  to  be  mixed  with  these  varieties 
when  buying.  Indeed,  only  one  variety  of  leaves  should 
be  placed  in  the  still  at  one  time ;  this  rule  should  be 
carried  out  until  such  time  as  the  value  of  each  variety  of 
oil  could  be  determined. 

Re=distillation. 

With  the  single  exception  of  citriodora  oil,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  re-distill  Eucalyptus  oils  and  they  all  carry  some 
trace  of  their  original  color  with  them.  If,  however,  they 
are  re-distilled  with  from  three  to  four  times  their  weight 
of  water,  always  using  the  water  of  distillation  from  first 
distillation  and  one  part  in  forty  of  caustic  potash  of  the 
best  quality,  such  as  Babbit's,  a  water  white  oil  can  be 
obtained. 

On  partial  distillation  of  the  Eucalyptus  globulus  about 
4  per  cent,  comes  over  at  a  temperature  below  170  degrees 
C.,  from  57  to  60  per  cent,  comes  over  between  175  and  180 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  287 

degrees  C.,  and  twenty-four  to  twenty-six  per  cent,  from 
180  to  230,  after  which  a  "destructive  distillation"  begins. 
In  making  a  series  of  re-distillations  and  partial  distil- 
lations, Mr.  E.  M.  Wade,  gave  his  very  valuable  assistance 
and  it  is  cause  for  regret  that  neither  time  nor  opportunity 
has  enabled  us  to  decide  what  were  the  different  products 
of  these  partial  distillations  with  the  single  exception  of 
that  portion  of  the  oil  which  came  over  between  175  and 
1 80  degrees,  which  is  Eucalyptol,  but  we  cannot  agree  with 
the  authority  which  follows,  that  it  crystallizes  at  a  tem- 
perature of  one  degree  C.,  or  at  any  other  lower  temper- 
ature. 


THE  CHEMISTRY  OF  THE  AUSTRALIAN  INDIGENOUS 
VEGETATION. 


PRESIDENTIAL  ADDRESS  OF  M.  J.  H.  MAIDEN,  F.  C.  S.,  F.  L.S.,  &c., 
PRESIDENT  OF  SECTION  B.  CHEMISTRY,  &c. 

AUSTRALASIAN  ASSOCIATION    FOR   THE   ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE. 

(Cineol  is  the  same  as  Eucalyptol  K.) 


EUCALYPTUS  OIL. 

The  scientific  investigation  of  individual  Eucalyptus  Oils  is  in  a  very 
incomplete  state,  and  from  the  special  circumstances  connected  with 
them,  Australian  chemists  possess  peculiar  advantages  for  their  examin- 
ation. They  afford  a  peculiarly  tempting  subject  for  research. 

The  Oleum  Eucalypti  of  the  B.  P.  of  1885  is  defined  as  "  the  oil  dis- 
tilled from  the  fresh  leaves  of  Eucalyptus  globulus  lyabill.,  Eucalyptus 
amygdalina,  Ivabill.,  and  probably  other  species  of  Eucalyptus. 

11  Characters  and  Tests. — Colorless  or  pale  straw-colored,  becoming 
darker  and  thicker  by  exposure.  It  has  an  aromatic  odor,  and  a  spicy 
and  pungent  flavor,  leaving  a  sensation  of  coldness  in  the  mouth.  It  is 
neutral  to  litmus  paper.  Specific  gravity  about  0.900.  Soluble  in  about 
an  equal  weight  of  alcohol." 

The  unsatisfactoriness  or  this  definition  is  recognized  by  the  British 
Pharmaceutical  Conference,  for  in  question  14  (1894  meeting)  it  is  stated  : 


288  EUCALYPTUS. 

— "  Ol.  Eucalypti  B.  P.,  a  more  precise  definition  of  this  oil  is  required." 
I  very  much  regret  that  the  researches  on  the  numerous  substances 
known  as  eucalyptus  oil  are  not  sufficiently  complete  to  be  available  to 
the  Committee  appointed  to  prepare  the  new  Pharmacopoeia.  Whatever 
decision  may  be  arrived  at  as  regards  standards  for  this  oil  must  neces- 
sarily be  based  on  imperfect  information. 

Without  taking  note  of  well-marked  varieties  there  are  in  Australia 
about  150  different  kinds  of  eucalypti.  A  large  number  of  these  yield 
oil,  or  are  capable  of  yielding  it  commercially  ;  even  yet,  with  all  the 
work  that  has  been  lavished  on  them,  we  have  no  accurate  knowledge  of 
10  per  cent,  of  these  oils.  We  have  accurate  (and  more  or  less  complete) 
knowledge  of  those  of  Eucalyptus  globulus,  L/abill.,  Eucalyptus  amygda- 
lina,  Labill.,  Eucalyptus  cneorifolia,  Eucalyptus  maculata,  var.  citriodora, 
and  meagre  knowledge  of  a  few  others.  Why  ?  Mainly  because  of  the 
difficulty  of  obtaining  authentic  material  for  research,  except  from  stills 
situate  in  the  midst  of  a  forest  of  Eucalyptus  of  one  species  and  no  other. 
I  am  perfectly  certain  from  my  own  tests,  and  from  my  botanical  knowl- 
edge of  the  districts  from  which  oils  labelled  in  a  particular  way  were 
obtained,  that  the  oils  of  many  workers  are  often  mixed  oils.  In  adding 
to  my  collection  of  oils  for  research  I  have  endeavored  to  call  in  the  aid 
of  distillers  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  with  the  view  to  have  the 
stills  charged  with  one  kind  of  leaves  and  no  other,  but  the  owners  are 
often  very  suspicious,  and  their  oils  are  not  to  be  relied  upon  for  research 
work.  Amongst  what  I  may  call  educated  distillers,  very  few  are  will- 
ing to  submit  their  oils  to  the  research  analyst. 

I  have  bought  a  large  number  of  oils  in  open  market  and  have  ac- 
quired other  oils  under  special  circumstances,  but  as  regards  the  oils  of 
many  species,  I  find  my  only  course  is  to  distil  them  myself.  The  still  is 
under  construction  in  the  Technical  College,  and  I  have  made  arrange- 
ments to  send  my  own  collector  to  collect  leaves  botanically  true.  I  thus 
begin  on  the  bed-rock,  just  as  I  have  with  gums,  tans  and  timbers.  My 
only  regret  is  that  from  the  nature  of  things,  the  research  must  be  pro- 
tracted. Meantime,  I  have  a  good  deal  of  material  to  work  upon,  more 
in  fact  than  I  can  get  through  with  in  a  considerable  period  with  the 
present  demands  on  my  time.  In  this  connection  I  would  point  out  that 
if  country  pharmaceutical  chemists  have  neither  the  time  nor  the  inclina- 
tion for  research  work  on  Eucalyptus  oils,  they  could  do  yeoman  service 
in  the  matter  by  supervising  the  distillation  of  Eucalyptus  oils  true  to 
name  for  research  purposes. 

Eucalyptus  globulus.  Ivabill. — This  is  a  Tasmanian  and  Victorian 
tree  which  is  practically  unknown  in  the  other  colonies  to  the  average 
citizen.  It  has  been  largely  planted  in  other  countries,  and  so  often 
written  about  that  many  people — even  in  these  colonies — think  that  there 
is  but  one  Eucalyptus,  and  its  name  is  globulus.  In  other  words,  that 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  289- 

Eucalyptus  and  globulus  are  convertible  terms.  This  accounts  for  the 
preponderance  of  the  literature  of  Eucalyptus  globulus.  At  the  same  time 
Eucalvptus  globulus  is  an  oil  which  may  readily  be  obtained  in  a  state 
of  purity,  so  that  the  researches  of  Schimmel,  Wilkinson,  and  other 
modern  workers  referring  to  it  may  be  relied  upon. 

This  oil  is  largely  in  favor  in  Europe.  The  Eucalyptus  plantations 
of  Algeria  now  yield  a  considerable  quantity  of  oil,  and  there  is  a  ten- 
dency to  supplant  the  oil  produced  by  the  native  country  of  the  species. 
I  observe  that  Schimmel  &  Co. ,  guarantee  60  per  cent,  of  Cineol  in  their 
oil  and  absence  of  Phellandrene,  "  which  latter  constituent  is  present  in 
Australian  oil."  * 

Schimmel  gives  the  percentage  of  yield  of  oil  from  raw  material  from 
1.6  per  cent.  In  Gippsland  the  usual  percentage  is  perhaps  1.25  to  1.5^ 
The  same  firmf  also  gives  the  sp.  gr.  at  15  deg.  C.  at  from  .91  to  .93.  A 
complete  analysis  shows  the  presence  of  Valeraldehyde,  Butyraldehyde ;. 
Capronaldehyde,  and  Pinene,  in  addition  to  Cineol.  Optical  rotation,  r 
deg.  to  20  deg.  Wilkinson  gives  the  specific  gravity  from  .89  to  95, 
Usually  it  is  well  over  .9,  readily  satisfying  the  requirements  of  the  B.  P. 
in  this  respect. 

*  Bericht,  October,  1893. 
t  Bericbt,  October,  1893,  p.  19. 

Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  L,abill. — This  tree,  which  principally  goes 
under  the  name  of  "  Peppermint  "  of  one  sort  or  another,  is  found  m 
Tasmania,  Victoria,  South  Australia  and  New  South  Wales,  being  more 
widely  distributed  in  the  last  colony  than  it  was  supposed  to  be.  It  is 
not  only  very  abundant  but  it  grows  to  a  very  large  size,  and  its  oil  yield 
is  comparatively  great  (2  to  3  per  cent.)  We  know  very  little  yet  of  the 
variation  in  the  oils  of  the  Eucalyptus  caused  by  different  circumstances 
of  habitat,  size  and  season  of  growth  of  the  trees.  My  experiments  with 
amygdalina  tend  to  show  that  its  specific  gravity  is  low  (say  from  .862  to 
.885  in  ordinary  samples);  it  contains  but  little  Cineol,  and  an  over- 
whelming proportion  of  Phellandrene.  I  observe,  however  that  Wil- 
kinson* gives  the  specific  gravity  of  oil  of  this  species  (taking  only  twa 
decimals)  at  .85  to  .89,  and  from  .91  to  .96  (a  blended  oil.) 

*  Proc.  T^.  S  ,  "Viet.  2,  vi.  197. 

E.  amygdalina  is  very  largely  sold  in  Australia  under  the  generic 
term  of  "  Eucalyptus  Oil,"  but  it  is  also  a  great  deal  used  for  blending, 
so  that  I  doubt  whether  much  arrives  in  England  in  the  pure  state.  In 
fact  blending  is  a  good  deal  more  resorted  to  than  is  usually  imagined. 

Schimmel  &  Co.  state  that  the  oil  of  Eucalyptus  crebra,  and  E.  hemi- 
phloia  are  very  rich  in  Cineol.*  The  former  is  the  narrow-leaved  "  Iron- 
bark  "  and  the  latter  is  "Grey  Box."  Both  trees  are  very  abundant, 
and  should  be  tested  for  oil  yield.  The  same  firm  also  state  that  the  oil 
19 


.-ago  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

of  E.  microcorys,  F.  v.  M.  (Tallow  Wood)  contains  Cineol,  has  a  sp.  gr. 
•of  .935,  and  boils  between  160°  and  200°  .f  Staiger  states  that  the  leaves 
yield  about  2  per  cent,  of  oil,  and  I  certainly  think  that  this  is  a  species 
which  should  be  carefully  tried  by  the  distiller.  E.  odorato,  Behr  (sp.  gr. 
.907),  containing  Cuminol  in  addition  to  Cineol,  should  also  be  tried. 
Schimmel  also  states  that  E.  populifolia,  Hook,  contains  "  a  fair  propor- 
tion of  Cineol.  I  have  recently  examined  the  oil  E.  pulverulenta  (Ar- 
gyle  Apple),  which  has  not  been  previously  described.  It  is  of  a  bright 
green  color,  like  Cajeput,  has  a  specific  gravity  of  .9145  at  23  degs.  C, 
gives  excellent  results  for  Cineol,  and  shows  only  the  slightest  indica- 
tions of  Phellandrene.  When  re-distilled,  aldehydes  commence  to  come 
over  at  no  deg.  C.  and  between  this  and  171  deg.  C.,  when  the  tempera- 
ture becomes  stationary,  10  per  cent,  has  distilled  over.  An  additional 
.85  per  cent,  comes  over  between  171  degs.  and  195  degs.  This  distillate  is 
.a  very  good  oil,  only  showing  a  slight  tinge  of  green,  is  rich  in  Cineol 
and  almost  free  from  Phellandrene.  It  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  .912  at  25  degs. 
vC.  This  oil  is  very  full  of  promise,  and  I  intend  to  further  examine  it. 

*Bericbt,  April,  1893,  p.  38. 
t/6.,  Oct.  1893,  p.  21. 

'Schimmel  has  examined  the  oil  of  E.  rostrata,  Schlecht.*  (Murray 
red  gum).  Its  sp.  gr.  at  15  degs.  C.  is  .924,  and  optical  rotation  12°  58'. 
Besides  Cineol,  it  contains  valeraldehyde.  This  species  is  worthy  of 
proper  practical  tests.  The  same  firm,  however,  find  no  Cineol  in  a 
Queensland  sample  of  E.  tereticornis  oil.  If  this  be  confirmed  it  will  be 
remarkable,  considering  the  close  botanical  affinity  of  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding species. 

**BmV6f,Oct.  1893,  p.  21. 

For  practical  purposes  it  is  convenient  to  deal  with  the  mallee  oils 
•separately.  The  vegetation  of  Kangaroo  Island,  South  Australia,  is 
mainly  composed  of  a  mallee — the  ' 'narrow-leaf  peppermint"  (E.  cneori- 
folia] — and  it  yields  an  oil  of  high  specific  gravity  and  Cineol  percent- 
age, and  contains  little  or  no  aldehyde.  The  oil  of  E.  dumosa  is  also 
valuable.  That  of  E.  oleosa  has  been  examined  by  Schimmel,*  who  pro- 
nounces it  to  contain  both  Cineol  and  Cuminol.  Its  sp.  gr.  at  15  deg.  C. 
is  .915  to  .925,  and  optical  rotation  3  deg.  and  5  deg.,  Wilkinson. 

Bericht,  Oct.,  1893,  p.  21. 

The  term  oleosa  has,  however,  been  sometimes  used  in  a  generic 
sense,  and  hence  we  cannot  always  guarantee  that  the  oils  labeled  "ole- 
osa "  are  the  sole  product  of  E.  oleosa,  F.  v.  M.  There  are  other  species 
of  Mallee,  but  as  some  confusion  has  arisen  in  regard  to  their  various 
products  a  monograph  of  Mallee  oils  would  be  invaluable. 

Under  the  head  of  "  Scented  or  Perfume  Oils,"  that  of  E.  macttlata, 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  29j 

Hook.,  var.  Citriodora,  stands  pre-eminent.  It  has  contained  as  much 
as  95  percent,  of  citronellon  and  5  per  cent,  of  geraniol.  It  is  soluble  in 
from  4  to  5  parts  of  70  per  cent,  alcohol.  One  sample  was  optically  inac- 
tive, another  slightly  dextrogyre.  Boils  between  209  deg.  and  220  deg., 
sp.  gr.  .87  to  .90,*  but  .87  to  .88,  according  to  Wilkinson. 

The  oil  of  the  "  Lemon-scented  Ironbark  "  (E.  Staigeriana]  F.  v.  M. 
is  even  more  sweetly  scented.  It  is  high  in  oil  yield.  Its  sp.  gr.  at  15 
deg.  C.  is  .88,  and  it  boils  between  223  deg.  and  233  deg.  It  contains 
Citral.t  Owing  to  their  volatile  nature  these  oils  have  not  been  that 
commercial  success  it  was  hoped  they  would  have  been. 

*Bericbt,  October,  1893.  Mb. 

Cineol  (Eucalyptol]  is  represented  by  the  formula  Cio  Hi6  O.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  .930,  and  boiling  point  176-177  deg.  C.  It  is  a  colorless 
and  transparent  liquid,  is  optically  inactive,  and  belongs  to  the  Camphor 
Group.  It  crystallises  at  a  low  temperature  (i  deg.  C.),  and  this  property 
enables  it  to  be  separated  (by  repeated  crystallizations)  in  a  pure  state 
from  mixtures  containing  it  In  our  warm  climate  the  separation  of  crys- 
tallizable  Cineol  is  attended  with  difficulty,  particularly  if  it  contain  ter- 
penes,  for  those  bodies  are  solvent  in  Cineol.  In  fact  the  presence  of 
Cineol  in  an  oil  rich  in  turpenes  is  very  difficult  to  detect,  and  hence  such 
oils  have  often  been  returned  as  containing  no  Cineol,  when,  as  a  matter 
of  fact,  they  do  contain  it.  There  are  certain  chemicals  tests  for  the  de- 
tection of  Cineol,  but  they  are  by  no  means  easy  of  application. 

It  has  been  assumed,  and  it  has  been  endeavored  to  prove,  that  Cin- 
eol is  the  only  therapeutically  active  constituent  of  .Eucalyptus  oils.  It 
is  the  practice  of  some  to  determine  the  value  of  Bucalyptus  Oils  simply 
according  to  the  percentage  of  Cineol.  But  we  must  suspend  our  judg- 
ment in  regard  to  Cineol  being  the  only  valuable  constituent  of  Bucalyp- 
tus Oil.  I  am  personally  aware  of  beneficial  effects  which  have  attended 
the  use  (for  inhalations,  etc.)  of  oils  which  I  have  shown  to  practically 
consist  of  Phellandrene.  Endeavors  are  made  to  completely  replace 
Bucalyptus  Oil  in  therapeutics  by  the  pure  body  (Cineol).  I  do  not  dis- 
pute the  therapeutic  value  of  Cineol,  and  while  I  am  fully  aware  of  the 
advantage  in  therapeutics  of  dealing  with  a  substance  of  defined  chemi- 
cal composition,  it  will  be  found  impossible  in  practice  to  supplant  the 
innumerable  Bucalyptus  Oils  of  all  degrees  of  Cineol  content,  and  some 
of  which  are  nearly  or  entirely  destitute  of  it. 

Cineol  has  been  included  in  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  United  States. 
Tests  imposed,  in  addition  to  those  indicated  above,  are  that  equal  parts 
of  Cineol  and  soda-solution  shaken  together,  must  not  change  in  propor- 
tion of  volume;  also,  the  alcoholic  solution  must  not  alter  the  color  of 
litmus-paper,  nor  assume  a  brown  or  violet  color  by  the  addition  of  a 
drop  of  solution  of  ferric  chloride,  showing  absence  of  phenols. 


292  EUCALYPTUS. 

Phellandrene . — This  is  one  of  the  several  free  terpenes  represented 
by  the  formula  Cio  Hi6.  It  is  capable  of  existing  in  two  optical  modifi- 
cations, one  turning  the  plane  of  polarized  light  to  the  left  and  the  other 
to  the  right.  It  boils  at  about  170  degrees. 

With  many  writers  on  Eucalyptus  Oils,  it  is  a  veritable  pariah 
amongst  terpenes,  its  presence  disqualifying  a  Eucalyptus  Oil.  Those 
who  object  to  its  presence  look  upon  it  as  a  mere  diluent  of  Eucalyptus 
Oil,  stating  that  it  possesses  no  medicinal  properties  that  are  not  pos- 
sessed by  the  terpenes  of  the  cheaper  oil  of  turpentine.  At  the  same 
time  we  have  no  direct  evidence  that  the  terpene  phellandrene  is  not  a 
therapeutically  active  constituent  of  Eucalyptus  Oil.  In  some  it  is  en- 
tirely absent,  in  most  it  exists  in  greater  or  less  quantity.  It  my  be  readily 
detected  in  an  oil  if  treated  with  a  concentrated  solution  of  sodium  ni- 
trate. If  a  few  drops  of  glacial  acetic  acid  be  added  to  the  mixture  a 
copious  formation  of  crystals  of  phellandrene  nitrate  (of  a  whitish  color) 
ensues, 

Aldehydes. — The  pungent  and  irritating  odor  of  the  oils  of  some 
species  is  owing  to  the  presence  of  aldehydes,  and  fortunately  there  is  no 
real  difficulty  in  removing  them  by  rectification.  These  cough-producing 
substances  should  always  be  removed,  and  I  have  heard  a  curious  reason 
why  manufacturers  retain  them  in  some  oils.  It  is  that  the  public  like  a 
pronounced  flavor;  some  "fire  in  the  oil,"  in  fact.  But  I  hope  that  the 
taste  of  the  public  will  become  enlightened,  for  these  aldehydes  may 
cause  most  serious  results  in  persons  suffering  from  throat,  bronchial,  or 
lung  troubles,  while  I  know  of  no  compensating  value  whatever. 

At  the  same  time  there  are  some  sweet-scented  and  non-injurious 
aldehydes,  e.  g.,  citronellon,  which  forms  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  oil 
of  E.  maculata^  var.  citriodora. 

Various  Eucalyptus  oils  contain  other  other  constituents,  but  they 
are  of  minor  importance. 


EUCALYPTUS.  293 


NOTES  AND  CORRECTIONS, 


Through  a  most  unfortunate  revision  after  I  had  last 
seen  the  proofs  several  errors  have  crept  into  the  page 
speaking  of  those  who  have  assisted  in  this  work. 

Prof.  J.  H.  Maiden  is  not  only  a  distinguished  chemist 
but  is  also  a  leading  botanist  of  Australia,  but  his  botan- 
ical work  was  not  alluded  to.  Prof.  Maiden,  F.  L.  S.,  F. 
C.  S.,  etc.,  is  curator  of  the  technological  museum,  Syd- 
ney, consulting  botanist  to  the  Forest  Department  of  New 
South  Wales,  and  a  well  known  and  highly  appreciated 
writer  on  Australian  Economic  Botany. 

Dr.  B.  E.  Fernow  has  an  "n"  instead  of  a  "w"  at  the 
end  of  his  name.  I  am  somewhat  indebted  to  the  works 
of  Prof.  Tomasi  Crudeli,  and  regret  to  see  his  name  mis- 
spelled. 

In  line  28,  page  25,  the  word  "sort"  should  be  "sport." 
On  page  24  allusion  is  made  to  the  use  of  Eucalyptus 
globulus  in  keeping  boilers  clean  and  free  from  incrustation. 
The  foliage  was  at  first  used  for  this,  but  now  we  use  the 
molasses-like  black  residue  left  after  distilling  the  oil  from 
the  foliage. 


294  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

The  investigations  of  Prof.  Maiden  on  the  Eucalyptus 
kinos  indicate  that  many  of  the  statements  previously  made 
regarding  the  kino-contents  of  the  wood  of  various  species 
are  inaccurate. 

A  number  of  typographical  mistakes  occur,  some  of 
which  require  correction.  On  page  182,  No.  10,  Eucalyp- 
tus buprestium  is  misspelled.'  On  page  184,  No.  4,  Euca- 
lyptus leucoxylon,  there  should  be  a  description  of  Euca- 
lyptus sideroxylon  as  a  distinct  species.  This  can  be  had 
by  a  reference  to  the  account  of  that  tree.  On  page  192, 
No.  50,  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  is  misspelled.  On  page  193 
Eucalyptus  Mortoniana,  named  for  the  present  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  by  me,  should  have  a  capital  M. 

Eucalyptus  robusta  sometimes  has  pink  buds  that  are 
profuse  and  very  striking,  at  other  times  stalklet,  calyx 
and  cap  will  be  a  cream  white  with  a  yellow  tinting. 
Through  a  mistake  this  interesting  tree  has  two  allotments 
of  space  in  the  general  description.  The  vigorous  growth 
of  Eucalyptus  botryoides  directly  on  the  coast  at  Santa 
Monica  during  the  period  free  from  the  trade  wind  has  not 
enabled  the  young  trees  later  to  stand  this  wind  as  well  as 
we  had  expected. 

Prof.  Maiden  writes  me  that  the  reports  of  extreme 
height  in  the  Eucalyptus  are  not  now  deemed  reliable. 
He  thinks  that  350  feet  is  about  the  maximum  height  that 
can  be  attributed  to  any  of  them. 

As  information  accumulates  there  is  more  and  more 
indication  for  two  species  in  the  present  viminalis.  From 
Antelope  Valley  two  trial  plantations  of  this  species  have 
shown  a  very  divergent  power  of  frost  resistance.  This  may 
turn  out  on  examination  to  be  due  to  the  presence  of  the 
two  forms.  Mr.  Gill  says  he  also  has  noted  the  two  forms 


EUCALYPTUS.  295 

of  Eucalyptus  viminalis,  the  more  spreading  being  found  in 
the  southwestern  border  of  Victoria,  while  the  whiter  and 
more  erect  form  is  found  in  the  mountain  ranges,  especially 
in  those  behind  Adelaide.  The  specimens  in  the  Antelope 
Valley  are  not  yet  matured  enough  for  us  to  tell  one  from 
the  other  in  our  present  lack  of  knowledge.  No  viminalis 
timber  is  spoken  of  as  first  quality,  but  it  is  by  some 
called  fair  and  by  others  worthless.  These  varying  reports- 
may  be  due  to  the  different  forms  of  viminalis  producing 
timber  of  different  values.  The  characteristic  viminalis  has 
nearly  always  three  flowers  to  the  umbel,  as  represented  in 
Von  Mueller's  plate  ;  but  some  of  the  rough  barked  forms 
here  have  six  or  seven  flowers  to  the  umbel,  generally  six. 
These  may  be  mere  sports.  A  careful  examination  of  many 
smooth-barked  viminalis  now  in  bloom  here  shows  them  to- 
have  three  flowers  to  the  umbel.  Further  notes  on  bloom- 
ing seasons  of  the  Eucalyptus  show  them  to  be  very  irreg- 
ular. Some  notes  on  this  point  are  added. 

Calophylla  and  robusta,  December,  January  and  Feb~ 
ruary.  Calophylla  entirely  over  February  8th.  Robusta 
just  going  out  of  bloom.  Cornuta,  diversicolor  and  botry- 
oides  out  of  bloom,  buds  look  as  if  they  would  be  in 
about  June.  Amygdalina  just  coming  in  again;  also  citri- 
odora,  polyanthema,  globulus  and  resinifera  in  full  bloom. 
Sideroxylon  blooming,  viminalis  and  cornuta  in  bloom 
May  ist. 

May  yth  Sideroxylon,  var.  pallida,  Stuartiana,  citriodora, 
obliqua  and  tereticornis  are  all  in  full  bloom.  Some  Calo- 
phyllas  are  in  bloom  while  others  have  already  the  fruits 
hard  and  nearly  mature. 

A  report  was  recently  brought  to  me  that  the  flowers 
of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  were  fatal  to  bees.  It  was  no> 


.296  EUCAL  YPTUS. 

half  way    affair   like    the   intoxication    of    the    bee    by    the 
poppy,  but  death  absolute.     I   have  been  observing  bees  in 
-the  blooms  of  Eucalyptus   tereticornis   since  then  and  have 
iailed  to  note   any  unpleasant   effect   on   these   busy  bodies. 
At  Dr.  Wernigk's,  in   the    Alhambra,   ttere    are    a  number 
>of   swarms   of  bees    adjoining    a    grove    of  Eucalyptus.     In 
this  grove  are    both    tereticornis   and   rostrata.     Eucalyptus 
-tereticornis    is    in    full    bloom    and    the   bees  visit  it  freely. 
In  looking  under  the  trees,  on    the    bee   line    to    the  hives 
.and  at  the  entrance  I   found   one   dead  bee.     The  bees  and 
the    trees    have    been    at    the    Doctor's    for    a    long    time. 
During  this  period    he    has   never   noticed    dead  bees  about 
his  place.     Chickens  might  have  eaten  the  dead  bees.     The 
-report,  however,  recalls  the  one  from  Riverside  on  Eucalyp- 
tus rostrata,  its  close  ally,  as   an   apicide.     My  observations 
then    fail    to    confirm    those    of    Dr.   Woodbridge    and    Mr. 
.Shorting  at  South  Pasadena. 

Dr.  Woodbridge  tells  me  that  he  saw  about  a  dozen 
bees  drop  and  die  in  a  grove  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis 
.and  he  presumes  it  was  after  visiting  the  flowers.  The 
Doctor  is  a  careful  and  reliable  observer  and  we  must 
therefore  look  out  for  both  tereticornis  and  rostrata  in  bee 
territory.  I  visited  the  South  Pasadena  grove  cited  and 
•observed  great  numbers  of  bees  working  on  the  profuse  and 
beautiful  tereticornis  flowers.  I  saw  none  fall,  nor  did  the 
bees  appear  to  be  in  any  way  unusually  affected.  I  found 
on  the  ground  one  dead  bee.  Again,  chickens  might  account 
for  this  absence  of  dead  bees.  Mr.  Shorting  assures  me 
that  a  large  number  of  dead  bees  were  on  the  road  near 
this  grove  a  few  days  ago.  The  largest  and  oldest  groves 
of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  and  of  Eucalyptus  rostrata  in 
this  State  are  at  Elwood.  Hon.  El  wood  Cooper  informs 


EUCAL  YPTUS.  297 

me  that  no  unfavorable  report  has  come  to  him  on  the 
effect  of  the  flowers  of  these  trees  on  bees.  If  the  nectar 
from  these  trees  is  bad  for  bees  it  is  difficult  to  believe 
that  an  observant  and  public-spirited  citizen  like  Mr. 
Cooper  would  not  have  noted  it  in  all  the  years  he  has 
had  these  trees  about  his  estate.  There  are  both  domes- 
ticated and  wild  bees  in  plenty  about  Mr.  Cooper's  groves. 
No  ill  effects  on  these  have  been  noted  from  the  flowers 
of  any  Eucalyptus. 

To  make  more  sure,  I  have  taken  another  half  day 
under  an  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  located  in  a  gorge  of  the 
Sierra  Madre  Mountains.  Near  the  tree  was  a  large  bank 
of  orange-colored  mimulus  and  bushes  of  the  bear  berry  or 
wild  coffee.  The  mimulus  was  visited  by  a  large  wild  bee 
suggesting  the  bumble-bee.  This  big  bee  did  not  visit 
any  of  the  other  neighboring  flowers,  neither  did  the 
honey  bees  visit  the  mimulus.  The  honey  bees  seemed 
especially  fond  of  the  small  obscure  greenish  flowers 
of  the  wild  coffee.  Numbers  of  bees  visited  the  freshly 
opened  flowers  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis.  No  ill  effects 
appeared,  neither  could  I  find  any  dead  bees  under  this 
tree.  In  this  case  chickens  were  absolutely  excluded 
as  scavengers.  Ants  visited  the  older  flowers  and  seemed 
to  find  something  interesting  at  the  base  of  the  stamens. 
No  ill  effects  were  noticeable  in  the  ants.  It  would  appear 
probable,  then,  that  the  dead  bees  observed  near  the  grove 
of  tereticornis  at  South  Pasadena  came  to  their  untimely 
end  from  causes  independent  of  the  flowers  of  Eucalyptus 
tereticornis. 

One  tree  of  Eucalyptus  tereticornis  at  Dr.  Wernigk's 
again  shows  the  peculiar  trait,  frequent  in  the  genus  Euca- 
lyptus, of  different  colored  flowers  on  the  same  tree  and 


298  EUCALYPTUS. 

even  on  the  same  branch.  In  this  case  about  half  the 
flowers  were  cream  white,  the  other  half  were  tinted  with 
purple.  The  flower  cap,  calyx  and  stalklet  of  each  flower 
was  cream  white  with  only  a  suggestion  of  purple  on  the 
cap  of  some.  , 

The  seedlings  of  Eucalyptus  calophylla  of  the  claimed 
scarlet  flower  are  now  up.  These  differ  from  our  Calo- 
phylla in  having  a  rounder  leaf  and  of  much  darker  color. 
The  young  growth,  both  leaf  and  stem,  in  this  new  form 
is  a  deep  claret  red.  The  stems  of  the  common  calophylla 
seedlings  are  green.  These  seeds  were  sent  to  me  through 
the  courtesy  of  T.  F.  Baumgardt,  of  Brisbane,  Queensland. 
The  seeds,  however,  did  not  come  from  that  colony. 

The  excellent  detail  work  in  the  botanical  illustrations 
I  owe  to  the  artistic  capacity  of  Mr.  George  Steckel  of  lyos 
Angeles.  The  photographs  from  which  these  illustrations 
were  made  can  be  had  from  Mr.  Steckel.  The  carbon 
prints  are  both  beautiful  and  accurate. 

Mr.  Francis  Shorting  is  the  first  man  of  whom  I  have 
information  to  polish  and  prepare  for  use  the  seed  vessels 
of  Eucalyptus  calophylla  and  Eucalyptus  ficifolia  for  pipes. 

Recent  reports  from  Bakersfield  and  its  surrounding 
districts  make  a  striking  showing  of  the  disappearance  of 
the  old  malignant  malarial  fevers  since  and  during  the  large 
plantings  of  Eucalyptus. 

There  are  two  cuts  of  Eucalyptus  polyanthema.  They 
indicate  a  tendency  to  differentiation  in  this  tree  or  per- 
haps a  distinct  variety.  The  round  leaf  form  is  the  most 
attractive  looking  but  may  not  grow  as  fast  as  the  more 
narrow  leaved  form. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Aboriginal  Australian  and  Vernacular  Names  of 

Species 272 

Adaptation  of  Soil,  Climate  and  Other  Conditions  to 

Species 32,  40 

Advantages  of  the  Different  Species,  Passim. 

Amygdalina  ( Illustrated  ) 66 

Five  varieties,  peppermint  odor,  handsome,  and  bears  frost. 

Antherel  System,  Adopted  by  Author 176 

Anthers  Magnified  60  Diameters  (Illustrated). 

Bark  124-130 

Bee  Feed 121 

Blue  Gum,  see  Globulus. 

Blooming  Season 295 

Books  and  Other  Sources  of  Information 10 

Botanically  Treated 176-208 

Botryoides in 

Rapid  grower.    Vigorous.    IJesirable  road  tree. 

Buprestium 109 

Will  grow  on  sandy  places,  but  is  of  uncertain  value. 

Callophylla  ( Illustrated)  .  .  .  .• 107 

Slow  growth,  but  valuable  for  timber. 

Chemistry  of  the  Australian  Indigenous  Vegetation .  287 

Cineol,  same  as  Eucalyptol 287 

Cornuta 87 

Attractive,  graceful  tree. 

Corynocalyx,  Sugar  Gum  ( Illustrated  ) 49 

Leaves  eaten  by  sheep.    Handsome  foliage.     Resists  drought. 

Culture,  Seeds,  Young  Plants 28-39,  167-168 

Dimensions  of  Trees 9-12,  294 

Division  of  Subject 3 

Diversicolor  (  Karri) 69 

Immense  size.     Foliage  green  and  attractive. 

Dorotoxylon 89 

Slim,  but  pretty  for  ornamental  plantings. 

Eucalyptol,  (Eucalypt(us)ol(eum) 278 

See  Oils. 

Eugenioides 104 

Valued  for  timber.    Dense  foliage. 

Experiments  by  Author  at  Santa  Monica  and  Kinneloa 

on  Growth,  Temperature  and  Other  Conditions..       14,  34 


ii  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Ficifolia,   (Illustrated) 108 

Ornamental.    Flowers  brilliant  scarlet. 

Flowers 27,  29 

Frost 18,  20,  32,  34 

Foliage  of  Various  Species 26 

Genus,  General  Points , 8 

Globulus  (Blue  Gum) 35 

Valuable  for  many  purposes,    A  "jack  of  all  trades  "  tree. 

Glossary  of  Terms  Used  in  Describing  Plants 209-244 

Gomphocephala 91 

Slow  grower,    Timber  valuable. 

Goniocalyx 113 

Hard,  tough  wood.    Not  likely  to  be  largely  raised  here. 

Gunnii 76 

Resists  frosts,  but  not  valuable. 

Haemastoma 94 

Hemifolia 96 

Recommended  for  dry,  sandy  soil, 

Height  of  a  Tree,  Measured,  (With  Drawings.) 174 

Historical  Notices 10 

Hybridization * 23 

Identification  of  Species  Often  Difficult 175 

Incrassata « 97 

Heavily  charged  with  oil. 

Introduction  to  Various  Countries n 

Illustrative  Specimens,  Where  Found 42,  46,  48 

Insect  Pests 36,  43 

Jarrah,  See  Marginata 

Kino 1 64 

Kino,  Analyzed 165-167 

Lehmanni 88 

lyeucoxyloh 80 

IvOngifolia 78 

Mainly  used  for  fuel.    Abounds  in  bee  feed. 

Location  of  specimens  at  Santa  Monica,  Kinneloa 
and  elsewhere  may  be  found  under  the  differ- 
ent species. 

Macrorrhyncha  (illustrated) '95 

Irregular  in  growth. 

Maculata  var.  Citriodora  (illustrated) 89 

Manna  Gum,  see  Viminalis. 

Marginata  (Jarrah) 42 

Megacarpa  .  , no 


INDEX.  m 

PAGE 

Melliodora 98 

Microtheca 83 

Adapted  to  torrid  desert  regions.     Its  roots  furnish  water. 

Miniata 1 16 

Crimson  flowers. 

Medicinal,  being  a  general  statement  with  extracts 
from  the  Materia  Medica,  Medical  Journals,  Re- 
ports of  eminent  physicians,  and  scientific  state- 
ments of  the  properties  and  uses  of  Eucalyptus 

in  their  relation  to  disease 147-164 

Number  of  Species 1 1 

Obcordata    93 

Small  with  dark  red  flowers. 

Obliqua 94 

Rapid  grower. 

Occidentalis  (illustrated) , ".  .  .  .  91 

White  flowers.     Timber  valuable. 

Official  incapacity  and  a  public  loss 44 

Oils 278 

Differ  in  color,  odor,  quantity  and  quality.     Dis- 
tillation   of    26    species    by    Dr.    Woodbridge. 

Paper  by  him  on  the  subject. 283-287 

Address  on  the  subject  by  Prof.  Maiden 287-292 

Ornamentation  of  Roads 5O-51 

Propagation  of  Eucalyptus.     See  Culture. 

Paniculata 99 

Pauciflora 100 

Valuable  for  difficult  places. 

Pilularis in 

Elegant,  but  not  a  fast  grower. 

Planchonianna    101 

Suited  to  hot,  dry  regions. 

Pollyanthema  (illustrated) 76 

A  favorite  species  of  the  Author.     Foliage  and  flowers  delicate. 

Punctata *.  1 14 

Prefer  dry  and  rocky  situation. 

Rapidity   of  Growth 13,  14,  18 

Reclamation  of  Waste  Land 24 

Resinifera 59 

Large  percentage  of  Kino. 

Roads,  How  Made  Beautiful 51 

Robusta 47,  58 

Popular  as  a  Road  Tree. 


iv  INDEX. 

PAGE 

Rostrata  (Red  Gum),  Illustrated 60 

Best  on  Wet  I,ands. 

Rudis 117 

Flowers  with  pink  and  cream  white. 

Retention  of  Vitality  in  Seed 30 

Sanitary 131 

Conflicting  Evidence  as  to   its   Protecting  from 

Malaria 137 

Effect  on  Insect  and  Bacterial  Life 139 

Effect  on  the  Roman  Campagna 146 

Seeds 28 

Seedlings  (with  illustration) 167 

Siderophloia 101 

An  attractive  tree,  with  economic  value. 

Sideroxylon  (Illustrated) 80 

Stuartiana  (Illustrated) 65 

Tereticornis  (Illustrated) 102 

Strong  odor  and  hardy. 

Tetraptera 1 16 

Dwarf  tree. 

Species,  Number  and  Adaptation 1 1 

Variations 22 

Synonyms  and  Terms  Applied  to  Varieties 245 

Sugar  Gum  (see  Corynocalyx). 

Timber  Passim 249 


U5ES  AND  VALUE  OF  VARIOUS  5PECIE5  ALPHABETICALLY 
ARRANGED. 

1  Bee  feed 79-120 

2  Fuel,  Passim* 

3  Kino 164 

4  Oils 278 

5  Ornamentation 50,  51 

6  Reclamation  of  Lands 24 

7  Sanitary  and  Medicinal 131,  147 

8  Timber 249 

9  Wind-breaks 24,  57 

Variations  found  in  same  Species 22 

Vernacular  Names  of  Species  in  Australia 272 

Found  in  California 277 

Viminalis  (Manna  GumJ 63 

Two  varieties. 


INDEX.  v 

PAGE 

Woodbridge,  Prof.,  Distillation  of  26  species 283 

His  article  on  Oils 283-287 


ALPHABETICAL  ARRANGEMENT  OP  SPECIES  SPECIFICALLY 
TREATED  OF. 

Amygdalina  (Illustrated) 66 

Blue  Gum  (see  Globulus). 

Botryoides in 

Buprestium 109 

Calophylla  (Illustrated) 107 

Corynocalyx  (Illustrated) 49 

Cornuta  (Illustrated) 87 

Corymbosa 106 

Diversicolor 69 

Dorotoxylon 89 

Eugenioides 104 

Ficifolia  (Illustrated) 108 

Globulus  (Illustrated) 35 

Gomphocephala 91 

Goniocalyx 113 

Gunnii 76 

Haemastoma 94 

Hemiphloia 96 

Incrassata 97 

Jarrah,  see  Marginata. 

Lehmanni 88 

Leucoxylon 80 

Longifolia   78 

Macrorrkyncha  (Illustrated) 95 

Maculata,  Var.  Citriodora  ( Illustrated) 89 

Marginata  (  Jarrah) 42 

Megacarpa no 

Melliodora 98 

Microtheca 83 

Minniata 116 

Obliqua 94 

Obcordata 93 

Occidentalis  ( Illustrated ) 91 

Paniculata 99 

Pauciflora 100 

Pilularis \ . .  1 1 1 

Planchonianna .  .  101 


vi  INDEX. 


PAGE 

Polyanthema  (Illustrated) 76 

Punctata 114 

Resinifera • 59 

Robusta  (Illustrated) 47,  58 

Rostrata  (Illustrated) 60 

Rudis 117 

Saligna 115 

Siderophloia 101 

Sideroxylon  (Illustrated) 80 

Stuartiana  (Illustrated) 65 

Sugar  Gum,  See   Carynocalyx 49 

Tereticornis  (Illustrated) 102 

Tetraptera 116 

Viminalis  (Illustrated) 63 


TABLES. 

1  Height.  Age  and  Girth  of  Trees 15,  16,  17 

2  Analysis  of  Soil 17 

3  Nursery  Stock 54 

4  Cortical  Classification 130 

5  Timber  Experiments 251-270 

6  Oils 281-285 


AUTHORS  AND  OTHERS  AIDING  IN  THIS  WORK, 


Bayard,  Hon.  Thomas  F.  Maiden,  Prof.  J.  H. 

Brown,  J.  Ednie.  Montgomery,  Bishop  G. 

Carr,  Prof,  and  Mrs.  Jennie  C.  Ramel,  M.  P. 

Clark,  Byron  O.  Scharf  and  Shorting. 

Cook,  Prof.  A.  J.  Shelton,  E.  M. 

Cooper,  Hon.  Elwood.  Steckel,  George. 

Crudeli,  Prof.  Tomasi.  Stengel,  L. 

Davis,  George  S.  Stratton,  General. 

Fernow,  Prof.  B.  E.  Von  Mueller,Baron  Ferdinand. 

Gianotti,  Countess  Constance.  Wade,  E.  M. 

Gill,  Walter.  Warren,  Col. 

McClatchie,  Prof.  H.  J.  Woodbridge,  S.  M.,  Ph.  D. 


R  E  N  A  N  T  H  E  R  E  ^E      p  O  R  A  K  T  H  E  R  K  A? 


1  2 

STROIVGYLAIVTHERE^E 


ORTHAXTHERE.E 


0..7.W*,  d«J. 


KEY  TO  ILLUSTRATION  OF  ANTHERS  MAGNIFIED  SIXTY  DIAMETERS. 

I — E.    AMYGDALINA.  3 — E.    DIVERSICOLOR.  5 — E.   ROSTRATA. 

2 — E.   POLYANTHEMA.  4 — E.   SIDEROPHLOIA.  6 — E.    GUNNII. 


E.  GLOBULUS, 
With  young  opposite  leaves,  and  the  sirkle  shaped  alternate  leaves  taking  possession. 


.  „  H-^-*--"*^  v?^ 

.-•XX'    Of   THS         ^ 


E.  GLOBULES— IN  A  PASADENA  GARDEN. 


AVENUE  OF  E.  GLOBULUS,  SOUTH  OF  Los  ANGELES. 

Trees  on  right  pallarded. 


E.  STUARTIANA,  WITH  PROF.  A.  J.  MCCLATCHIE. 


E.  AMYGDALINA,  Var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA— PASADENA. 


E.  ROSTRATA— NEVADA  AVE.,  SANTA  MONICA. 


E.  POLYANTHEMA— SANTA  MONICA. 


E.  FICIFOLIA— SANTA  MONICA. 


E.  VIMINALIS— PASADENA. 


/V'  or  TM    *4p 


E.  TKRETICORNIS. 


E.  POLY  ANTHEM  A. 


E.  CORYNOCALYX. 


E.  CALIFORNICA. 


E.  MACRORRHYNCHA. 


TT 


WilTlJSi" 


E.  AMYGDAUNA,    Var.  REGNANS. 


E.  AMYGDALINA,   Var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA. 


E.  CALOPHYLLA. 


E    CORNUTA. 


E.  GLOBULL'S 


E.  MACULATA,    Var.  CITRIODORA. 


E.  MORTONIANA. 


E.  OCCIDENTALIS. 


E.  POLYANTHEMA 


E.  ROBUST  A, 


E.  ROSTRATA. 


B.  SIDEROXYLON,    Var.  PALJJDA. 


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